Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu nay!!! Noise and Vibration Control in Automotive Bodies Automotive Series Series Editor: Thomas Kurfess Automotive Power Transmission Systems Zhang and Mi September 2018 Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Mi and Masrur October 2017 Applications with Practical Perspectives, 2nd Edition Hybrid Electric Vehicle System Modeling and Control, Liu April 2017 2nd Edition Thermal Management of Electric Vehicle Battery Systems Dincer, Hamut and Javani March 2017 Automotive Aerodynamics Katz April 2016 The Global Automotive Industry Nieuwenhuis and Wells September 2015 Vehicle Dynamics Meywerk May 2015 Vehicle Gearbox Noise and Vibration: Measurement, Signal Tůma April 2014 Analysis, Signal Processing and Noise Reduction Measures Modeling and Control of Engines and Drivelines Eriksson and Nielsen April 2014 Modelling, Simulation and Control of Two‐Wheeled Tanelli, Corno and March 2014 Vehicles Savaresi Advanced Composite Materials for Elmarakbi December 2013 Automotive Applications: Structural Integrity and Crashworthiness Guide to Load Analysis for Durability in Vehicle Johannesson and Speckert November 2013 Engineering Noise and Vibration Control in Automotive Bodies Jian Pang This edition first published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd under exclusive licence granted by China Machine Press for all media and languages (excluding simplified and traditional Chinese) throughout the world (excluding Mainland China), and with non‐exclusive license for electronic versions in Mainland China © 2019 China Machine Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions The right of Jian Pang to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law Registered 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Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Names: Pang, Jian, 1963– author Title: Noise and vibration control in automotive bodies / Jian Pang Description: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2019 | Includes index | Identifiers: LCCN 2018023710 (print) | LCCN 2018033626 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119515517 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119515524 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119515494 (hardcover) Subjects: LCSH: Automobiles–Noise | Automobiles–Vibration Classification: LCC TL246 (ebook) | LCC TL246 P35 2018 (print) | DDC 629.2/31–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018023710 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Images: © 1971yes/iStockphoto; © 3alexd/iStockphoto; © olegback/iStockphoto; © solarseven/Shutterstock Set in 10/12pt Warnock by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Contents Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 1.3.7 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.5 Automotive Body Structure and Noise and Vibration Problems Automotive Body Structure Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Body Frame Structure Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Body Panel Structure Interior Trimmed Structure and Sound Treatment Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Body Accessory Structures Transfer of Structural‐Borne Noise and Airborne Noise to Interior 10 Description of Vehicle Noise and Vibration Sources 10 Structural‐Borne Noise and Airborne Noise 11 Transfer of Noise and Vibration Sources to Interior 13 Key Techniques for Body Noise and Vibration Control 14 Vibration and Control of Overall Body Structure 15 Vibration and Sound Radiation of Body Local Structures 17 Sound Package for Vehicle Body 24 Body Noise and Vibration Sensitivity 28 Wind Noise and Control 32 Door Closing Sound Quality and Control 35 Squeak and Rattle of Vehicle Body 38 Noise and Vibration Control During Vehicle Development 39 Modal Frequency Distribution for Vehicle Body 40 Body NVH Target System 41 Execution of Body NVH Targets 42 Structure of This Book 42 Vibration Control of Overall Body Structure 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.1.1 Overall Body Stiffness 45 2.1.2 Overall Body Modes 48 2.1.3 Scopes of Overall Body Vibration Research 50 2.2 Overall Body Stiffness 51 2.2.1 Body Bending Stiffness 52 2.2.2 Body Torsional Stiffness 57 vi Contents 2.3 Control of Overall Body Stiffness 61 2.3.1 Overall Layout of a Body Structure 62 2.3.2 Body Frame Cross‐Section and Stiffness Analysis 65 2.3.3 Joint Stiffness 67 2.3.4 Influence of Adhesive Bonding Stiffness on Overall Body Stiffness 71 2.3.5 Contribution