Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu Paths to Post-Nationalism OXFORD STUDIES IN SOCIOLINGUISTICS General Editors: Nikolas Coupland Adam Jaworski Cardiff University Recently Published in the Series: Talking about Treatment: Recommendations for Breast Cancer Adjuvant Treatment Felicia D Roberts Language in Time: The Rhythm and Tempo of Spoken Interaction Peter Auer, Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen, Frank Müller Whales, Candlelight, and Stuff Like That: General Extenders in English Discourse Maryann Overstreet A Place to Stand: Politics and Persuasion in a Working-Class Bar Julie Lindquist Sociolinguistic Variation: Critical Reflections Edited by Carmen Fought Prescribing under Pressure: Parent-Physician Conversations and Antibiotics Tanya Stivers Discourse and Practice: New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis Theo van Leeuwen Beyond Yellow English: Toward a Linguistic Anthropology of Asian Pacific America Edited by Angela Reyes and Adrienne Lo Stance: Sociolinguistic Perspectives Edited by Alexandra Jaffe Investigating Variation: The Effects of Social Organization and Social Setting Nancy C Dorian Television Dramatic Dialogue: A Sociolinguistic Study Kay Richardson Language without Rights Lionel Wee Paths to Post-Nationalism Monica Heller Paths to Post-Nationalism A Critical Ethnography of Language and Identity Monica Heller 2011 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press, Inc Published by Oxford University Press, Inc 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heller, Monica Paths to post-nationalism : a critical ethnography of language and identity / Monica Heller p cm — (Oxford studies in sociolinguistics) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-19-974686-6; 978-0-19-974685-9 (pbk.) French language—Political aspects—Canada French language—Social aspects—Ontario French-Canadians—Language Nationalism Globalization I Title PC3609H45 2011 306.44′90971—dc22 2010007439 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Acknowledgments I am deeply grateful to Nik Coupland and Adam Jaworski, for inciting me to write this book and for their support and guidance The research I draw on here was supported by the following agencies: the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Transcoop Fund of the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung (Germany), the Ontario Ministry of Education, the Multiculturalism Directorate, Secretary of State (Canada), le Conseil international d’études canadiennes and l’Office de la langue franỗaise, Gouvernement du Quộbec The research would not have been possible without the involvement of my colleagues and our students (and students who became colleagues): Jean-Paul Bartholomot, Maurice Beaudin, Lindsay Bell, Annette Boudreau, Gabriele Budach, Mark Campbell, Phyllis Dalley, Michelle Daveluy, Gabriella Djerrahian, Lise Dubois, Alexandre Duchêne, Jürgen Erfurt, Stéphane Guitard, Philippe Hambye, Emmanuel Kahn, Normand Labrie, Patricia Lamarre, Stéphanie Lamarre, Matthieu LeBlanc, Mélanie Le Blanc, Darryl Leroux, Florian Levesque, Laurette Lévy, Josée Makropoulos, Sonya Malaborza, Mireille McLaughlin, Deirdre Meintel, Claudine Moïse, Hubert Noël, Luc Ostiguy, Donna Patrick, Joan Pujolar, Carsten Quell, Mary Richards, Sylvie Roy, Emanuel da Silva, Chantal White, Maia Yarymowich, and Natalie Zur Nedden The book has benefited greatly from the close