Recent Advances in Wireless Communications and Networks Part 11 docx

24 Wireless Commnucations QoS Class rtPS nrtPS Maximum Sustained Transmission Rate 384Kbps 384Kbps Minimum Reserved Transmission Rate 80Kbps 1Kbps Table 2. Capacity reservation for 16-link. 0.004 0.0045 0.005 0.0055 0.006 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 1 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR IP Average Delay (sec/packet) Simulation Time (sec) (a) Average delay. 5x10 6 5.5x10 6 6x10 6 6.5x10 6 7x10 6 7.5x10 6 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 1 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR IP Throughput (bps) Simulation Time (sec) (b) Throughput. 0 5x10 4 1x10 5 1.5x10 5 2x10 5 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 1 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR TR IP Out-of-Order Packets (bps) Simulation Time (sec) (c) Out-of-order. Fig. 10. Transition of IP on FTP file size 1K bytes. 0 5x10 5 1x10 6 1.5x10 6 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 1 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR 11a Load (bps) Simulation Time (sec) (a) 11a load. 1x10 6 1.5x10 6 2x10 6 2.5x10 6 3x10 6 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 1 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR 11b Load (bps) Simulation Time (sec) (b) 11b load. 1x10 6 2x10 6 3x10 6 4x10 6 5x10 6 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 50 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR 16 Load (bps) Simultion Time (sec) (c) 16 load. Fig. 11. Distributed traffic load to each wireless system on FTP file size 1K bytes. 3 4 5 6 7 8 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 1 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR TCP Retransmissions (number/5sec) Simulation Time (sec) (a) TCP retransmissions. 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 1 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR FTP Response Time (sec/file) Simulation Time (sec) (b) FTP response time. 1.4x10 4 1.45x10 4 1.5x10 4 1.55x10 4 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 1 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR FTP Throughput (bytes/sec) Simulation Time (sec) (c) FTP throughput. Fig. 12. Transition of TCP and FTP on FTP file size 1K bytes. 5.2 Transition of delay and throughput in low traffic load Figures 10(a) and 10(b) show, respectively, the transition of IP average delay and IP throughput, when file size in FTP is 1K bytes. As the packet distribution proceeds, the IP average delay of the proposal decreases rapidly, and becomes much lower than that of the 290 Recent Advances in Wireless Communications and Networks Traffic Control for Composite Wireless Access Route of IEEE802.11/16 Links 25 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 1 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR VC average Delay (sec/frame) Simulation Time (sec) (a) Average delay. 5x10 5 6x10 5 7x10 5 8x10 5 9x10 5 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 1 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR VC Throughput (bytes/sec) Simulation Time (sec) (b) Throughput. Fig. 13. Transition of VC on FTP file size 1K bytes. others. Figures 11(a), 11(b) and 11(c) show, respectively, the transition of distributed load to 11a-wireless system (11a-load), that to 11b-wireless system (11b-load) and that to 16-wireless system (16-load), when file size in FTP is 1K bytes. The decrease in IP average delay of the proposal corresponds to the increase in 11a-load of the proposal (see Fig. 10(a) and Fig. 11(a)). In area-A, 11a accommodates a few terminals because of its narrow coverage, and the proposal distributes almost packets to 11a-link the same as SL, and saves the capacity of 11b and 16 for many terminals outside area-A. RR and TR in the area distributes packets to other link as well, thus RR and TR can not use 11a capacity effectively to save the capacity of 11b and 16. Consequently, RR and TR bring the large load to 16 (see Fig. 11(c)), which of links have low transmission rate (see Tab. 2), and it causes the inferior IP average delay of RR and TR to that of the proposal. In area-B, SL distributes all packets to 11b-link (see Fig. 11(b)), and then the packet collision in 11b occurs frequently. Thus, it causes the inferior IP average delay of SL to that of the proposal. In comparison with SL, the packet distribution of the proposal and TR improve IP performance, but that of RR lowers IP performance. The IP out-of-order packets of the proposal decreases the same as the decrease in its IP average delay, consequently, its out-of-order packets becomes much lower than that of RR and TR (see Fig. 10(c)). Therefore, its packet distribution effects the decrease in IP average delay