Analysis of Beams and Joints on Overall Body Stiffness 72 2.4 Identification of Overall Body Modes 75 2.4.1 Foundation of Modal Analysis 75 2.4.2 Modal Shape and Frequency of Vehicle Body 78 2.4.3 Modal Testing for Vehicle Body 84 2.4.4 Calculation of Vehicle Body Mode 89 2.5 Control of Overall Body Modes 91 2.5.1 Separation and Decoupling of Body Modes 91 2.5.2 Planning Table/Chart of Body Modes 93 2.5.3 Control of Overall Body Modes 98 Bibliography 101 Noise and Vibration Control for Local Body Structures 103 3.1 Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Vehicle Local Structures 103 3.1.1 Classification and Modes of Local Body Structures 103 3.1.2 Noise and Vibration Problems Generated by Local Modes 104 3.1.3 Control Strategy for Local Modes 111 3.2 Body Plate Vibration and Sound Radiation 112 3.2.1 Vibration of Plate Structure 113 3.2.2 Sound Radiation of Plate Structure 116 3.3 Body Acoustic Cavity Mode 120 3.3.1 Definition and Shapes of Acoustic Cavity Mode 120 3.3.2 Theoretical Analysis and Measurement of Acoustic Cavity Mode 122 3.3.3 Coupling of Acoustic Cavity Mode and Structural Mode 129 3.3.4 Control of Acoustic Cavity Mode 130 3.4 Panel Contribution Analysis 131 3.4.1 Concept of Panel Contribution 131 3.4.2 Contribution Analysis of Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 132 3.4.3 Testing Methods for Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 136 3.5 Damping Control for Structural Vibration and Sound Radiation 145 3.5.1 Damping Phenomenon and Description 145 3.5.2 Damping Models 146 3.5.3 Loss Factor 149 3.5.4 Characteristics of Viscoelastic Damping Materials 150 3.5.5 Classification of Body Damping Materials and Damping Structures 153 3.5.6 Measurement of Damping Loss Factor 157 3.5.7 Application of Damping Materials and Structures on Vehicle Body 159 3.6 Stiffness Control for Body Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 162 3.6.1 Mechanism of Stiffness Control 164 3.6.2 Tuning of Plate Stiffness 166 3.6.3 Influence of Plate Stiffness Tuning on Sound Radiation 170 3.6.4 Case Study of Body Stiffness Tuning 170 3.7 Mass Control for Body Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 175 Contents 3.7.1 Mechanism of Mass Control 175 3.7.2 Application of Mass Control 175 3.8 Damper Control for Body Vibration and Sound Radiation 179 3.8.1 Mechanism of Dynamic Damper 179 3.8.2 Application of Dynamic Damper to Attenuate Interior Booming 181 3.9 Noise and Vibration for Body Accessory Components 182 3.9.1 Bracket Mode and Control 182 3.9.2 Control of Steering System Vibration 185 3.9.3 Control of Seat Vibration 190 Bibliography 195 Sound Package 201 4.1 Introduction 201 4.1.1 Transfer of Airborne‐Noise to Passenger Compartment 201 4.1.2 Scopes of Sound Package Research 202 4.2 Body Sealing 203 4.2.1 Importance of Sealing 203 4.2.2 Static Sealing and Dynamic Sealing 207 4.2.3 Measurement of Static Sealing 207 4.2.4 Control of Static Sealing 210 4.3 Sound Absorptive Materials 216 4.3.1 Sound Absorption Mechanism and Sound Absorption Coefficient 216 4.3.2 Porous Sound Absorptive Material 217 4.3.3 Resonant Sound Absorption Structure 222 4.3.4 Measurement of Sound Absorption Coefficient 224 4.4 Sound Insulation Materials and Structures 229 4.4.1 Mechanism of Sound Insulation and Sound Transmission Loss 229 4.4.2 Sound Insulation of Single Plate 230 4.4.3 Sound Insulation of Double Plate 233 4.4.4 Measurement of Sound Insulation Materials 236 4.5 Application of Sound Package 240 4.5.1 Application of Sound Absorptive Materials and Structures 241 4.5.2 Application of Combination of Sound Insulation Structures and Sound Absorptive Materials 247 4.5.3 Application of Sound Baffle Material 252 4.6 Statistical Energy Analysis and Its Application 254 4.6.1 Concepts of Statistical Energy Analysis 255 4.6.2 Theory of Statistical Energy Analysis 256 4.6.3 Assumptions and Applications of Statistical Energy Analysis 258 4.6.4 Loss Factor 260 4.6.5 Input Power 263 4.6.6 Application of Statistical Energy Analysis on Vehicle Body 264 Bibliography 267 Vehicle Body Sensitivity Analysis and Control 273 5.1 Introduction 273 5.1.1 System and Transfer Function 273 vii viii Contents 5.1.2 Vibration and Sound Excitation Points on Vehicle Body 275 5.1.3 Response Points 278 5.1.4 Body Sensitivity 278 5.2 Source–Transfer Path–Response Model for Vehicle Body 280 5.2.1 Source–Transfer Path–Response Model 280 5.2.2 Source–Transfer Function–Vibration Model for Vehicle Body 280 5.2.3 Source−Transfer Function−Noise Model for Vehicle Body 281 5.3 Characteristics