reading, information gathering, connection making, and intellectual exploration provided by Mireille McLaughlin, Kyoko Motobayashi, and Jeremy Paltiel, who accompanied me at every step of the writing project and read every word (often more than once), and if they got tired of talking about the questions the book raised, they never let on Patricia Lamarre, Matthieu LeBlanc, Candida Paltiel, and Joan Pujolar provided keys at crucial moments Thanks to Meaghan Hoyle and Natalie Kaiser for the maps Two anonymous reviewers provided thought-provoking, helpful comments I am most indebted to the people who taught me what I learned in thirty years of conversations across francophone Canada and beyond They may not all agree with the story I tell here, but they have always been willing to talk v This page intentionally left blank Contents Sociolinguistics as Social Practice, 1.1 A Story for Our Times, 1.2 A Brief Consideration of Sociolinguistics and the Nation-State, 1.3 Toward a Critical Ethnographic Sociolinguistics, 1.4 Ideological Shifts through the Lens of Francophone Canada, 12 1.5 From Traditionalist to Modernizing to Post-Nationalist Discourse of the Francophone Nation, 21 Critical Ethnographic Sociolinguistics, 31 Labeling Experience, 31 Critique and Ontology, 34 Ethnography, 40 Sociolinguistics, 49 Critical Ethnographic Sociolinguistics and the Globalized New Economy: From Workforce to Wordforce, 50 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 La foi, la race, la langue: Catholic Ethnonationalism in Francophone Canada (1926–1965, with an Interjection from 2000), 52 3.1 Discursive and Institutional Change, 52 3.2 L’Ordre de Jacques Cartier, 53 3.3 A Secret Society Seen from Below, 55 3.4 The OJC, Modernity, and Traditional Ideologies of Language and Identity, 61 3.5 The Dissolution and Its Aftermath, 65 Brewing Trouble: Language, the State, and Modernity in Industrial Beer Production (Montreal, 1978–1980), 74 4.1 Investigating Modernizing Nationalism: Sociolinguistics in the Brewery, 74 4.2 The Ethnolinguistic Organization of Expansion and Technologization, 79 4.3 Position and Interest in the Francization of the Brewery, 81 vii viii Contents 4.4 The Interactional Accomplishment of Francophonization, 84 4.5 Discursive Shift and Political Economic Change, 90 4.6 And What Is a Critical Ethnographic Sociolinguistics Here? 92 From Identity to Commodity: Schooling, Social Selection, and Social Reproduction (Toronto, 1983–1996), 94 5.1 If They Are Québécois, Who Are We? 94 5.2 Education and Institutional Territorial Nationalism, 96 5.3 Constructing an “Oasis”, 101 5.4 Identities and Commodities, 109 5.5 Crawling to Neoliberalism, 113 Neoliberalism and La cause: Modernizing Nationalism at Its Limits (Lelac, 1997–2004), 114 6.1 The Milieu associatif as Discursive Space, 114 6.2 From Rights to Profits: Canada’s Neoliberal Turn, 116 6.3 Lelac: Potatoes, Milk, Trees, Tourists, and the Highway, 121 6.4 From Cultural Survival to Added Value, 124 6.5 Le Festival du Village, 128 Selling the Nation, Saving the Market (All Over the Place, 2001–Present), 145 7.1 Authenticity and Language in the New Economy, 145 7.2 Tourism, Terroir, and the Performance of Identity, 151 7.3 Bounding Francophone Space, 162 7.4 Problems of Linguistic Commodification, 164 7.5 Paradoxes and Potentials, 170 Paths to Post-Nationalism, 173 Leaking Meta-Commentary, 173 The Poster Boys of Post-Nationalism, 184 Cool Irony, High Anxiety? 