and the decrease in out-of-order packets. Figures 12(a) shows the number of TCP retransmissions for a period of 5 sec. The TCP retransmissions of the proposal is nearly equal to that of SL and RR, and that of TR is larger than that of the others. The cause of TCP retransmission in SL is packet loss. In area-B, SL distributes all packets to 11b, thus the packet collision occurs frequently in 11b and then it causes the TCP retransmission. The cause of TCP retransmission in the proposal, RR and TR is out-of-oder packets. The number of TCP transmissions in RR is lower than that of TR. RR loads larger mount of packets with 16 than the others (see Fig. 11(c)). Because the 16-link has the low transmission rate, the IP average delay of RR is inferior to that of the others (Fig. 10(a)). Then TCP congestion window size of RR is smaller than that of TR and the proposal, and the amount of distributed packets to multiple links for a period is fewer than that of TR and the proposal, thus the probability of occurrence of out-of-order packets is lower. Consequently, the TCP retransmissions of RR is lower than that of TR. That of the proposal is also lower than that of TR, then the delay equalization between multiple links in the proposal effects the decrease in the occurrence of out-of-order packets, and effects the decrease in TCP retransmissions. Figures 12(b) and 12(c) show, respectively, the transition of FTP response time and FTP throughput. The FTP response time of SL and the proposal are superior to that of RR and TR. The IP average delay of TR is superior to that of SL, however, the FTP response time of TR is inferior to that of SL. The inversion is caused by the large number of TCP retransmissions in 291 Traffic Control for Composite Wireless Access Route of IEEE802.11/16 Links 26 Wireless Commnucations TR, and the packet distribution of TR lowers the FTP performance. The cause of the inferior FTP response time of RR to that of SL is not the TCP retransmissions, but is the small amount of TCP flow based on TCP congestion window size, then the packet distribution in RR distributes the large number of packets to 16-link, which is narrow bandwidth, and originally lowers IP performance. The number of TCP retransmissions and the FTP response time of the proposal is the same as those of SL. As the above mentioned, the cause of TCP retransmission in SL is the packet loss in 11b-link, but the cause of that in the proposal is the out-of-order packet, that is, the proposal offsets the improvement of IP performance against the out-of-order packets, and does not improve the FTP performance, but does not lower it. Figures 13(a) and 13(b) show, respectively, the transition of VC average delay and VC throughput. The VC average delay of SL is equal to the IP average delay because a VC frame corresponds to a IP packet and because out-of-order packet does not occur. In the proposal, RR, and TR, the VC average delay is larger than that of IP because the sequence control in VC waits for frame with the expected sequence on the occurrence of out-of-order packet. Therefore, VC average delay of TR is higher than that of SL though IP average delay of TR is lower than that of SL, i.e., the packet distribution of TR lowers the VC performance. On the other hand, that of the proposal is lower than that of SL, therefore, the effect of the packet distribution in the proposal overcomes the ill of it, and can improve the VC performance. That of RR is higher than that of the others because RR originally lowers IP performance. 5.3 Transition of delay and throughput in high traffic load 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 350 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR IP Average Delay (sec/packet) Simulation Time (sec) (a) Average delay. 2x10 7 2.5x10 7 3x10 7 3.5x10 7 4x10 7 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 350 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR IP Throughput (bps) Simulation Time (sec) (b) Throughput. 3x10 6 4x10 6 5x10 6 6x10 6 7x10 6 8x10 6 9x10 6 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 350 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR TR IP Out-of-Order Packets (bps) Simualtion Time (sec) (c) Out-of-oder. Fig. 14. Transition of IP on FTP file size 350K bytes. 1x10 6 2x10 6 3x10 6 4x10 6 5x10 6 6x10 6 7x10 6 8x10 6 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 350 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR 11a Load (bps) Simulation Time (sec) (a) Average delay. 4x10 6 5x10 6 6x10 6 7x10 6 8x10 6 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 100 0 FTP file size 350 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR 11b Load (bps) Simulation Time (sec) (b) Throughput. 