and Analysis of Noise and Vibration Sources 284 5.3.1 Excitation Characteristics of Engine and Related Systems 284 5.3.2 Excitation Characteristics of Drivetrain System 286 5.3.3 Excitation Characteristics of Tires 291 5.3.4 Excitation Characteristics of Rotary Machines 293 5.3.5 Excitation Characteristics of Random or Impulse Inputs 294 5.4 Dynamic Stiffness and Input Point Inertance 295 5.4.1 Mechanical Impedance and Mobility 295 5.4.2 Driving Point Dynamic Stiffness 296 5.4.3 IPI and Driving Point Dynamic Stiffness 298 5.4.4 Control of Driving Point Dynamic Stiffness 301 5.5 Vibration−Vibration Sensitivity and Sound−Vibration Sensitivity 304 5.5.1 Transfer Processing of Vibration Sources to Interior Vibration and Vibration−Vibration Sensitivity 304 5.5.2 Transfer Processing of Vibration Sources to Interior Noise and Sound−Vibration Sensitivity 308 5.5.3 Sensitivity Control 311 5.5.4 Sensitivity Targets 315 5.6 Sound−Sound Sensitivity and Control 316 5.6.1 Sound Transmission from Outside Body to Interior 316 5.6.2 Expression of Sound−Sound Sensitivity 317 5.6.3 Targets and Control of Sound−Sound Sensitivity 322 Bibliography 323 Wind Noise 327 6.1 Introduction 327 6.1.1 Problems Induced by Wind Noise 327 6.1.2 Sound Sources and Classification of Wind Noise 328 6.2 Mechanism of Wind Noise 331 6.2.1 Pulsating Noise 331 6.2.2 Aspiration Noise 333 6.2.3 Buffeting Noise 336 6.2.4 Cavity Noise 338 6.3 Control Strategy for Wind Noise 339 6.3.1 Transfer Paths of Wind Noise 339 6.3.2 Control Strategy of Wind Noise 341 6.4 Body Overall Styling and Wind Noise Control 343 6.4.1 Ideal Body Overall Styling 343 6.4.2 Design of Transition Region between Front Grill and Engine Hook 345 6.4.3 Design in Area between Engine Hood and Front Windshield 346 Targets for Body Noise and Vibration locations For example, the openings on the dash panel for pass‐through parts must be well sealed The checking for manufacturing process openings is to inspect whether they are filled after the process is finished The check for error‐state openings is to inspect whether this kind of hole exists For example, if the error‐state holes are found, they must be filled Third, the sound package is checked This evaluation includes locations, materials, and thickness of the used sound package, etc 9.6.4 NVH Control for BIW After a BIW is ready, its targets must be checked, including air leakage, overall modes, panel local modes, bracket modes, and IPI 9.6.5 NVH Control for Trimmed Body and Full Vehicle After a trimmed body or a full vehicle is ready, its targets must be checked, including air leakage, overall modes, local modes, sound transmission loss, vibration transfer function, and door closing sound quality Bibliography Afaneh, A.H., Abdelhamid, M.K., and Qatu, M.S (2007) Engineering Challenges with Vehicle Noise and Vibration in Product Development SAE Paper; 2007‐01‐2434 Williams, R., Henderson F., Allman‐Ward, M et al (2005) Using an Interactive NVH Simulator for Target Setting and Concept Evaluation in a New Vehicle Programme SAE Paper; 2005‐01‐2479 Tousignant, T., Govindswamy, K., Tomazic, D et al (2013) NVH Target Cascading from Customer Interface to Vehicle Subsystems SAE Paper; 2013‐01‐1980 Pang, J., Sheng, G., and He, H (2006) Automotive Noise and Vibration – Principles and Application Beijing Institute of Technology Press 501 503 Index a acceleration, volume 320–321 accessory mode 81, 95, 104, 109–110 structure 3, 7, 9, 22, 103–104, 110, 182 acoustic‐camera 34, 145, 375–376 see also beamforming acoustics aerodynamic (aeroacoustics) 380–382 classical 329, 380–382 adhesive, reinforcement 4–5, 19, 37, 167, 171–175, 424, 426–427, 434 aerodynamic noise 32, 327, 383 airflow 32–34, 252–253, 264, 327–335, 338–339, 341–343, 345–365, 373, 375–378, 380–383 alloy 71, 153 anechoic chamber 27, 236–238, 266, 317, 497 antenna 32–34, 328, 330, 332, 342–345, 355, 361–364, 377–378 aperture see hole artificial acoustic head 420, 423, 431 attenuation sound 14, 37, 421–422 b baffle, infinite 112, 117–119 baffling material 9, 241, 254 band bandwidth 157–159, 259, 398, 402, 409 broadband 254, 290–291, 406, 411 critical band 397–398, 400–401 narrowband 112, 406, 411–412 Bark band 398, 409 Von Barkhausen 397 barrier 5, 8–9, 13, 241, 252, 280, 493, 497 beam cantilever 79, 157, 184, 187–188, 190–191 side‐impact 4, 173, 424, 428–429, 434 supporting 19, 37, 108, 112, 167, 171–173, 426–427 beamforming 34, 136, 142–145, 375–376 see also acoustic‐camera benchmark 98, 322, 417, 433, 486–488, 498–500 analysis 39, 488, 493 testing 39, 493 body