189 Ethnographies of Discursive Shifts, 192 Epilogue, 193 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Notes, 195 Bibliography, 201 Index, 217 Canada: Provinces and Territories Courtesy Meaghan Hoyle and Natalie Kaiser Bibliography 209 polities, and identities Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, pp 35–81 Jacquet, Marianne, Cécile Sabatier, and Danièle Moore (2008) “Médiateurs culturels et insertion de nouveaux arrivants francophones: Parcours de migration et perception des rôles.” Glottopol 11: 81–94 Jaillard, Nicolas (1993) “L’Ordre de Jacques-Cartier: L’armée des ombres.” Ven’d’est March–April: 32–36 Jaworski, Adam, and Alison Pritchard (Eds.) 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In: Franỗoise Baider, Marcel Burger, and Dionysis Goutsos (Eds.), La communication touristique: Approches discursives de l’identité et de l’alterité Paris: L’Harmattan, pp 257–273 DISCOGRAPHY Arsenault, Angèle (1977) Libre Éd Angèle Arsenault Richard, Denis (2005) Les chansons du spectacle “Les Défricheurs d’eau.” Caraquet: Les Amis du Village historique Acadien et Productions KLEF Robitaille, Damien (2006) L’homme qui me ressemble Montréal: Disques Audiogram FILMOGRAPHY Arcand, Denys (2003) Les invasions barbares Canada/France: Miramax Films Bibliography 215 Belkhodja, Chedly (2006) Au bout du fil Canada: Office national du film Golati, Sulani (2005) Nalini by day, Nancy by night: A film New York: Women Make Movies McDonald, Bruce (2009) Pontypool Toronto: Maple Films Verge, Robert (2001) L’Ordre de Jacques Cartier, un mystère dévoilé Montréal: Réseau de l’Information/RDI de Radio-Canada and AmérimageSpectra This page intentionally left blank Index Acadie 13, 18, 23, 50, 58–60, 70, 78, 95, 113, 116–118, 141, 146, 148, 152–155, 161, 173–189, 191, 195ch3n1 added value 19, 20, 101, 115, 124–128, 146, 170 symbolic 19, 20, 157, 163 Alim, H Samy 181 Allaire, Gratien 195ch3n1 Allard, Réal 99, 102 Alonso, José Antonio 170 Anctil, Pierre 16 Anderson, Benedict Appadurai, Arjun 3, 41 Aracil, Lluis 197ch4n3 Arcand, Denys 69 Arnopoulos, Sheila 16, 80 Arsenault, Angèle 174–175 audio- and video-recording 43–45 authenticity 20, 28, 112, 128, 145–151, 155–162, 171, 186 Barth, Fredrik 36 Basch, Linda 10 Baugh, John Bauman, Richard Beaudin, Maurice 23 Beaulé, Denis 120 Beck, Ulrich 10 Belkhodja, Chedly 120 Belliveau, Joël 195ch3n1 Bertrand, Gabriel 54, 195ch3n1 Bestor, Ted 41 bilingual education 97–98 bilingualism in Canada 23–24, 28, 71–72, 198ch7n1 as capital and commodity 28, 91, 101, 110–112, 148–149, 165–170 discourses of 8, 101–103, 184–187 as practice and performance 83–85, 140 Billig, Michael Blackledge, Adrian 41 Boudreau, Annette 162, 197ch4n2 boundary/boundaries 4, 7, 8, 17, 31–32, 36, 38, 48, 82, 87, 102, 144, 189 Bourdieu, Pierre 6, 10, 36, 37, 38, 71, 96, 101, 104 Boutet, Josiane 19, 20, 28, 50, 115, 168 Bouthillier, Guy 15 Bowles, Samuel 96 Braudel, Fernand 40 Breton, André 170 Breton, Raymond 24, 99 Briggs, Charles 7, 8, 44 Bucholtz, Mary 47 Burawoy, Michael 10, 41 Burgess, Tony 193 call centers 28, 50–51, 148, 150, 164–171, 184 Cameron, Deborah 19, 28, 50, 168 217 218 Canada, Government of 149 Canadian state 12–21, 24–25, 96–97, 116–121 capital of distinction 36, 101, 113 expansion of 8, 19, 20, 37, 50, (see globalization) linguistic 36, 37, 101, 110, 113, 170 symbolic 36, 90, 101 and francophones 57, 65, 84, 90, 93 capitalism 7, 9, 13, 92, 148, 191 Caraquet 58, 