1x10 7 1.5x10 7 2x10 7 2.5x10 7 3x10 7 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 350 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR 16 Load (bps) Simulation Time (sec) (c) Out-of-oder. Fig. 15. Distributed traffic load to each wireless system on FTP file size 350K bytes. 292 Recent Advances in Wireless Communications and Networks Traffic Control for Composite Wireless Access Route of IEEE802.11/16 Links 27 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 100 0   Proposal RR SL TR TCP Retransmissions (number/5sec) Simulation Time (sec) (a) TCP retransmissions. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 350 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR FTP Response Time (sec/file) Simulation Time (sec) (b) FTP response time. 1x10 6 2x10 6 3x10 6 4x10 6 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 350 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR FTP Throughput (bytes/sec) Simulation Time (sec) (c) FTP throughput. Fig. 16. Transition of TCP and FTP on FTP file size 350K bytes. 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 1 2 3 4 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 350 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR VC Average Delay (sec/frame) Simulation Time ( sec ) (a) Average delay. 5x10 5 6x10 5 7x10 5 8x10 5 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 FTP file size 350 Kbytes session interval 10 sec VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps Proposal RR SL TR VC Throughput (bytes/sec) Simulation Time (sec) (b) Throughput. Fig. 17. Transition of VC on FTP file size 350K bytes. Figures 14(a) and 14(b) show, respectively, the transition of IP average delay and IP throughput, when file size in FTP is 350K bytes, furthermore, Fig. 15(a), 15(b) and 15(c) show, respectively, the transition of 11a load, 11b load and 16 load, when file size in FTP is 350K bytes. The IP average delay of the proposal is low, and is stable. On the other hand, that of the others increase as linear, and become much higher than that of the proposal. Furthermore, their IP throughput are lower than that of the proposal. In area-A, the packet distribute to 11a-link brings low delay to IP because of wide bandwidth and few accommodated terminals in 11a, as mentioned in 5.2. In area-B, the packet collision and loss in 11b further increase because of the increase in traffic, and the large number of retransmissions in MAC brings the increase in delay to IP. Furthermore, the packet loss in 11b brings the decrease in throughput to IP. Each 16-link has the narrow bandwidth, but does not cause the collision because of TDD. i.e., The delay of 16-link is lower than that of 11b-link because of no retransmission process in MAC, which of delay in 11b exponentially increases based on a binary back-off mechanism. Therefore, the large number of packet distribute to 11b brings the increase in delay and the decrease in throughput to IP. Consequently, IP average delay of the proposal, which distributes the smaller number of packets to 11b than the others (see Fig. 15(b)), is lowest,anditsIPthroughputishighest. Figures 14(c) and 16(a) show, respectively, the transition of IP out-of-order packets and TCP retransmissions, when file size in FTP is 350K bytes. The IP out-of-order packets of the proposal decreases rapidly as the packet distribute proceeds the same as the case that FTP file size is 1K bytes, i.e., the delay equalization between the multiple links in the proposal effects the decrease in IP out-of-order packets. That of RR also decreases, but the decrease in 293 Traffic Control for Composite Wireless Access Route of IEEE802.11/16 Links 28 Wireless Commnucations the amount of TCP flow based on TCP congestion window size, which becomes small rapidly by the increase in IP delay of RR, brings it. TCP retransmission is caused by the IP packet loss and IP out-of-order packets. The TCP retransmissions in SL is caused only by IP packet loss, and IP packet loss is caused by the large number of distributed packets to 11b. That of RR, TR and the proposal is caused by IP packet loss and IP out-of-order packets. That of RR is caused largely by IP packet loss, because RR distributes the large number of packets to 11b and IP out-of-order packets decreases by the decrease in TCP flow. Therefore, the trend of TCP retransmissions of RR is similar to that of SL. TR also distributes the large number of packets to 11b, but distributes the larger number of packets than RR to 11a and 16, which of packet loss probability is much lower than 11b, i.e., the TCP retransmissions in TR is caused mainly by out-of-order packets and it reduces the upward trend of TCP retransmissions in comparison with SL and TR. On the other hand, the TCP retransmissions of the proposal is low stable in