body‐in‐white (BIW) 2, 45, 47, 49, 55–56, 60–61, 79–81, 87, 494–495 body‐on‐frame 1 integral (see unitized body) integrated (see unitized body) non‐integrated 1 overall 15–17, 45–51, 61–64, 71–75, 91, 93–95, 98–99, 343–345 trimmed 2, 16, 40–45, 47, 49, 79–81, 94, 99, 215, 485, 489–490, 492–497, 500–501 unitized 1, Noise and Vibration Control in Automotive Bodies, First Edition Jian Pang © 2019 China Machine Press All rights reserved Published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd 504 Index booming interior 18, 20–21, 43, 97, 108–111, 120, 127, 130, 174, 176, 180–181, 183–184, 211, 286–287, 292, 492 low‐frequency 8, 33, 61, 178, 328 boundary condition 15, 48, 54, 58, 85, 89, 112–114, 162–163, 189, 230, 233, 453, 457 constraint 59 free‐free 48, 85 bracket 9–10, 22–23, 95, 109–110, 182–185, 187–189, 254–255, 276–277, 286–287, 289, 301–303, 452, 455–456, 473, 491, 497 bumper 81, 95, 100, 104–105, 110–111 over‐slam 426, 430, 432, 434, 437, 438 c capacity load 1, 65 sound absorption 26, 216, 237, 246 sound insulation 230, 249 sound radiation 19, 131, 164, 170, 323, 334 sound transmission 229 carpet 5, 242, 246–247, 249–250 cavity body 8, 33–34, 121–122, 124, 127–128, 265, 336–337 mode 8, 14, 17–18, 21–22, 41, 95, 103, 108–109, 112, 120–131, 168, 176, 181, 265–266, 292, 490 noise 33, 291, 328–329, 338–339, 341–342, 350–351, 355, 365, 379 chart frequency distribution 51 sensitivity distribution 31 source excitation 93 coincident frequency 28, 231–232 collision 7, 46, 173, 421–422, 430–433 color map 31, 289–290, 307–309, 422, 424, 434–437 compartment luggage 20, 94 passenger 45, 103, 131, 201, 265, 352, 355 compatibility, material 39, 447 component 22, 32–35, 39–43, 104–105, 182–183, 211, 225, 266, 333, 342, 350, 365, 390, 413, 417, 437, 442, 452, 471–480, 484–485, 489–490, 497–499 compression load deflection (CLD) 371–373, 430–433 computational fluid dynamics (CFD) 35, 264–265, 383 contour 33, 87, 343–344 coordinate modal 48, 75–78 physical 48, 75–77 transformation 75–76 coupling 16, 48–49, 75, 108–109, 129–130, 260–263 cross car beam (CCB) 9, 104, 305, 457, 459, 491 cross member 2, 3, 5, 50, 61–63, 65, 67–69, 162, 306 cross section 15, 34, 50, 52–53, 57–59, 61–62, 65–69, 98–99, 302–303, 311, 338, 363–364, 367, 371–372 cruising 9, 22–23, 47, 92, 110, 185–186, 246–247, 265, 292, 336, 380 curvature 33, 52, 343, 360 customer demand 240, 432, 485–487 expectation 483 language 483 d damper dynamic 20, 51, 98, 100, 111–112, 179–181, 189 mass 20, 175–176, 178, 181 damping coefficient 147, 149, 257 composite 153, 161–162 constrained 5, 8, 20, 152–153, 156–157, 161–162 effect 145, 149, 151, 156, 160–161, 252 external 146 free 8, 20, 152, 156–157 inherent 146 Index internal 146 layer 5–6, 20, 156–157, 424 plate 20, 156, 159, 161–162 ratio 147–148, 150 sheet 155, 159–161, 427 spray 155–156 structural 38, 146, 149–150 treatment 8, 19–20 damping layer base layer 157 constrained layer 157, 159–160, 491 expandable damping sheet 159–160 foil constrained layer 159–160 damping material asphalt‐based 154 composite 153 intelligent 153 rubber‐based 154 viscoelastic 150, 152–154, 161, 429 water‐based 154–155 damping model Coulomb 146 friction 146 proportional damping mode 146, 149 structural 146, 149–150 viscous 146–150 damping structure 3, 5, 8–9, 146, 152–154, 156–157, 161, 260, 491 constrained 152–153, 156, 161 free 152, 156–157 dash inner insulator 5–6 decoupling 16, 42, 49, 91, 93 deflection 34, 39, 53–55, 113, 365, 367–368, 371–373, 432, 435 deflector 34, 338, 342, 347–348, 355, 359–361 deformation bending 1, 15, 45, 52, 74 body 7, 454 static 54, 58 torsional 15, 45, 51, 57–58, 73, 453 twisted 67, 74 density 26–27, 154, 216, 218–219, 221–222, 224, 230–234, 238, 255–256, 259, 263, 382, 428 design concept 471, 488 interior 21, 130 development NVH 40, 42, 160, 327, 462, 487, 489, 498–499 period 483–484, 499 vehicle 32, 39–40, 42, 44, 155, 189, 214, 323, 345, 373, 418, 443–444, 457, 471, 483–484, 486, 489, 495 digital mock up (DMU) checking 39, 210, 214–215, 276, 500 diagram 214–216 inspection 44, 485, 498 directivity 208, 393–394 disturbance 32, 120–122, 208, 328, 334, 353, 356 DNA 35, 392–393, 483 domain frequency 179, 312–313, 397, 405, 423, 450–451, 492 time 36–37, 312–313, 404–405, 421, 423, 426–427, 435–437, 449–451, 492 door handle 33–34, 205, 210, 335, 355, 364 trim 27, 241, 243–244 door lock 37, 424–432 latch 37, 422–423, 425, 428–434, 436, 452, 498 paw 37, 422–423, 425, 428–434, 452, 498 striker 37–38, 42, 422–423, 425, 428–435, 452, 498 driver 9, 23, 31, 109, 182, 185, 187, 194, 305, 