60, 173, 176, 177 Cardinal, Linda 190 Caron, Caroline-Isabelle 174 Castells, Manuel 3, 19, 20, 41, 50 Catholicism 57, 61, 70–71 Catholic Church 13, 21, 54, 55, 57, 60, 70, 75, 91, 132 Catholic education 96–100, 122–123, 197n1 census 8, 74 chiac 177–179, 184–186 Cholette, Gaston 74 Choquette, Robert 96, 97 Churchill, Stacy 98 Cicourel, Aaron 44 civil service 149 (see also public service) Citoyenneté et Immigration Canada (CIC) 120 class and ethnicity, ethnoclass 16, 18, 31, 74, 91 and language 16, 22, 38, 50, 91, 109, 177 working class 16–18, 31, 38, 50, 52, 91, 98, 104, 110–112, 149, 159, 163, 177, 192 middle class 16–17, 22, 38, 53, 91, 109, 113, 167 Clifford, James Clift, Dominique 16, 80 commodification definition of 27–28, 147, 150 Index of identity 26, 37, 121, 128, 143–144, 147, 150 of language 27, 73, 101, 112, 150, 164–170 community development 118, 124–128 Coulthard, Malcolm 5, 104 Crowley, Tony cultural artifacts 21, 27, 28, 44, 104, 132, 150, 171 cultural associations 24, 41, 58, 61, 72, 95, 96, 114–116, 117, 120, 122–123, 124–128, 129, 149–150 (see also milieu associatif) and French-language education 96 cultural identity 102, 151 Cummins, Jim customer services 137–140, 165–166 Cyr, Raymond 195ch3n1 Dagenais, Diane 32, 148 Dallaire, Louise 30 Daoust-Blais, Denise 76 discourse analysis, critical discourse analysis 41 Djerrahian, Gabriella 166 Dubé, Charles-Henri 54, 63, 195ch3n1 Dubois, Lise 148, 162, 165, 168 Duchêne, Alexandre 20, 41, 166, 167 economic development 19, 25, 26, 27, 28, 115, 117, 118–119, 120, 127, 144 community 25, 27, 115, 118–119 discourse of 25, 26, 120 Englund, Harri 10 Errington, Joseph ethnicity 15–16, 18, 30, 32, 61, 64, 91, 109, 190, 195ch1n1 (see also ethnonationalism) ethnicization 16, 190 Index ethnography 10, 29, 40–48, 192–193 (see also critical ethnographic sociolinguistics) facework 88–90, 126 Fabian, Johannes Fairclough, Norman 41 Farmer, Diane 24, 120 festivals 21, 26–28, 114, 124, 128–144, 145–146, 153, 173, 175, 183, 187, 193 Finn, Gilbert 54, 59, 60, 65, 195ch3n1, 196ch3n3 Fishman, Joshua 197ch4n2 Foddy, William 43 Foley, Douglas 16 Forgues, Éric 118 Formatel Consultants, Ltd 118 Foucault, Michel 6, 35, 104 francization 57, 74–92, 197n4 francophonization 84–90 Fraser, Matthew 17, 22, 80, 91 French Canadians 12–18, 21, 26, 52–55, 62, 70–73, 94, 114, 115, 121, 174, 189–190 Franco-Ontarians 25, 78, 96–99, 102–103, 113, 141–143, 146, 151–152, 187 French immersion 22, 109, 112 French language education 95, 96–98, 101–104, 122–124 Friedman, Jonathan 19 Gaffield, Chad 97 Gal, Susan 8, 41 Gallant, Nicole 120 Gee, James 19 Gélinas, Chantal 146 Gender gendering 11, 35 and division of labour, female workers 23, 28, 65–65, 83–84, 166 ideology of 64–65, 174 Giddens, Anthony 10, 19, 40 Gintis, Herbert 96 219 Globalization 4, 10, 19–20, 28, 41, 93, 113 Globalization, alter- 155, 164 Golati, Sulani 50 Goldstein, Tara 37 Gramsci, Antonio 36 Grillo, Ralph Grin, Franỗois 170 Grisộ, Yolande 96 Gumperz, John 9, 33, 39 habitus 37, 47 Handler, Richard 145, 153 Hannerz, Ulf 10, 41 Harvey, David 19, 20, 41, 50 Hegarty, Peter Heller, Monica 6, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 28, 38, 43, 45, 46, 47, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65, 101, 109, 113, 117, 118, 119, 148, 163, 195ch2n2, 195ch2n3, 196ch3n1, 196ch4n1, 197ch5n2, 198ch6n1, 198ch7n2 Henripin, Jacques 30 higher/postsecondary education 61, 79–80, 123, 159 Hobsbawm, Eric 7, 16, 22 Hughes, Everett 75, 195ch2n1 Hutton, Christopher 9, 197ch4n2 ideology of language 25, 37–39, 46, 49, 61–62, 104, 113, 167–168 ideology of nation 7, 14, 21, 61–65, 72, 113, 123 (see also nationalism) Inda, Jonathan 10, 19, 41 industrialization 16, 62, 75, 122 institutions institutionalization 9, 22, 25–26, 38, 40, 70, 113, 115, 151–152, 166 institutional nationalism 73, 96–101, 189, 191 (see also nationalism) 220 institutions (continued) institutional territorialism 16, 73 (see also territorialism) institutional (social) order 104 Irvine, Judith Jacquet, Marianne 120 Jaillard, Nicolas 195ch3n1 Jaworski, Adam 145 Jedwab, Jack 120 Johnson, Alison Johnson, Derek 17 Johnson, Sally Juteau-Lee, Danielle 96 Kahn, Emmanuel 148, 163 Kearney, Michael 11 Kloss, Heinz 76, 197ch4n2 Korazemo, Charles 120 Labov, William Labrie, Normand 12, 47, 115, 166 Lachapelle, Réjean 30 Lafont, Robert 44 Laliberté, G.-Raymond 54, 55, 72, 195ch3n1 Lamarre, Patricia 32, 148, 162, 163, 180 Lamarre, Stéphanie 148, 163 Lambert, Wallace 102 Landry, Rodrigue 99, 102 Laperrière, Anne 120 LeBlanc, Marie-Nathalie 181 LeBlanc, Matthieu 149 language industries 27–28, 148–150, 164 language technologies 149 legitimacy of Canadian state 16–17, 24–25 of francophone Canada 120, 150 and language 25, 38, 132, 144, 170 political vs economic 20–22, 120, 150 of Quebec state 73, 91 Lelac (pseudonym for a place in Index Ontario) 25, 26, 27, 55, 56, 58, 59, 69, 79, 114–144, 150, 189 Levinson, Stephen Lévy, Laurette 43 Lieberson, Stanley 195ch2n1 linguistic minorities 12, 21, 24, 29, 116, 118, 153, 197n3 Lipset, Seymour Martin 14 lumber industry 151, 159 Lyster, Roy 109 Mackey, William 197ch4n2 MacLennan, Hugh 195ch2n1 Maillet, Antonine 153 Makoni, Sinfree Malaborza, Sonya 173 Marcus, George 6, 10, 41 Maritime provinces 95, 147, 153, 174, 196n3 (see also Acadie) markets (see also commodification) and bilingualism 28, 101, 128, 165–167 Bourdieu’s concept of 36–37 changing condition of 10, 19, 23, 27, 90, 112, 150, 162 and culture 20, 27, 128, 171 francophone market 16–17, 19, 22–23, 27, 80, 98, 101, 109, 145–150, 162–164 and language 20, 23, 27, 50, 91, 109, 127, 149, 165–167 national market 7, 50, 72, 113, 150 niche market 6, 19, 20, 50, 148 Quebec market 16–17, 28, 72, 78–79, 80, 90, 101 Maroney, Heather J Martel, Marcel 72 Martin, André 76, 197ch4n2 Martin-Jones, Marilyn 38, 101 Mason, Jennifer 34, 43 Maurais, Jacques 162 McConnell, Grant 162 McDonald, Bruce 194 Index McLaughlin, Mireille 61, 64, 65, 115, 173, 196ch3n1 media 17, 26, 41, 49, 100, 113 Mehan, Hugh 104 Meunier, E.-Martin 190 Meynaud, Jean 15 micro- and macro-social 10, 34, 40 migration 4, 8, 23, 121, 159 milieu associatif 17, 113, 114–116, 120–121, 144, 158 milieu minoritaire 114, 190–191 Mirchandani, Kiran 50 mobility 4–7, 9, 16–19, 22, 40–42, 60, 63, 91, 98, 100, 109–110, 116, 149, 179, 183, 191 modernity 6–7, 18, 22, 61, 70, 93, 152–153, 186 Moïse, Claudine 146, 159 Moncton 17, 18, 148–149, 150, 153, 162, 165–167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177–178, 184, 185–186 Montbéliard 156–161 Montpellier 156 Montreal 5, 17, 22, 31–36, 49, 55, 63, 69, 72, 73, 74–92, 107, 109, 145, 148, 149, 152, 159, 162, 163, 164, 181, 184, 187, 193, 195–196n1, 197n2, 198ch7n1 Muehlmann, Shaylih 41 multilingualism 23, 51, 101, 171 museum 121, 128, 132, 143, 146, 159, 173 nationalism Acadian, 13, 173–174 bourgeois 22 discourse of 58, 72, 174 ethno- 52, 113 francophone 18, 63, 72, 95, 99, 113, 189, 191 ideology of 24, 61, 63 institutional (see “institutional nationalism” under “institution”) 221 modernist/traditionalist 7, 14, 24, 52, 72, 91, 95, 175 modernizing 74–79, 91, 113, 114–144, 174 post-nationalism 172, 173–175, 183, 193 Quebec, Quebecois 24, 107, 187 Romantic 98, 100, 146–147, 178, 183 state- 51, 95 (see also nation-state) nation-state 6, 7–9, 14, 16, 19, 21, 22, 53, 63, 71, 92, 93, 94, 96 Quebecois nation-state, Quebecois state 16, 73 neoliberalism 12, 19–20, 24–26, 41, 93, 96, 113, 114–120, 128, 151, 162 new economy 10, 12, 19–20, 27, 34, 41, 50–51, 73, 101, 117, 127, 144, 145–150, 161–162, 170–171 NGOs (non-governmental organizations) 41, 148, 161, 163 Ninyoles, Rafael 197ch4n3 Official Languages Act 1968 24, 94, 116, 149 Official Languages Act 1988 116, 117, 118 Olsson, John Ordre de Jacques Cartier (OJC) 21, 52–73, 76, 97, 100, 117, 122, 123, 129, 159, 161, 173, 195–196n1, 196n3 as La Patente 52, 60, 173 Ottawa 18, 53–55, 65–67, 94, 95, 119, 150, 152, 166, 195– 196ch3n1 Paquin, Christian 195ch3n1 Passeron, Jean-Claude 38, 96, 104 Pennycook, Alastair Philips, Susan 104 Phillipson, Robert 222 political economy 10, 12–13, 19, 25, 29, 37, 47, 51, 53, 70, 113 popular culture 71, 132, 181, 183 Porter, John 16 Pries, Ludger 10 Pritchard, Alison 145 public service 63, 127, 149 (see also civil service) Pujolar, Joan 49 Québécois, Québécoises 5, 16, 63, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 93, 94–95, 107, 111, 121, 145, 153, 155, 157–159, 163, 164, 180–181, 187, 195n1 Quell, Carsten 120 Rabinow, Paul race 9, 13, 14–15, 52–73, 112, 152 racialization 15 reflexivity 9, 35 Rampton, Ben 9, 45 Rebuffot, Jacques 109 research ethics 34–48 Richard, Denis 173–174 Richler, Mordechai 195ch2n1 Robitaille, Damien 186–189 Romanticism, Romantic ideology 14, 21, 61, 94, 98, 100, 119, 145–147, 178, 183 in the new economy 145–147 Rosaldo, Renato 10, 19, 41 Roy, Sylvie 148, 165 Rubdy, Rani 20 Rubin, Joan 197ch4n2 Said, Edward Sarkar, Mela 181 Savoie, Donald 23 Schieffelin, Bambi 49 Sennett, Richard 16 Sheller, Mimi Index Silva, Emanuel da 20, 117, 118 Silverstein, Michael 53 Sinclair, John 104 sociolinguistics sociolinguistics, critical ethnographic 9–11, 31–51, 92–93, 192–193 sociolinguistics, variationist and the nation-state 6–8 Sonntag, Selma 50 Stebbins, Robert 120 Sullivan, William Sylvestre, Paul-Franỗois 59 Sznaider, Natan 10 Tabouret-Keller, Andrộe 8, 101 Tan, Peter 20 territorialism 14, 16, 51, 63, 65, 70, 73, 94–96, 99, 191 (see also “institutional territorialism” under “institution”) terroir 146–147, 151–162 tertiary-sector economy 6, 19–20, 23, 27, 50, 93, 100, 113, 114–144, 145–151, 163, 170 (see also new economy) tertiarization 100 Thériault, Joseph-Yvon 190 Toronto 22, 27, 37, 39, 55, 77, 79, 80, 84, 91, 92, 94–113, 129, 143, 144, 147, 150, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 190, 193 tourism 21, 23, 26, 27, 31, 56, 114–144, 145–172 Trépanier, Jamie 54, 72, 195ch3n1 Tsing, Anna 20 Tsitsipis, Lukas 49 turn-taking 42, 104, 105, 126 Urban, Greg 53 urban-rural dynamic 22, 177 Urla, Jacqueline Urry, John 4, 145 Index Vennin, Loïc 195ch3n1 Verge, Robert 195ch3n1 Vertovec, Steven 10 vitality 99, 116, 128 welfare state 19, 24, 26, 53, 63, 117, 149 (see also neoliberalism) 223 Welland 17–18, 52, 58, 59, 146, 148, 149, 150, 165, 166, 167, 169, 171 Williams, Raymond 22, 119 Winer, Lise 181 Wolf, Eric 13, 121 Yarymowich, Maia 149