comparison with the others. The proposal distributes the much smaller number of IP packets than the others to 11b and reduces IP packet loss, furthermore, it equalizes the delay of each link in M-route, thus reduces also IP out-of-order packets. That brings the low and stable retransmissions to TCP. Figures 16(b) and 16(c) show, respectively, the transition of FTP response time and FTP throughput, when file size in FTP is 350K bytes. The FTP response time of RR and TR increase as linear. In RR and TR, FTP session can not complete in a period of 10 sec, which is FTP session start interval, because the amount of TCP flow is restrained low by the large number of retransmissions. The active FTP session accumulates. Therefore, the access network causes the congestion. In the proposal, FTP session can complete within 10 sec, and the delay not increase and is stable. Furthermore, the throughput reaches the input load 4M bytes/sec. Therefore, the proposal controls avoids the congestion. 5.4 Dependence of delay on throughput 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 1x10 7 2x10 7 3x10 7 4x10 7 Proposal RR SL TR IP Average Delay (sec/packet) IP Throughput (bps) (a) IP. 0 5 10 15 20 01x10 6 2x10 6 3x10 6 4x10 6 Proposal RR SL TR FTP Response Time (sec/file) FTP Throougput (bytes/sec) (b) FTP. 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 1x10 6 2x10 6 3x10 6 4x10 6 5x10 6 Proposal RR SL TR VC Average Delay (sec/frame) Sum Throughput of VC and FTP (bytes/sec) (c) VC. Fig. 18. Dependence of delay on throughput. Figure 18(a), 18(b), and 18(c) shows, respectively, the dependence of IP average delay on IP throughput, the dependence of FTP response time on FTP throughput , and the dependence of VC average delay on VC throughput when FTP file size increases from 1K bytes to 400K bytes. The average delay and throughput are each the averages for 10 topologies in which the antennas and terminals are deployed randomly in the evaluation space. When the FTP traffic is low, the performance of SL and the proposal is superior to that of RR and TR. In low load, if packets are distributed to a widest band link, that is, if the packet distribution is equalized to that of SL, the performance becomes high. The packet distribution of the proposal becomes equal to that of SL, but that of RR and TR do not. As FTP traffic 294 Recent Advances in Wireless Communications and Networks Traffic Control for Composite Wireless Access Route of IEEE802.11/16 Links 29 increases, the 11b-link load of M-route in 11b-coverage and outside 11a-coverage becomes high, then M-route including 11b-link needs to distribute packets to 11a-link or 16-link. SL can not distribute packets of 11b-link to other links, then SL is saturated first by the exhaustion of 11b-link capacity. By the same cause, RR and TR are saturated in FTP file size 300K bytes and 400K bytes respectively. The proposal distributes packets from 11b-link to 16-link and 11a-link, and avoids the saturation until FTP file size exceeds 400K bytes. Summarizing, in any FTP traffic, the proposal can distribute packets effectively in comparison with other methods, and it produces low delay and hight throughput on both TCP application and UDP application, and simultaneously. 6. Conclusion In this chapter, the packet distribution characteristics in IEEE802.11-link and that in IEEE802.16-link was respectively shown, and, based on these characteristics, the packet distribution method for access route compositing IEEE802.11/16-links was proposed. Furthermore, its performance through evaluation with IEEE802.11a/b and IEEE802.16 was shown. Consequently, the proposed method was found to have the following effectiveness. • It can greatly effectively distribute packets to IEEE802.11/16 links according to link load. • And, it can also reduce out-of-packets caused by distributing packets to multiple links. • Then, It can decrease delay and can increase throughput on both TCP application and UDP application, and simultaneously. 7. References Arkin, D. (2004). My Life, Arkin Publishing, Arkinson. Mitoralll, J. & Maguire, G. (1999). Cognitive Radio: Making Software Radios More Personal, IEEE Pers. Comm., Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 13–14 1999. Mitoralll, J. (1999). Cognitive Radio for Flixible Multimedia Communications, Proc. MoMuC99, pp. 3–10, 1999. Harada, H. (2005). A Study on a new wireless communications system based on cognitive radio technology, IEICE Tech. Rep., Vol. 105, No. 36, pp. 117–124, 2005. 3GPP TS 22.258. (2005). Service Requirements for the All-IP Network (AIPN); Stage 1, v2.0.0, 2005. ITU-T. (2006). 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Magazine, Vol. 4, No.4, pp. 477–486, 2007. 296 Recent Advances in Wireless Communications and Networks Part 3 Applications and Realizations [...]... these Basic routing (with normal or improved variants) Reliable routing Low Power routing XMesh routing Sub Categories 314 Recent Advances in Wireless Communications and Networks latency, load balancing in terms of energy used by sensor nodes, etc.) that distinguish this network from other wireless networks such as mobile ad hoc networks, cellular networks, Main Category 6 Table 15 (continues) Protocol... available and initiates the data delivery Destination-initiated (Dst-initiated): A destination initiated protocol, on the other hand, initiates path setup from a destination node • • • • • • • Stateful Ad Hoc routing: Stateful ad hoc routing protocols require node to maintain some routing information that is collected using the routing protocol (e.g., through route request propagation or by reversing paths... home networks, detecting chemical/biological/radiological/nuclear/explosive material, monitoring patents and elderly people, asset and warehouse management, building monitoring and control, fleet monitoring, military battlefield awareness and surveillance, security and surveillance, environmental monitoring, pipeline corrosion monitoring, homeland security, monitoring conditions of buildings and bridges,... WSNs by sending commands to the network These commands can tell the network devices to stop sending messages, increase the time between messages or even reset the network (restart the Multi-Hop algorithm) In future, WSNs could be controlled via a web interface or a handheld device, being easier to stop and restart the network as needed 306 Recent Advances in Wireless Communications and Networks 8 Resource... 24 750 3200 Energy (pJ/ins) 302 Recent Advances in Wireless Communications and Networks Table 2 Technical specification for some hardware systems for Wireless Sensor Network (Hempstead et al., 2008) 303 Wireless Sensor Network: At a Glance Wireless Sensor Networks we need these things in operating system architectures: Extremely small footprint, extremely low system overhead and extremely low power... pressure and oxygen measurement • Monitoring people’s location and health condition Industry • Factory process control and industrial automation • Monitoring and control of industrial equipment • Machine health monitoring Home networks • Home appliances, location awareness (blue tooth) • Person locator Automotive • Tire pressure monitoring • Active mobility • Coordinated vehicle tracking Area monitoring... Detecting enemy intrusion • Geo-fencing of gas or oil pipelines • Detecting the presence of vehicles Environmental • Air pollution monitoring monitoring • Forest fires detection • Greenhouse monitoring • Landslide detection • Volcano monitoring • Flood detection Water/Wastewater • Landfill ground well level monitoring and pump counter monitoring • Groundwater arsenic contamination assessment • Measuring... sensor networks WSNs fascinate a number of standardization bodies to develop standards, due to a smaller amount of standards exists for WSNs in comparison to other wireless networks A number of standards are currently under development or ratified for WSNs Some standardization bodies working in the specific field of WSNs to setup standards, such as: Standardization body Institute of Electrical and Electronics... chapter contains from very basic to high level technical issues obtained from highly cited research contribution in a concluding manner but presenting whole aspects related to this field 2 Wireless sensor nodes and existing hardware Wireless sensor nodes are tiny, light weight sensing devices consists of a constrained processing unit, little memory, EEPROM or Flash memory for tiny operating systems and other... by determining which nodes should participate in the network operation (be awake) and which should not (remain asleep) • • • • • • • • In this approach, sensor nodes send data to a central node that join the data to reduce the cost in terms of energy consumption Source-initiated (Src-initiated): A source-initiated protocol sets up the routing paths upon the demand of the source node, and starting from . traffic 294 Recent Advances in Wireless Communications and Networks Traffic Control for Composite Wireless Access Route of IEEE802 .11/ 16 Links 29 increases, the 11b-link load of M-route in 11b-coverage and. loss in 11b further increase because of the increase in traffic, and the large number of retransmissions in MAC brings the increase in delay to IP. Furthermore, the packet loss in 11b brings the. bytes. others. Figures 11( a), 11( b) and 11( c) show, respectively, the transition of distributed load to 11a -wireless system (11a-load), that to 11b -wireless system (11b-load) and that to 16 -wireless system