350, 357, 414, 491 driveshaft 13, 29, 93, 106, 286–290, 413–414, 494 driving high‐speed 7–8, 10, 14, 32, 43, 185, 194, 201, 327, 345, 366, 380 driving point 13, 29 dynamic stiffness 29, 30, 37, 42, 184, 296–304, 311, 495 impedance 311 mobility 298 505 506 Index drum 8, 11, 18 dynamic imbalance 291–293 e elasticity 150, 153, 155, 162, 233 energy deformation 72 flow 256–257, 259–261 heat 145, 153, 157, 202, 216, 223 loss 146, 150, 262 sound 19, 119, 137, 145, 202–203, 216–217, 223–224, 229, 248, 262, 277, 394, 430 strain energy bending 74–75 torsional 74–75 engineering automotive 1, 35, 254 language 483 evaluation objective 36, 379, 393, 396–397, 416, 419–420, 423 subjective 36, 134, 378–379, 390, 392–393, 395–396, 416–417, 419, 423–424, 432, 434, 461–462, 479 evaluator 38–39, 379, 418–419, 423–424, 465, 467 excitation engine 9, 91–92, 95, 104, 111, 183, 285–287, 304–306 imbalance 291, 293 impulse 7, 284, 294, 382, 434, 450 power train 10, 182 random 91–92, 254 road 10, 13, 22, 80, 91, 104–105, 107, 110–111, 182–183, 442, 448–449, 453, 460, 463 source 17–18, 40–41, 49, 51, 92, 97–98, 100, 106, 125, 129, 232, 251, 275, 277, 284, 295, 303–304, 309, 342, 437, 489, 495 system 303, 495 wind 10, 34, 91, 294, 342 exciter 16, 39, 48, 84–86, 88, 158, 465 exhaust hanger 1, 13, 22, 31, 93, 106, 109, 111, 182, 185, 275, 277, 286, 305, 308, 473, 493–496 f fiber glass 27, 223, 242, 245 floor 5–6, 18, 65, 67–68, 71, 79–81, 92–95, 97, 106–107, 110–111, 155, 160–162, 172, 182, 185, 188–189, 203–204, 207, 249, 278 flow inflow 373–374 outflow 373–375, 377 flow field 123, 264, 331–333, 352, 357, 377, 383 flow resistance 26, 218–219, 221, 333 fluctuation pressure 32, 34, 328, 331–333, 340–342, 346, 375 force concentrated 15, 53–54 external 15, 45, 51, 72–73, 147, 263, 279, 381, 444–445, 449, 460 foundation 3, 17, 46, 49, 62, 75, 94, 201–202, 206, 366, 426, 453, 494, 496 four‐poster simulator 38–39, 443, 462, 468, 470, 472, 478 frame body 3–4, 7, 15, 46, 50, 62–65, 67, 103–104, 178, 302, 366–367, 453–454 chassis 1 doorframe 253, 424–426, 433, 453–454 rocker 2, 54, 65, 67, 98 side 2–3, 9, 54, 67, 86, 98, 104, 111, 301, 304–306, 311 subframe 12, 33, 185, 187, 276–277, 305, 313–314, 472 frequency excitation 9, 17–19, 23, 64, 91–92, 98, 163, 169, 176, 183, 297, 447–449, 463, 486, 489, 491, 497 firing 186, 489, 497 natural 90, 147, 165, 186, 234–236, 358, 446, 463, 488–489 resonant 158–159, 223, 230–231, 234–235, 302 sensitive 194, 315, 335, 362, 395, 399, 410, 414 Index friction coefficient 146, 444–445 force 146, 444–446 pair 44, 443, 447–448, 476–478 stick‐slip friction effect 445 g gap 33–34, 39, 46, 213–214, 233–234, 328–329, 338, 342, 346, 348–355, 359, 361, 365–368, 371–373 Green function 117, 132–133, 140 guideline 42, 214, 379, 489 h half‐power bandwidth method 157 headliner 5, 240, 242, 245–246 hearing effect 390 hearing threshold 395 Helmholtz resonator 222–223, 337, 339 high mileage 46, 442, 472, 478–480 hole error‐state 25, 205, 213, 215, 501 function 25, 203, 207, 210–211, 214, 216 manufacturing process 25, 42, 203–204, 210–216, 497 hood 95, 106, 173, 241–243, 328, 342–348, 351, 417, 495 hoodliner 27, 240–244 i idling 10, 23, 41, 46–47, 64, 91–92, 95–96, 106–107, 110, 182, 189, 206, 242–243, 315, 483, 487, 489 frequency 40–41, 489–490 impedance air 321, 394 mechanical 295–301 tube 26–27, 224, 226–228, 236, 238, 497 impression 35, 46, 327, 389, 391, 396–397, 417–419, 433 auditory 35, 389 index articulation index (AI) 34, 37, 366, 379–380, 396, 409–410, 416 objective index 379, 396–397, 420, 469 psychoacoustic index 37, 398, 402, 415–416 inertia moment of inertia 15, 52–53, 65, 99, 302, 428, 434 polar moment of inertia 15, 65, 99 input point inertance (IPI) 295, 298, 300–303, 363, 431, 433, 496, 498 instrument panel (IP) 7, 17, 27, 38, 41, 46, 104, 105, 109, 241, 242, 246, 442, 453, 455, 457, 458, 467, 472, 491 insulator 11, 27, 235–236, 240–241 dash 3, 5, 27–28, 246 intake system 10, 284–286, 327, 390, 413 interaction 32–33, 291, 327–328, 334, 341, 380–382 interior booming 18, 20–21, 97, 108–110, 127, 130, 174, 176, 180–181, 183–184, 211, 286–287, 292 cavity 261, 359 noise 13–14, 28–30, 47, 106–107, 131, 136, 144, 162–163, 201–202, 244–250, 255, 266, 281–283, 289, 291–292, 306, 309, 316–317, 322, 353–355, 360, 362, 366, 378, 487, 494 intersection 15, 50, 67–68, 113, 213, 215–216, 350–351 j joint 3–4, 61–62, 67–75, 98–99, 190–193, 290 joint stiffness 4, 15, 42, 50, 61, 67–71, 98, 190, 193, 453, 471, 495 l laminated glass 251–252 laminated steel plate 252 laser measurement 139–140, 426 laser vibrometer 34, 375, 377 layer boundary 332 constrained damping 5, 157 stable flow 32 507 508 Index layout overall 61–64 leakage area 207, 209–210, 215–216 Lighthill analogy 281–283 load compression 34, 37, 372 concentrated 52–54 dynamic 104, 297 external 74 reciprocating 447 static 98, 297 loop closed‐loop 15, 61–62, 369, 500 open‐loop 15, 61–63 loss factor coupling 257, 261, 263 internal 257, 262–263 loudness specific 401 m Mach number 329, 331, 334, 382–383 magnetic field 153 market competition 478, 483, 485–486, 494 demand 49, 432, 488 language 483 marketing strategy 483 segment‐market 323, 483–484, 486–487, 498 masking frequency 411–412 temporary 399, 407, 411–412 mass flow 334 law 233–235 lump 16 material composite 153–154, 173, 188, 245 elastic 150 foaming 7, 9, 254 porous 217–219 sound absorptive 24, 26–28, 216–222, 241–250 viscoelastic 146, 150–153 viscoelastic damping 150, 152–154, 161, 426 material pairing 450, 452 matrix damping 48, 76–77, 123 mass 48, 76–77, 123 stiffness 48, 76–77, 123 mechanical mobility 295–296 medium 21, 122, 137, 153, 216, 394, 402 membrane drum 11, 18 loudspeaker 21 microphone array 124–125, 140–143, 377 surface 377 milestone 42, 418, 485, 498–499 mirror acoustic 34, 375–376 internal 9 side 9, 17, 33, 41, 95, 104, 110, 277, 338, 342–343, 348–349, 352, 355–356, 424, 491, 497 modal analysis 48–51, 75–81, 127, 298, 455–457 modal decoupling 16, 91 modal density 259, 263 modal distribution 16, 40 see also mode, distribution modal shape 21, 48–49, 76, 78–81, 87–91, 108–109, 115–116, 121–128, 138–139, 168–170, 178, 191, 457 modal identification 16 modal parameter 16, 48, 50, 75, 85, 88, 115, 365, 425 modal separation 91, 93, 111, 162, 458, 473, 488–489 modal table 16, 51, 91, 93–95, 130, 489 mode bending 16–17, 49, 51, 79–98, 100, 106, 109–110, 121, 190–191, 312, 454, 458, 489, 493, 495, 498–499 breathing 49, 80, 95, 112 cavity 17–18, 21–22, 41, 95, 103, 107–109, 112, 120–131, 176, 178, 181, 265–266, 291–292, 359, 492 distribution 16, 21, 50–51, 111, 121 Index local body 17, 90–91, 103–104, 111 longitudinal 95, 106, 109, 123–129 overall body 15–17, 41, 48–51, 75–98, 104–105, 111, 490 overall mode 14, 48, 79, 457, 495, 501 torsional 16–17, 49, 51, 79–99, 105–106, 110, 121, 454, 489, 493, 495, 498–499 transverse 108–109, 123–129 model source‐transfer path‐receiver model 10, 13, 34–35, 43 modulation 37, 396, 404–408 fluctuation 37, 393, 396, 398, 404, 407–408, 416 roughness 37, 393, 396, 398, 404, 407–408, 416 moment bending moment 52–53 mounting bracket 14, 22, 181–183, 286–287 engine 14, 22, 31, 305–307 n near‐field acoustic holography (NAH) 136, 140–141, 145 nibble 22–23, 110, 185–187, 293 node anti‐node 79, 100 line 115, 121, 123, 130 noise airborne 10–14, 201–202, 275, 279, 281, 283–284, 316–323 ambient 139 background 373–374, 410, 420 structural 11–14, 201–203, 275–284, 289–290, 304, 308–313, 413, 494, 496 noise reduction (NR) 24–25, 236–237, 317, 320, 322 power based noise reduction (PBNR) 320–322 noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) performance 8, 40–41, 43, 46–47, 50, 56, 61, 214, 428, 462, 483–487, 494 stethoscope 39, 465–466 o occupant 7–8, 10–13, 17, 23, 41, 105, 107, 127–128, 130–131, 133, 193, 275, 278, 280–282, 304–306, 309, 313–315, 336, 365, 407, 420, 441, 469, 484–485, 488, 490 opening rate 205–207 order firing 10, 38, 46, 92, 186, 285–286, 289, 390, 413, 415 half 285, 390, 393, 413, 415 harmonic 289 meshing 287–289 frequency order (see frequency, firing) origin 52, 69, 118, 132 p panel body 8, 18, 105–106, 112, 117, 129–134, 139–140, 146, 160–162, 170–173, 176, 210–211, 251, 261, 340–342, 377, 422–423 dash 5–6, 18–20, 25–26, 80, 87, 94–95, 97, 105–106, 120–121, 161–163, 171–172, 203–204, 206–207, 211–212, 214–215, 240–241, 248–250, 266–267, 491, 495 door 4, 37, 42, 80, 106, 173–174, 426, 428–429, 435, 437, 454 engine hood 95, 106, 173, 242–243, 343, 345–348 fender 4, 95, 172, 240, 343 inner panel 37, 424, 427, 433–435, 498 outer panel 37, 172, 174, 424, 426, 428–429, 433–435, 476 pure panel 4, sandwiched 20 side panel 70, 80, 106, 109, 134, 173, 343, 354 supported panel 4, panel contribution analysis 131–136 parameter 10, 26, 41, 68–69, 81, 96, 99–100, 382, 399, 432 modal 16, 48–50, 85, 88, 115 physical 114, 121, 219, 265, 396 509 510 Index passenger 1, 106, 111, 130, 201, 245, 275, 327, 336, 345, 391, 414, 491 see also occupant path transfer 10, 12–14, 31, 35, 49, 202, 280–284, 309–310, 313, 339–342, 476 perception 1, 10, 17, 35, 130, 193, 379, 389, 394, 397, 404, 415, 421, 434, 437, 464 auditory 397, 399 perforated plate 222–223 performance handling 7, 313 vehicle 373, 472, 486 permeability 26, 218, 244–247 phase design 39, 214–215, 352, 471, 478 in‐phase 39, 79–80, 234, 381, 465 out of phase 39, 79–80 production 39 prototype 39, 214 pillar A‐pillar 23, 33, 61, 65, 68, 98, 184–185, 188–189, 241, 244, 253, 328, 333, 347–352, 357 B‐pillar 67–70, 79, 98–99, 112, 252, 255, 340, 369 C‐pillar 67–68, 98, 265 plates beaded 19, 167–171 composite 161–162, 233, 252 double‐plate 27–28, 233–235 simply supported 112–114 single‐plate 27–28, 230–234 point attached 275, 435 excitation 31, 48, 78, 85–88, 168–169, 275, 277, 298, 309, 311–312, 459–461, 493–494 observed point 118 response point 87, 168–169, 278, 298, 320–321, 459–461 porosity 26, 218–219, 221, 223 power plant 93–95, 100–101, 286–287, 301, 308–309, 413 power train 10, 182, 390, 392–393, 413, 415–416 principle modal separation (see modal separation) target setting and cascading 486–488 reciprocity 259 superposition 193, 273–275 process assembly 62, 72, 155, 450, 452, 472 development 39–40, 42, 128, 155, 160, 418, 432, 443–444, 471–472, 484–485, 498 manufacture 327, 472, 478, 496 transfer 11–12, 29–30, 131, 280–282, 304, 308–309, 316 product development 51, 81, 461, 471–472, 483 (see also development, vehicle) positioning 483 propagation, wave 19, 141, 144, 226 prototype, digital 39, 485, 500 protrusion 32–33, 328, 343–344, 355, 358 proving ground 34, 378, 462–463, 478 psychoacoustics 393–397, 402, 416 q quality, driving 45–46 r reattachment 332, 342–343, 346, 348–349 reattachment region 332, 342, 348–349 receiver 13, 25, 208 rectangular, simply‐supported 113–116, 118–120, 165 reflection 26, 28, 227–228, 233, 336–337 reliability 3, 7, 15, 46, 68, 71, 201, 391, 417, 422, 477 resonator 182, 222–223, 276–277, 337, 339 reverberation chamber 26–27, 138, 236–237, 262, 266, 317–318 reverberation time 224–225, 262 ring‐down 36–37, 416, 420–424, 426–427, 433–435, 492 Index road asphalt 462–464 bumper 38, 462 cement 462, 464 rough 10, 38, 47, 108, 134, 291, 327, 404, 442–443, 460, 464 street 463 rocker 2, 9, 27, 54, 65, 67, 98, 365, 369 roof lining 27 luggage rack 33, 335, 363 rotary machine 96–97, 284, 293–294, 414, 416 rubber hardness 211–214 s Safety 3, 7, 15, 36, 46, 71, 252, 417, 437, 467, 485, 488 scoring system 379, 419, 463 seal auxiliary 368–373 closed loop 369 double bulb 34, 372 primary 368–373 secondary 368–373, 425 single bulb 34, 372 sealing body 24–25, 202–203, 207–208, 328, 341, 343, 352, 366, 491 dynamic 32, 34, 43, 203, 207, 334, 336, 340–343, 365–373, 378–379 static 25, 34, 43, 203, 207, 210, 334, 342, 365–366, 432 seat cushion 10, 29, 127, 190–194, 275, 278, 304 track 190, 193, 304, 306 sensation see also perception auditory 37, 399 (see also perception, auditory) sensitivity sound–sound 30, 216–279, 283 (see also sound–sound transfer function) sound–vibration 29, 31, 281, 308–311, 316 (see also sound–vibration transfer function) sensor displacement 54, 59 force 54, 84–86 separation region 332–333, 342, 346, 348–349, 351–358, 363, 380 sharpness 37, 393, 396, 398, 402–404, 416, 420–424, 433–434, 492 sheet metal 61, 65, 155, 159, 171, 213, 215 sandwiched (see panel, sandwiched) shock absorber 15–16, 29, 54, 59, 472, 493–494, 496 sound airborne 11–12, 32–33, 282 drumming 11 lingering 396, 421, 424, 435 percussion 36, 417, 419 structural borne 11–12, 14, 29, 33, 377 sound absorption coefficient 26–27, 216–229, 242, 247, 322, 497 layer 5, 14, 161–162, 212, 248–249 sound absorptive material 11, 24, 26–28, 216–250, 424 cotton felt 27, 248 foam 27, 127, 173–174, 190–191, 217, 242, 244, 246, 248–249, 430, 467 glass fiber 27, 223, 242, 245 structure 9, 222, 242, 244, 246, 248 sound energy 19, 119, 137, 202–203, 216–217, 223–224, 229, 262, 277, 394, 430 sound field auditory field 394 diffuse field 224, 400 far field 115, 117, 119, 142, 144, 381, 383 free field 321, 400 near field 139–140, 381, 383, 465, 470 sound insulation coefficient 42, 203, 238, 490, 497 material 27–28, 229, 248–249, 436, 497 structure 5, 9, 27–28, 201–202, 233–234, 241, 247–250, 277, 297 511 512 Index sound intensity 117, 119, 136–138, 238, 264, 331, 335, 420, 422 sound package general 24, 202–203 special 24, 202–203 sound power 18–19, 237–238, 264, 320–321, 329–331 sound pressure level (SPL) 24, 236, 317, 390, 393, 395, 399–403, 406, 409–413, 435, 447–448, 469 sound propagation 393 sound quality automotive 390–393, 413–416 door closing 35–37, 372, 389–437, 489–492, 498 electrical 37, 390, 413–414, 416 power train 37, 390, 393, 413, 415–416 room 418, 423 sound radiation capacity 131, 170, 323, 334 efficiency 19, 450 sound simulator 24, 318–320 sound source dipole 329–334, 381, 383 monopole 115, 117, 329, 331, 334, 381, 383 point 115, 117, 132, 144, 329 quadrupole 330–331, 334, 382 sound transmission coefficient 229 sound transmission loss (STL) 20, 27, 205–207, 230–240, 251–252, 266–267 space enclosed 8, 120, 123, 132 free 117 spectrum cross‐spectrum 137 power 88, 409, 468–470 time‐frequency 422 speed airflow 334, 346, 350, 357–358, 362 engine 10, 17, 35, 96–97, 186, 280, 285–290, 293–294, 390, 415–416 vehicle 147, 292–293, 327–329, 378, 463 Squeak and Rattle (S&R) 38, 441–479 severity coefficient 463–464 Squeak and Rattle Index (SRI) 38, 464 standing wave 227, 235–236 static sealing measurement 25, 207 air leakage method 25–26, 208–210 smog method 25, 208 ultrasound method 25, 208 statistical energy analysis (SEA) 35, 254–266 steel, laminated 20, 252 steering shaft 9, 23, 185–188, 305 system 9, 23, 81, 111, 185–189, 314, 467, 497 stiffness bending 52–56, 59, 73, 99, 113 complex 149 dynamic 29, 295–297, 299, 304, 491 static 297 torsional 15, 45, 57–61, 66, 99 streamline 33, 331, 333, 342–347, 363–365 structure local body 103–104, 162 reinforcement 4–5, 167–168, 171–175, 245, 303, 424, 428–429 trimmed body 2, 16, 81, 99 styling body overall 328, 343–345 local structure 33, 354–364 sunroof 328, 336–338, 341–343, 355, 359–361, 417, 437 suspension, bushing 187, 488 system linear 29, 48, 84, 88, 239, 259, 273–274, 284, 296 nonlinear 29, 193, 275, 500 subsystem 187, 256–265, 274, 433–434, 453, 455–460, 463, 468 t table body modal 51, 94–95 excitation source frequency table/ chart 40, 41 modal frequency 17, 40–42 modal planning 17–18, 93–94 Index target cascading 433, 488 execution 485, 498–499 line 315–316, 323, 487 modal frequency target 490, 493, 498 noise target 41, 491, 493–494, 496–497 NVH target BIW 41–42, 494–495 component‐level target 484 system‐level target 484–485 trimmed body 41–42, 492–494 vehicle‐level 488, 490–492 realization 485 setting 322, 484–488, 498–499 system 41–42, 483–485, 488–489 validation 485 vibration 41, 490, 491, 493, 495, 497 termination closed 239–240 open 239–240 threshold 394–395, 411–412, 468 tire 92, 100, 187, 284, 291–293 tolerance 39, 452 tonality 37, 396, 409, 416 tone 336, 355, 362, 390, 393, 395, 396, 399–400, 404–409, 411, 414 torque 57–59, 69, 74–75, 288 transfer function acoustic transfer function (AFT) 320–321, 492, 494 noise transfer function (NTF) 494 sound–sound 14, 30, 279, 493–494 (see also sound–sound sensitivity) sound–vibration 14, 28, 279, 493–494 (see also sound–vibration sensitivity) vibration transfer function (VTF) 193, 275, 489, 493 trimmed part 2, 16, 37, 81, 435 trunk lid 94–95, 105–106, 109, 112, 173, 176, 177, 181, 335, 343, 352 liftgate 107, 109, 365, 391 turbulence 120, 328, 330, 334–335, 355, 357–358, 363, 381–382 u ultrasound 25, 208 v variation 34, 108, 121, 123, 176, 407, 480 vehicle competitive 49, 443, 467, 471, 485, 487–488, 498, 500 digital 39, 210, 214, 476, 500 economy 27, 216, 242, 363, 369, 486 luxury 27, 193–194, 216, 370–371, 486 mass‐produced 472, 478, 485 mid‐sized sedan 55–56, 60, 81–84, 171 prototype 215–216, 432–433, 443–444, 457, 463, 470–472 velocity mean square 19, 120 particle 142, 216, 381 volume 117, 125–126, 131, 218, 320 vibration energy 119, 145, 148, 150, 153, 260 vibration isolation 10, 93, 146, 214, 295, 311, 433, 479, 501 viscosity 148, 153, 381 vision 9, 356–358 vortex 32, 328, 330–336, 342–346, 351, 353, 355, 357–358, 361–364, 368 w wake 348, 356, 358, 364 wave electromagnetic 139 incident 11, 28, 216–217, 223–224, 226–229, 231, 239–240, 253 number 117, 140, 226 plane 140–142, 226 reflected 28, 217, 224, 226–228, 233, 239–240 standing 227, 235–236 transmitted 11, 28, 229, 233, 239 wavelength 120, 123, 139, 140, 221 wheelhouse 160–161, 172, 174, 215–216, 240, 354, 476–477 whine 289–290, 413–414 whistle 289, 327–328, 339, 346, 357 513 514 Index wind noise aspiration noise 32–34, 328, 333–336, 339, 341–342, 348–349, 352, 355, 366, 378–379 buffeting noise 33–34, 328, 336–338, 341, 360 cavity noise 33, 328–329, 338–339, 341–342, 348, 350–351, 355–356, 379 pulsating noise 32–34, 328, 331–335, 348, 355, 357, 360 window side 241, 251, 319, 328, 333, 343, 348, 358, 479 wind resistance 343–345 windshield 55–56, 60–62, 71–73, 178, 232, 251, 343, 346–348, 351–352 wind tunnel 144, 353, 355, 373–375, 377 aeroacoustic 373 aerodynamic 373 environmental 373 wiper 346–348, 364, 437 y Young modulus 53, 151–152, 303 z Zwicker 400, 402 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA