Airport planning and management

Planning & Management G«« ri ISfl Education Tai Lieu Chat Luong Seth B Young I Alexander T Wells Airport Planning and Management About the Authors S eth B Y oung, Ph.D., is the McConnell Chair Aviation in the College of Engineering at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio Dr Young has extensive experience in airport management consulting and is an accredited airport executive (AAE) with the American Association of Airport Executives Dr Young holds an instrument-rated FAA commercial pilot and certified flight instructor certificate He is the co-author of Planning and Design of Airports, Fifth Edition, also from McGraw-Hill T W ells, Ed.D., retired professor at the College of Business at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida, is a consultant to airport management with over 30 years of experience He is the author of such leading texts as Commercial Aviation Safety, Second Edition, also from McGraw-Hill A lexander Airport Planning and Management Seth B Young Alexander T Wells Seventh Edition TRƯỚNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN THƯ VIỆN : 310/ A - l T ỉ Mc G raw Hill Education New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto Library of Congress Control Number: 2018956780 McGraw-Hill Education books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs To contact a representative please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com Airport Planning and Management, Seventh Edition Copyright ©2019 by McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher LCR 23 22 21 20 19 ISBN 978-1-260-14332-4 MHID 1-260-14332-5 The pages within this book were printed on acid-free paper Sponsoring Editor Lauren Poplawski Copy Editor Dipti Barthwal Composition Cenveo Publisher Services Editorial Supervisor Donna M Martone Proofreader Kannathal Art Director, Cover Jeff Weeks Production Supervisor Pamela A Pelton Indexer Robert Swanson Project Manager Surbhi Mittal, Cenveo5 Publishers Services Acquisitions Coordinator Elizabeth Houde Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw-Hill Education from sources believed to be reliable H ow ever, neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or com pleteness of any inform ation published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, o r d am ag es arising o u t o f use of this information This work is published with the understanding that M cGraw-Hill Education and its auth ors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services If su ch services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought Contents Preface A cknow led gm ents Part I xv xxi Airports and Airport Systems O bjectives Introduction The W orld's A irports A irports in the U nited States The N ational (and International) O versight of A irports The N ational Plan of Integrated A irport System s The Rules that G overn A irports Professional O rganizations Supporting A irport M anagem ent C oncluding Rem arks Key Term s Q uestions for Review and D iscussion Suggested Readings Suggested Internet Resources Airports and Airport Systems: An Introduction 3 14 16 21 24 26 26 27 28 28 Airports and Airport Systems: Organization and Administration 29 O bjectives Introduction A irport O w nership and O peration A irport Privatization The A irport O rganization C hart Job D escriptions A irport M anagem ent as a Career Duties of an A irport M anager Education and Training The A irport M anager and Public Relations The A irport M an ager's C onstituents Public Relations O bjectives C oncluding Rem arks Key Terms Q uestions for Review and D iscussion Suggested Readings Web References 29 29 29 31 33 34 41 42 43 44 46 47 48 48 49 49 50 V vi Contents Airports and Airport Systems: A Historical and Legislative Perspective 51 Objectives 51 Introduction 51 Tne Formative Period of Aviation and Airports: 1903-1938 52 The Birth of Civil Aviation: 1903-1913 52 World War :1914-1918 52 Early Airmail Service: 1919-1925 52 The Air Commerce Act: 1926-1938 53 The Civil Aeronautics Act: 1938-1939 56 Airport Growth: World War II and the Postwar Period 57 The Federal Airport Act: 1946 58 Airport Modernization: The Early Jet Age 59 The Airways Modernization Act of 1957 59 The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 61 The Department of Transportation: 1967 61 The Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 63 Environmental Policies of the 1970s 64 The National Airport System Plan 65 The Airport and Airway Development Act Amendments of 1976 66 Airport Legislation After Airline Deregulation 68 The Deregulation Acts of 1976 and 1978 68 The Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 70 The Aviation Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of 1990 71 Military Airport Program 73 The Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990 74 The Airport and Airway Safety, Capacity, Noise Im provem ent, and Intermodal Transportation Act of 1992 74 The AIP Temporary Extension Act of 1994 75 The Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994 75 The Federal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1996 75 Airport Legislation in the Twenty-First Century 76 AIR-21: The Wendell H Ford Aviation Investm ent and Reform Act for the Twenty-First Century ^ The Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001 ^8 Homeland Security Act of 2002 ^ Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act of 2003 FA A Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 FA A Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 Continuing Resolutions and Extensions of 2017 and 2018 Concluding Remarks Key Acts of Legislation Key Organizations and Administrations Key Plans, Programs, and Policies Contents Q uestions for Review and D iscussion Suggested Readings Web R esources Part II 84 85 86 Airport Operations Management 89 O bjectives The C om ponents of an A irport The A irfield Runw ays A R u n w ay's Im aginary Surfaces Taxiw ays O ther A irfield M arkings O ther A irfield A reas A irfield Signage A irfield Lighting R unw ay Lighting Taxiw ay Lighting O ther A irfield Lighting N avigational A ids Located on A irfields N ondirectional Radio Beacons Very-High-Frequency Omnidirectional Range Radio Beacons Instrum ent Landing System s A ir Traffic Control and Surveillance Facilities Located on the A irfield A ir Traffic C ontrol Towers A irport Surveillance Radar A irport Surface D etection Equipm ent W eather Reporting Facilities Located on A irfields W ind Indicators Security Infrastructure on Airfields C oncluding Rem arks Key Terms Q uestions for Review and D iscussion Suggested Readings The Airfield 89 89 90 91 103 106 110 112 114 119 119 127 128 129 129 134 134 134 135 135 137 137 137 138 139 140 Airspace and Air Traffic Management 141 O bjectives Introduction Brief H istory of A ir Traffic Control The Present-D ay Air Traffic Control M anagem ent and O perating Infrastructure The FAA's A ir Traffic O rganization Air Traffic Control System Com m and C enter 141 141 141 129 131 145 145 145 vil VIU Contents The Basics of Air Traffic Control Visual Flight Rules Versus Instrument Flight Rules Victor Airways and Jet Ways Special-Use Airspace Flight Service Stations Terminal Area Air Traffic Control Procedures Traditional and M odem "N extG en" Procedures Current and Future Enhancements to Air Traffic M anagem ent Performance-Based Navigation Modernized Approaches to Airports Airport Surface Movement Management Concluding Remarks Key Terms Questions for Review and Discussion Suggested Readings Web Reference Airport Operations Management Under 14 CFR Part 13 Objectives Introduction Part 139 Airport Classifications Inspections and Compliance Specific Areas of Airport Management of Importance to Airports Found in 14 CFR Part 139 Pavement Management Aircraft Rescue and FireFighting Snow and Ice Control Bird and Wildlife Hazard Management Self-Inspection Programs SMS—Safety Management Systems for Airports Concluding Remarks Key Terms Questions for Review and Discussion Suggested Readings Airport Terminals and Ground Access Objectives Introduction The Historical Develop Unit Terminal C Linear Terminal Pier Finger Terminals Pier Satellite and Remote Satellite Terminals The Mobile Lounge or Transporter Concept Hybrid Terminal Geometries The Airside-Landside Concept 147 147 152 152 153 153 153 158 161 164 165 165 165 167 168 168 169 169 169 170 171 174 174 179 183 189 191 195 197 198 198 199 201 201 201 202 202 205 207 207 209 210 211 Contents O ff-A irport Term inals Present-D ay A irp ort Term inals C om ponents of The A irp ort Term inal The A pron and G ate System A ircraft G ate M anagem ent The Passenger H andling System A irp ort G round A ccess A ccess From the C BD and Suburban A reas to the A irport Boundary A ccess M odes Factors Influencing D em and for G round A ccess C oordination and Planning of G round A ccess Infrastructure A ccess From the A irport Boundary to Parking A reas and Passenger U nload ing C urbs at the Term inal Building Vehicle Parking Facilities Technologies to Im prove Ground A ccess to A irports C oncluding Rem arks K ey Term s Q uestions for Review and D iscussion Suggested Readings Airport Security 213 213 214 214 216 218 230 230 231 233 234 235 235 239 242 243 245 246 247 O bjectives Introduction H istory of A irport Security A viation Security post-Septem ber 11, 2001 A viation Security Roles Security at C om m ercial Service A irports The A irport Security Program A irport Security A reas as Defined in the A SP Em ployee Identification Law Enforcem ent, C ontingencies, and Incident Response Passenger Screening C hecked-Baggage Screening C ontrolled A ccess Perim eter Security Security at G eneral Aviation A irports TSA G uidance for G eneral Aviation A irport Security A irspace Security and Tem porary Flight Restrictions The Future of A irport Security C oncluding Rem arks Key Terms Q uestions for Review and Discussion Suggested Readings 247 247 248 252 257 258 258 259 260 262 263 267 269 269 271 273 274 276 276 277 277 278 ¡x 428 Index C ritical p a th m e th o d (CPM ), -3 C u m u la tiv e arrival d iagram , - ,3 / C u rb s, at term in als, -2 ,2 / C u rtis, E d w ard R, -6 C u rv ilin ea r d e sig n , 206 C U SS k io sk s See C o m m o n -u se self-serv ice k io sk s C u sto m er facility ch arge (CFC), 296 C u sto m s a n d b ord er p atrol facilities, 224—2 ,2 / CUTE See C o m m o n -u se term inal e q u ip m e n t = D = D allas-F ort W orth (D /F W ) A irport, / D ata, 8, 8t-9t, ,3 4 , 354, 360, /-3 / D a y /n ig h t avera g e so u n d lev e l (Ldn), 324 D a y to n a B each International A irport, 12 / DBE (D isad van taged B usiness Enterprise), 71, 2 -2 ,2 /, 306 D eb t lev e l, 309 D ecen tralized facilities, 207 D efau lts, 311 D eicin g , o f aircraft, 188-189 DEIS See D raft EIS D elay, 375/-376/, 392-396, 393/, 401 cap acity and , 373-374, 377-380, 378/-380/, 389, 390f, 391, / GDP, 145-146, 401 tech n o lo g y for, 416 D elp h i m eth o d , 46-347 D elta A irlin es, 414 D em and : ad m in istration an d , 396-401 d em an d cu rves, 392-393, / d em an d m an agem en t, 399-401 for FAA, 389, 391, / forecasting of, 348-349 for grou n d access, 3 ,2 / for p arkin g areas, 235-236, 236/, / p a ssen gers and , 374 in p lan n in g, 360-361 for transportation, -2 ,2 / D em ograp hy, 341-342 D en ver International A irport (D IA ), 395 D ep artin g p assen gers, 220, / D epartm en t o f H om elan d Security (D H S), 257 D epartm en t o f Transportation (DO T), ,1 ,4 , -63, / D eparture p roced u res (D P s), 153 D ep lan em en ts (d ep lan ed p assen gers), D eregu lation , 61, 68, 69/-70/, -71, 72f, -7 , 76f, 320-321 D esig n , 64, 94, 205/, 206 D esig n alternatives: airspace in, 354-355 ARC in, 353-354, 353f stru ction eco n o m ics in, 356 cost com p arison in, 357 CPM for, 359-360 ex p a n sio n availab ility in, 355 for m aster p la n s, 3 -3 m eteo ro lo g ica l co n d itio n s in, 356 for n o ise , -3 for p la n n in g , -3 , 3531, 5 /-3 / for ru n w a y orien tation , 353 site se lec tio n in, 35 -3 sp a ce req u irem en ts in, 60-361 su rro u n d in g o b stru ction s in , 355 for term in als, 357-361 u tility a v a ilab ility in, 355 w in d an a ly sis in, -3 , 5 / D e sig n a tio n , o f r u n w a y s, ,9 /, 94 D estin a tio n sig n s, 1 ,1 / D e v e lo p m e n t o f L an d in g A reas for N a tio n a l D efen se (D L A N D ), 57 D /F W airport See D a lla s/F o r t W orth A irport D H S See D ep artm en t o f H o m ela n d Security D IA See D en v er In ternational A irport D irection sig n s, 1 ,1 / D isa d v a n ta g e d B u sin ess E nterprise See DBE D iscretion ary fu n d s, 302 D isp la ced th resh old s, ,1 / D isp o sa b le p erson al in co m e p er capita, 342 D istan ce rem ain in g sig n s, 1 ,1 / D L A N D See D e v elo p m en t o f L an d in g A reas for N a tio n a l D e fen se D P s See D eparture p roced u res D raft EIS (DEIS), 6 -3 D ron es, -4 ,4 / D u ties, o f airport m a n a g em en t, - ,4 - D y n a m ic h y d ro p la n in g , 178 ': ~ E E A A See E xperim ental Aircraft A sso cia tio n eA L P s See E lectronic airport la y o u t plan s EAS See E ssen tial A ir Service E conom ics: o f access, 399 o f A irport and A irw a y Trust Fund, -6 o f airport m an agem en t, 330 o f airports, 20, 21f, 318-319 assistant director-finance and adm inistration, 34/, 35 capital, 33 ch ief accou ntant, 34/, 36 co m m u n ity and , 309 o f construction, 356 cost com p arison , 357 d efau lts in, 311 o f D L A N D , 57 econ om ic activity and statu s o f in d u stries, 342 eco n o m ic evalu ation , 361-362, 364 eco n o m ic p lan n in g, 334 o f FA AP, 58-59, 299 final econ om ic evalu ation , 364 forecasting of, 321 g row th in, 318-319 indirect im pacts, 319 in d u ced im pacts, 319 Index o f jet p la n es, 641,67t m u ltip lier effect, 319 o f p eak -h ou r access, 399-400 PGP, 64 so cio eco n o m ics, 341-342 o f taxes, 31 in U.S., 77 W PA for, 56 E dge ligh ts, for taxiw ays, 127 E d ge m arkings, for taxiw ays, -1 ,1 / EDS See E xp losive d etection sy stem E du cation , -4 EIS See E nvironm ental Im pact Statem en ts E isenh ow er, D w ig h t D., ,6 / Electronic airport layou t plan s, 345 Electronic tickets, 220-221 EMAS See E ngineered M aterial A rresting System E m p loyees, 34/, 41-44, 46, 46/, 237, 261-263, 271 E ngin eered M aterial A rresting System (EM AS), 1 -1 ,1 / E ngin eering, 34/, 37 E nhanced taxi w a y cen terline m arkings, 108 E np lanem en t (enplaned p assen gers), , 8t-9t, 10, 68, 70/, 302-304, 350, 37 / E ntitlem ent, 302 E ntitlem ent fun ds, 302-303 E nvironm ental Im pact Statem ents (EIS), 6-367 E nvironm ental im pacts o f airports: air quality, 327 for airport m anagem en t, 418-419 externalities, 328 financial m an agem en t and, -3 ,3 -3 hazard ou s w a ste em ission s, 328 NEPA, 4-65, 64t n o ise and, 3 -3 ,3 /, 327 p lan n in g for, 3 ,3 6 -3 p o licy for, -6 ,6 Political role o f airports and, 330 w ater quality, 327 for w ild life, 89-191,191/, 197 Environm ental Protection A gen cy (EPA), 65 EPA See E nvironm ental Protection A g en cy E quipm ent, -1 ,3 Essential Air Service (EAS), 68, /-7 / Essential processing facilities, 221 Estim ations, 377-382, 381t-382f, -3 ,3 / ETD equip m ent See E xplosive trace detection eq u ip m en t E xclusive areas, 259-260 E xclu sive-u se agreem ents, 217 E xecutive position s, 44 Expansion availability, 355 E xpenses, 283-285 Experim ental Aircraft A ssociation (EAA), 272-273 E xplosive detection system (EDS), 268, 68/ E xplosive trace detection (ETD) equipm ent, 264-265, 26 / External pu b lic, ,4 / E xternalities, 328 = = FAA See Federal A viation A d m in istration (FAA) FAA C ontract Tow er (FCT) Program , 151 FAA E xtension, Safety, and Security A ct (2016), 80-81 FAA Form 5010 - M aster Record, 91 FAA M od ern ization and Reform A ct (2012), 80 FAAP See Federal A id A irport Program Facilities: A C for, 352 for aircraft operation s, 351 ancillary p assen ger term inal facilities, 225-226, 2 / for ARFF, 91 b u ild in g s and facilities m anager, 34/, 40 cen tralized facilities, 202, / CFC, 296 com m ercial facilities, 364 d ecen tralized facilities, 207 essen tial p rocessin g facilities, 221 facilities m anager, 34/, 36 fu elin g facilities, 193-194, 294-295 for N PIA S, 7t p a ssen ger p rocessin g facilities, 219-221 PFCs, 71, ,3 -3 p lan n in g for, 333-334, 351-352 private u se facilities, -7 p rocessin g facilities, 219-221 requirem ents for, 351-352 sp ecial facilities b on d s, 308 term inal radar approach control facilities, 149-152 w eath er reporting facilities, 135,136/, 136t, 137 Facilities and eq u ip m en t (F&E) program s, 304 Facilities m anager, 34/, 36 FAR Part 121— O perating Requirem ents, 169-170 Fare, 291, 296, 308-309 FARs See Federal A viation R egulations FBOs See Fix-base operators FCT See FAA Contract Tower Program Federal A id A irport Program (FAAP), -5 ,2 9 Federal Air R outes, 152 Federal A irport A ct (1946), 58-59, 63 Federal A viation A ct (1958), 61 Federal A viation A d m in istration (FAA): AC by, 3 -3 ,3 ,3 -3 ,3 -3 adm inistrative in sp ection for, ,1 M ,175 Airport Certification Program Handbook, 191-192 airport m an agem en t and, 419 ARC for, 353-354,3531 ATO for, 145 as authority, 31, 62 authority of, 253 capacity approxim ation charts for, 386-387, /4 1 / capacity benchm arks for, 389 429 F ed eral A v ia tio n A d m in istra tio n (FAA) ( Cont.): d e m a n d for, ,3 ,3 / D O T a n d , ,1 d r o n e s for, 417 EIS by, 6 -3 e stim a tio n s for, 7 -3 FA A E xten sion , Safety, a n d Secu rity A ct (2016), 0-81 F A A F orm 5010 - M aster R ecord in, 91 FA A M o d ern iza tio n an d R eform A ct (2012), 80 FCT P rogram for, 151 FO N SI by, 366 G D P for, 401 h ig h -d en sity rules for, 398 -3 9 in sp ec tio n s an d co m p lia n ce for, ,1 N A S for, -6 n o ise for, 325, 326/, 327 Part 36-C ertif:cated A irp lan e N o is e L evels, 323 Part 150-A irport N o ise C om p atib ility P lan n in g, 324 q u eu in g d iagram for, 1-394, / regu lation by, 48 for safety, - ,15/-18/, 191-21 f SA SP an d , 337 -3 SM S for, 418 sy stem p la n n in g for, 165 F ed eral A viation A d m in istration A u th o riza tio n A ct (1994), 75 Federal A viation A gen cy, 61 Federal A viation R eau th orization A ct (1996), -7 , 76t Federal A viation R egu lation s (FARs), ,9 ,1 -1 , 249, 327 for RSA, 1 -1 ,1 /-1 / for ru n w a y s, -9 Federal H ig h w a y A d m in istration , 14 Federal In sp ection Services (FIS), 224 F ederal M otor Carrier Safety A d m in istration , 14 Federal Railroad A d m in istration , 14 Federal secu rity directors (FSDs), 257 Federal Transit A d m in istration , 14 Federal Water P ollu tion C ontrol A ct (1972), 65, 327 FEIS See Final EIS Final eco n o m ic evalu ation , 364 Final EIS (FEIS), 6-367 F inancial accou n tin g, / 36, 41, 294-295, 319-322 F inancial m an agem en t, 309 assistant director-finance and adm inistration, 34/, 35 b on d ratings in, 310 c o m m u n ity and , 309 d eb t lev el for, 309 en viron m en tal im p acts o f airports an d , 317-319, 328-329 e x p e n se s for, 284-285 fu n d in g for, 299 GARB for, 307-308 GOB in, 306-307 grant program s an d , 9-306, 0 /-3 / interest in, 310-311 lia b ility in su ran ce for, -2 8 op era tin g b u d g e ts for, 8 -2 o p era tin g rev e n u e for, -2 p o lic y for, -2 p ricin g for, -2 p rivate in v e stm e n ts for, 311-313 r ev en u e for, 28 -2 Financial plans, ,2 -2 9 ,3 -3 ,3 ,3 -3 ,4 F in d in g o f N o Sign ifican t Im p act (FO NSI) 366 FIS See Federal In sp ection S ervices F ix-b ase op erators (FBOs), ,2 -2 ,3 -3 2 Flagler C o u n ty A irport, / F leet m ix, -3 ,3 F lexible p a v em en t, ,1 -1 F light interfaces, ,2 / F light rules See C lasses for airsp ace F light serv ice station s, 153 F ligh t train in g, FLL See Ft L au d erd ale H o lly w o o d International A irport F low , 226, 227/-230/, 229 F lu id s, 188-189 FOD See F oreign object debris FONSI SeeF inding of N o Significant Impact Ford, G erald, 67 Forecasting: co n su m er m arket su rv e y s in, 346 d e lp h i m eth o d for, -3 o f d em a n d , 48-349 o f eco n o m ics, 321 jury o f e x ec u tiv e o p in io n m eth o d for, 346 m ilitary an d , 349 NEF, 324 o f o p eration al activity, 350-351 q u alitative forecasting, 346 q u an titative m e th o d s for, 347-348 regression an a ly sis in, 348, / sales force c o m p o site m eth od for, 346 TAF, 346 F oreign object debris (FOD), 186 Ft L aud erd ale-H ollyw ood International Airport (FLL), 236/, 395, 397 14 CFR Part 139: C ertification o f A irports See O p eration s m an agem en t Frontier A irlin es, 414 FSDs See Federal secu rity directors Fuel, for aviation , 364 F u elin g facilities, -1 ,2 -2 Full p rivatization , -3 ,3 / F u n d in g, -59, -66, - ,72f, 299-300 G— G A aircraft See G eneral aviation aircraft G A airports SeeG eneral aviation airports GAM A SeeGeneral Aviation Manufacturers Association G antt charts, 218, / Index GARB SeeG eneral airport rev en u e b o n d s Gates: aprons and, -2 ,2 / at-gate p rocessin g, 224-225 C on trolled access gates, 270-271 G antt charts for, ,2 / g a te arrival cep ts, 2 -2 ,2 / gate m an agem en t, -2 ,2 / ga te u sa g e agreem en t, 217 ta x iw ays for, -1 ,108/-110/, 110 GDP SeeG round D elay Program s G eneral airport reven u e b o n d s (GARB), 7-308 G eneral aviation (GA): aircraft, 4, 6, / 294-295, 397-398 airports, -1 ,1 /, -2 ,2 /, 294-295, -2 ,3 2 ,3 G eneral A viation M anufacturers A ssociation (G AM A), 25 ,2 -2 G eneral ob ligation b on d s (GOB), 306 -3 G eograp h ic factors, 342 G erardo H ern an d ez A irport Security A ct (2014), 260 G lenn L M artin Field, 397 G lid e slo p e transm itters, ,1 / G lobal entry, 224-225 G lobal P osition in g System (GPS), -9 ,1 , 259/-160/, -1 ,1 / G lob alization , ,5 /, ,6 /, 15—1 ,2 ,4 -4 GOB SeeG eneral ob ligation b o n d s G ore, A l, 251 GPS SeeG lobal P osition in g System G raham , Jack, 248 Grant program s, 64, ,2 9 -3 ,3 0 /-3 / G rooving, o f runw ays, 178 G round access: from CBD, -2 3 ,2 3 / d em an d for, 3 ,2 / ex clu sive-u se agreem en ts, 217 GDP, 45-146,401 ground transportation, 295-296 infrastructure for, 234-235 to parking areas, 235-237, 36/ p lan n in g for, 89-90, / tech n o logy for, 239, 240/-242/, 242 term inals and, 201, 237-239, 238/, 243-244 G round D elay Program s (GDP), 145-146,401 G rounds m anager, / 40 G row th, in econ om ics, 318-319 : -':i H ■ H AI SeeH elicop ter A ssociation International H alifax International Airport (Canada), / H angars, 193-194,364 H arding, W illiam B., 59 H artsfield International Airport, 93/, 254, 395 H azard identification, ,1 / H azardou s w aste em ission s, 328 H elicop ter A ssociation International (HAI), 272-273 H en d ry C ou n ty A irglad es A irport, 313 H ig h -d e n sity rules, 398-399 H igh -p ressu re w ater m eth o d , 179 H ig h risk, 196/, 197 H ig h -v elo c ity im p act m eth od , 179 H ijacking SeeSecurity; Terrorism H is to iy o f civil aviation , 413 accid en ts, -6 , / o f A D A P, 299-300 aircraft, 53f airports, -5 ATC, -1 ,1 /-1 4 / CAB in, 320 d eregu lation , ,69/-70/, 70-71, 721, -77,761 DOT, 61-63, / jet plan es, 9-67, 60/, / legislation , 51, 77-82, 78/, 79 in m aster plan s, 340 N A S , 144-145 op eration s m an agem en t, 169-170 regu lation, - , 54f-55f ru n w ays, 95 satellites, 161 secu rity in, 248-257, 250/-252/, 254/, / o f term inals, 2 -2 ,203/-206/, 205-207, 208/-212/, -2 1 ,2 -2 TSA, 78-79, / W orld War I, 52 W orld War II, 7-59 H o ld in g areas, 1 ,1 ,1 / H o ld in g bays, 11 ,1 / H o ld in g p o sitio n m arkings, 108,11 Of H om elan d Security A ct (2002), ,2 H orizontal surfaces, -1 ,1 / H ub s, 17 N P IA S for, 71 rehubbing, 396 ru n w ays and, 380 H u m an resources m anager, 34/, 35-36 H ybrid term inal geom etries, 210-211, 211/ H yd rop lan in g, 178 IAPs See Instrum ent A pproach Procedures ICAO SeeInternational Civil A viation O rganization Identification, 5 / Id entification, for em p loyees, 261-263 IFR See Instrum ent flight rules ILS See Instrum ent L anding System s Im aginary surfaces, -1 ,1 / IMC See Instrum ent m eteorological conditions In -ru nw ay ligh tin g, -1 ,1 / Incident response, 260-261 Indirect im pacts, 319 Induced im pacts, 319 Inform ation sign s, 118 431 432 In d ex Infrastructure: at D IA , 395 for g r o u n d a ccess, -2 o p era tio n s of, -1 ,1 / for security, 137 In ner m arkers, / 133 In sp ec tio n s an d com p lian ce: certification for, , 172t-173t, 175 for FA A , ,1 sa fety in sp ec tio n s, ,9 se lf-in sp e c tio n p rogram s, 191 -1 In stru m en t A p p roach P roced u res (IA Ps), 153 In stru m en t flig h t ru les (IFR), -1 ,1 /, 340, 7 ,4 In stru m en t L an d in g S y stem s (ILS), 1 ,1 / for app roach , ,154/-157/, 158 stru ction of, ,1 / 3 ,1 / In strum ent m eteorological co n d itio n s (IMC), 377 -3 In stru m en t r u n w a y s, 92 In tegrated N o ise M od el (IN M ), 325 Interest, 310-311 International C ivil A viation O rgan ization (IC AO ), 15-16, -2 ,1 International trends, 32 -3 Internet o f T hin gs, 420 In ternships, 43 In tersecting ru n w ay figu ration s, ,3 / Inventory, 340 In vestin g Seealso Private in v estm en ts AIR-21, 7 -78, 78f, 303 b o n d s in, 310 financial plan s for, 63 interest and , 311-312 Itinerant op eration s, 10 J — Jet B lue A irlin es, 414 Jet planes: eco n o m ics of, 64 1, 67t history of, -6 ,6 /, / JFK International A irport, / 225/, 254, ,4 Job descrip tion s Seealso specificjob positions airport director, 34 -3 , / for airport m an agem en t, -4 for airport m anagers, - ,4 / for airports, 33-41, / John G lenn C olu m b u s International A irport, 395 John W ayne International A irport, 398 Johnson, Lyndon B., 1-62 Joint-use airports, Jury of execu tive o p in io n m eth o d , 346 K KCM See K now n C rew M em b er K elly Act, 53 K endrick, Larry, 10 K n ow n Crew M em ber (KCM ), 266 -L = L aG uardia A irport, ,2 ,3 ,4 L and an d h o ld sh ort o p era tio n s (L A H SO ), 127, -3 ,3 / L and u se, -3 ,3 -3 6 L anding: areas for, 363 in stru m en t la n d in g sy stem s, 115,115/, ,1 /, 3 ,1 / L a n d in g fees, 39 -4 0 op era tin g rev e n u es a n d , 29 -2 p a sse n g e rs an d , -2 9 L a n d sid e, ,9 /, -2 L a n d sid e o p era tio n s m anager, 34/, 38 Large h u b , 17 L as V egas M cCarran In ternational A irport, / L aw en forcem en t, 260-261 L ead ersh ip , 44, 329 L easin g, 296 -2 , 312 LED b u lb s See L ight em ittin g d io d e b u lb s LEED (L eadership in E nergy an d E nvironm ental D esig n ) certification , 329 L egislation: AIP T em porary E xten sion A ct (1994), 75 AIR-21, 77 -7 , 78f, 303 A ir C argo D ereg u la tio n A ct (1976), ,6 /-7 / A ir C om m erce A ct (1926), - ,5 /-5 / Aircraft N o is e an d C ap acity A ct (1990), 324 A irlin e D eregu lation A ct (1978), 68, /-7 / A irport and A irw ay D ev elo p m en t A ct (1970), 63-6 A irport an d A irw a y D e v elo p m en t A ct A m e n d ­ m en ts (1976), 6 -6 , 67t A irport an d A irw a y Im p rovem en t A ct (1982), -7 , 300, -3 ,3 -3 A irport an d A irw a y R even u e A ct (1970), 63 A irport an d A irw a y Safety and C apacity, N o ise Im p rovem en t, and In term odal T ransportation A ct (1992), 74 A irport and A irw ay Safety and C ap acity E xp an sion A ct (1987), 71 for airport sy stem s, 82 -8 for airports, 68, 69/-70/, -71, 72f, -77, 76t A irw ay D e v elo p m en t A ct (1970), 299-300 A irw a y s M od ern ization A ct (1957), 60-61 A viation an d Transportation Security A ct (2001), 78 -7 , 79/, 255 A viation Safety and C ap acity E xpan sion A ct (1990), 71, 72t, 73, 303 A viation Safety and N o ise A batem ent A ct (1979), 71 A viation Security and Anti-Terrorism A ct (1996), 251 A viation Security Im p rovem en t A ct (1990), 74,25 capacity benchm arks for, 389 C ivil A eron autics A ct (1938), 56 C lean A ir A ct (1970), 65, 327 C lean Water A ct (1977), 65, 327 C on tin u in g A p propriations Act, 71 Index data for, 0 /-3 / d eregu lation and , 61 FAA E xtension, Safety, and Security A ct (2016), 80-81 FAA M od ern ization an d R eform A ct (2012), 80 Federal A irport A ct (1946), 58 -5 Federal A viation A ct (1958), 61 Federal A viation A d m in istration A u th orization A ct (1994), 75 Federal A viation R eauth orization A ct (1996), 75-76, 76/ Federal Water P ollu tion Control A ct (1972), ,3 Gerardo H ernandez Airport Security A ct (2014), 260 h istory of, 51, 77-82, 78t, 79 H o m elan d Security A ct (2002), ,2 K elly A ct, 53 R esource C on servation and R ecovery A ct (1976), ,3 Surface Transportation A ssistan ce A ct (1983), 71 V ision 100-Century o f A viation R eauth orization A ct (2003), -8 ,1 Leisure travel, 220 Letter o f intent (LOI), 304-305 Liability insurance: coverage for, 286-287 for financial m anagem en t, 286-288 operatin g reven u es and, 287-288 Light em ittin g d io d e (LED) bu lbs, 119 Lighting: airport and heliport beacons, 128-129 ALS for, ,121/-127/, 122-127 obstruction ligh ts, 128 for runw ays, 11 ,1 / for security, 271 for taxiw ays, 127-128 Line-item b u d get, 289 Linear term inal concep ts, 205-207, / Local airports, ,1 / Local operation s, 10,350 Localizers, ,1 / Location m aps, 344 Location sign s, 1 -1 , 116f~ll7f LOI See Letter o f intent Low risk, 196/, 197 Luis M u n oz M arin International Airport, 313 Lum p su m appropriations, 289 M M acCracken, W illiam P., 5 / M agnetom eters, 263 M aintenance exp en ses, 285 M ajority-in-interest (M il) clause, 292-293 M anagem ent Seespecific managements Managers: adm inistrative m anagem en t, 396-399 o f airports, 4 -4 ,4 / airside operations m anager, / 38 b u ild in g s and facilities m anager, 34/, 40 co n stitu en ts for, - ,4 / d em a n d m an agem en t, 399-401 facilities m anager, 34/, 36 gro u n d s m anager, 34/, 40 h u m a n resources m anager, 34/, 5-36 la n d sid e op eration s m anager, 34/, 38 m an ager o f p u b lic relations, / 37 p u rch asin g m anager, / -3 safety m anagers, 195 secu rity m anager, 34/, 39 veh icle m anager, 34/, 40 M andatory instruction sig n s, 1 ,1 / MAP SeeM ilitary A irport Program M aps See specific maps M ark eting strategies, 419 M arkings: for airfield s, 1 -1 ,111/-112/ for ru n w ays, 95-96, 97f-98fi 991,10 Of taxi sh ou ld er m arkings, 108, 109/ to u ch d o w n z o n e m arkings for, 99 veh icle road w ay m arkings, 110,111/ M aster p lan s, 338 aeronautical activity in, 341 airspace in, 340 com m u n ication and , 367-368 d e sig n alternatives for, 339-340 elem en ts of, 339-340 h istory o f civil aviation in, 340 in ven tory in, 340 land u se in, 340-341 NAVAIDS in, 340 objectives for, 339 p olitical role o f airports in, 342 S ocioecon om ic factors in, 341-342 M axim u m certified takeoff w eig h t (MTOW), -3 ,3 / M ean sea level (MSL), ,1 M easurem ent, o f n oise, -325,326/, 327 M edia, /-2 / M ed iu m hub, 17 M ed iu m risk, / 197 m eteorological d ition s, 356 M etropolitan Airport, 08/ M etropolitan plan n in g organization (MPO), 231 M etropolitan W ashington Airports A uthority (M W AA), ,2 -2 M exico, 32-33 M id dle m arkers, 131, 132/, 133 M il clause See M ajority-in-interest clause Military: airfield s for, 395-396 forecasting and, 349 joint-use airports for, M OA 152 safety from, 255 M ilitary A irport Program (M AP), 73-74, 303, 396 433 434 Ind ex M ilitary o p e r a tio n s area (M O A ), 152 M in im u m s, 158 M itig a tio n , o f risk, 197 M ix e d u s e op era tin g capacity, - ,38 /-3 /, 386 M O A See M ilitary o p era tio n s area M o b ile lo u n g e s, -2 ,2 / M o b ile tick ets, 2 ,2 / M o d ern ization : o f airp orts, -6 ,6 /, 62/, 64f, 67f A ir w a y s M o d ern iza tio n A ct (1957), 0-61 A ir w a y s M o d ern iza tio n Board, 60 o f ap p roach , 164 FAA M o d ern iza tio n an d R eform A ct (2012), 80 M o v em e n t areas, 91 Seealso N o n m o v e m e n t areas M PO See M etrop olitan p la n n in g org a n iza tio n M SL See M ean sea lev e l MTOW See M axim u m certified tak eoff w e ig h t M u ltip le in stru m en t ap p roach es, 415 M u ltip le-u n it term in als, 202, / M u ltip lier effect, 319 M u n icip al b o n d s, 291 -2 , 310 M u n icip a lly op erated airport, 30 M W A A See M etrop olitan W ash in gton A irports A u th ority ^ :N“ N A R See N a tion al A irport Plan N A S See N a tio n a l A irsp ace S ystem N A S A O See N a tion al A sso cia tio n o f State A viation O fficials NASP See N a tion al A irport S ystem Plan N A T A See N a tio n a l A ir Transport A sso cia tio n NATCA SeeNational Air Traffic Controllers A ssociation N ation al Air Traffic C ontrollers A sso cia tio n (N A T C A ), 144 N a tio n a l Air Transport A sso cia tio n (NA TA), 44 N a tio n a l A irport Plan (N A P ), 57 N a tio n a l A irport S ystem Plan (N A SP ), 65 -6 N a tio n a l airports, ,1 N ation al A irspace S ystem (N A S), -6 ,1 4 -1 ,4 N a tion al A sso cia tio n o f State A viation O fficials (N A S A O ), 26, 337 N a tio n a l B u sin ess A viation A sso cia tio n (N B A A ), 26, 272-273 N a tio n a l E nvironm ental P olicy A ct (NEPA), 64-65, 64f, 366-368 N a tio n a l-lev el sy stem p lan n in g, 334-335 N a tio n a l Plan o f Integrated A irport S ystem s (N P IA S), 334-335 AIP for, 301, / for airports, - ,16/-18/, 19f-21f facilities for, 7t for h u b s, 71 p rim ary airports for, / N a tio n a l Priority R anking (NPR) sy stem , 303 N a tio n a l Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), -63 N a v ig a tio n a l A id s (NAVAIDS): for airfield s, -1 ,1 /, / 3 ,1 / G PS for, -9 in m aster p la n s, 340 N D B s, ,1 / U A S an d , - ,4 / V O R rad io b ea co n s, - ,1 - ,1 / N B A A See N a tio n a l B u sin ess A v ia tio n A sso c ia tio n N D B See N o n d ire c tio n a l rad io b ea co n N D T See N o n d e str u c tiv e testin g NEF See N o is e e x p o su re forecast N E PA See N a tio n a l E n viron m en tal P o licy A ct N e t in co m e, -2 N e w a r k L iberty In ternational A irport, ,1 /, / N e w e ll, G ord on , 394 N e x t G en eration A ir T ransp ortation S ystem (N extG en ), ,1 ,1 /-1 / ,4 N ix o n , Richard, 63, 65, 249 N o en try sig n s, 1 ,1 / N oise: A ircraft N o is e a n d C ap acity A ct (1990), 324 A irport an d A irw a y Safety an d C apacity, N o ise Im p rovem en t, an d In term odal Transportation A ct (1992), 74 A viation Safety and N o ise A b atem en t A ct (1979), 71 d e sig n altern atives for, 35 -3 en viron m en tal im p acts o f airports an d , 3-325 , 326/, 327 for FAA, ,3 /3 in form ation sig n s for, 118 N o ise e x p o su re forecast (NEF), 324 N o n d e str u c tiv e testin g (N D T ), 177 N o n d irectio n a l radio b eacon (N D B ), ,1 / N o n h u b airports, 17 N o n m o v e m e n t areas, ,1 1 -1 ,1 / N o n o p era tin g rev en u es, 288 N o n p recisio n ap p roach es, ,1 N o n p recisio n in stru m en t ru n w ays, , 97f N on p rim ary airports, -1 ,1 /, / N on p rim ary com m ercial service, 17-18 N o n sig n a to ry airlines, 291 N o r th w est A irlin es, 414 N o se-in parkin g, 215, / N o tice to airm en (N O TA M ), 184 NPIA S See N a tion al P lan o f Integrated A irport S ystem s N PR system See N ation al Priority R anking sy stem NTSB See N ation al Transportation Safety Board L _ - O AG See Official Airline Guide Object free areas (OFA), 103 O bjectives, for airport m anagers, 47 O bstacle free z o n e s (OFZ), 103 O bstruction ligh ts, 128 O bstruction surfaces, 0 -1 ,10 /-1 / O bstructions, 355 OFA See Object free areas Index O ff-airport parkin g, -2 ,2 / O ff-airport term inals, 213 O ff-peak p eriod s, 392 O ffice o f the Inspector G eneral (OIG), 252 Official Airline Guide (O AG ), 394 OFZ SeeO bstacle free z o n e s O 'H are A greem en t, 290 OIG SeeO ffice o f the Inspector G eneral O& M costs SeeO peration and m ain ten an ce costs O PD SeeO p tim ized profile d escen ts O p en -V ru n w ay figu ration s, -3 ,3 / O peration and m aintenance (O&M) costs, 3-284 O perational activity, 350-351 O perations SeealsoAircraft op eration s o f airfields, - ,9 / airsid e in, ,9 / AO C, 171 assistant director-operations, / 37 -3 o f cargo, 10 financial plan s and, 308 o f infrastructure, -1 ,1 / Iandside in, ,9 / lea sin g in, 312 M O A , 152 operate agreem en ts, 312 operatin g b u d gets, 288-289 operatin g exp en ses, 285 operatin g revenu e, 297-298 operational factors, 308 o f runw ays, 91-92 safety and em ergen cy operation s, 171 sch ed u led operations, 170,170/ u n sch ed u led operations, 170,170/ o f U.S airports, 11/-12/, 390/ O perations m anagem en t, -1 ,1 / airport classifications in, 170 -1 ,1 / airside operations m anager, / 38 ARFF in, -1 ,1 /-1 / 182-183 history of, 169-170 inspections and com pliance and, 171,172/—173/, 174 Iandside operations m anager, 34/, 38 pa v em en ts in, 174-178 runw ays in, 178-179 safety m anagem en t system s, -1 ,1 / self-in spection program s for, 191-194 SICP for, 183-189,185/, 187/-188/ OPSNET SeeAir Traffic O perations N etw ork System O p tim ized profile d escen ts (OPD), 164 O rdinary least-squares linear regression analysis, ,3 / O rganization, 334 O rganization charts: aircraft rescu e/fire fighting chief, / 39 for airport m anagem en t, 3 -3 ,3 / for airports, 3 -4 ,3 / airside operations m anager, 34/, 38 A ssistan t director-finan ce and ad m in istration , 34/, 35 assistan t director-m aintenan ce, 34/, 39 assistan t director-op erations, / 37 -3 assistan t director-p lan ning and en gin eerin g, 34/, 37 b u ild in g s an d facilities m anager, / 40 c h ief accou ntant, / 36 for e m p lo y ee s, / facilities m anager, 34 f, 36 gro u n d s m anager, 34/, 40 h u m an resources m anager, 34/, 35 -3 Ian dsid e op eration s m anager, 34 f, 38 M anager o f p u b lic relations, 34/, 37 pu rch asin g m anager, / -3 secu rity m anager, / 39 veh icle m anager, / 40 O rland o E xecu tive Airport, 32 7f O rland o International Airport, 1 ,2 ,3 7f O uter m arkers, ,1 / O versigh t, o f airports, ,1 /-1 /, -1 ,1 / O w n ersh ip , 29 -3 p P3 program s SeeP ublic, private partnership program s PANCAP See Practical annual capacity Paper tickets, 220-221 PAPI See P recision approach path indicator Parallel parking, 215/, 216 Parallel prim ary runw ays, 92 Parallel ru n w ay configuration s, 37 / Parking areas, 363 for aircraft, 214-216, / barriers in, 270 d em an d for, 235-236, / / grou n d access to, 235-237, 36/ reven u e for, 296 self-in sp ection program s for, 192 term inals and, 203, 205 for veh icles, -2 ,2 / Part 36-Certificated A irplane N o ise Levels, 323 Part 150-A irport N o ise C om p atib ility Planning, 324 P assenger facility charge (PFC), 71, 73, 303-304 P assenger h an d lin g system : a c c e ss/e g r e ss interface, 219 a c ce ss/p ro c essin g interface, 219 fligh t interfaces for, 218, 19/ p assen ger processing, 218-219 Passengers: in accidents, 74 ancillary p assen ger terminal facilities, 225-226, 225/ APM s, 207, 296 arriving passengers, 220 at-gate processing for, 224-225 ATC and, 373 ATIS for, 239 b aggage for, 226, 2 /2 / 229 435 436 Index P a sse n g e r s (Cont.): b a g g a g e h a n d lin g s y s te m s for, 214 b u se s for, -2 ,2 / ch eck -in for, 2 -2 2 , 2 / c o n c e s sio n s for, 420 C U SS k io sk s for, 2 ,2 / c u sto m s an d b ord er patrol facilities for, 2 -2 , 2 / CU TE for, 2 ,2 2 / as d ata, 360 d e m a n d an d , 374 d ep a rtin g p a ssen g ers, 220*, / en p la n em e n t of, , 8t-9t, ,6 , 70/, -3 , ,3 / la n d in g fees an d , 298-299 m o b ile lo u n g e s for, -2 ,2 / m o b ile tick ets for, 222, 2 / PFC s, ,7 ,3 - p la n n in g for, 357 -3 PPBM , 250 p r o c essin g facilities for, 219-221 reg u la tio n s for, 170-171 screen in g of, 263-267, /-2 / secu rity screen in g of, 2 2-223 tick et cou n ters for, 214 tick ets for, 220-221 transfer p a ssen g ers, 10, 220 at U.S airp orts, 8t-9t w e ig h t of, / PATCO See P rofession al A ir Traffic C ontrollers O rgan ization P atrollin g, 271 P a v em e n t m an a g em en t program (PM P), 175 P avem en ts: N D T for, 177 in o p era tio n s m an agem en t, 174-178 for park in g areas, 192 p a v e m e n t m ain ten an ce, 177 p a v e m e n t reconstruction, 177 p a v e m e n t reh abilitation, 177 for r u n w a y s, ,1 -1 SICP for, 183 -1 P B N See P erform an ce-b ased n avigation P ea k -h o u r a ccess, 9 -4 0 P erfo rm an ce-b ased n a vigation (PBN), - ,1 / P erim eter fen cin g , 137 P erim eter security’, 270-271 P eriod ic in sp ec tio n s, 194 PFC See P a ssen ger facility charge PGP See P lan n in g G rant P rogram PHO CAP See Practical h o u rly capacity Pier finger term inals, 207, / Pier satellite term inals, 207, 209, / P ilots, 5 / P ip elin e and H azard ou s M aterials Safety A d m in istration , 14 P ittsburgh International A irp ort, 211, 213, 263 P la n n in g , 320 Seealso S y stem p la n n in g A C for, 3 -3 ,3 ,3 ,3 ,3 -3 a ccess in, 361 for a d m in istration , 8 -2 for aircraft, -3 for aircraft op era tio n s, 350 for airport sy stem s, 3 -3 for capacity, -3 ,4 cargo in, 350 case stu d ies in, 347 cau sal m o d e ls for, 347 d e m a n d in, 360-361 d e sig n altern atives for, - ,353f, 5 /-3 / for en p la n em e n t (en p lan ed p a ssen gers), 350 for en viron m en tal im p acts o f airports, 3 ,3 6 -3 for facilities, 3 -3 ,3 -3 F ed eral A ir R ou tes, 152 financial p lan s, 334, 361 -3 forecastin g in, -3 ,3 / for G A airports, 349 for grou n d access, - ,9 / h an gars an d , 364 for lan d u se, 364 -3 6 la y o u t p lan s, -3 ,3 4 /-3 / m aster p la n s, 338 -3 n atio n a l-lev el sy stem p la n n in g , 3 4-335 N ex tG en for, ,154/-157/, 158 for p a ssen g ers, 357 -3 p la n n in g h orizon , 334 q u eu in g diagram for, 391-394, / reg io n a l-lev el sy stem p lan n in g, 3 -3 ,3 / RPZs in, 355, / for safety, 359 sta te-level sy stem p la n n in g , 3 7-338 strategic p la n n in g , 334 for term inals, 357-361 tim e-series m o d e ls for, -3 ,3 / traffic p la n n in g , /-2 / transit p la n n in g , / w ild life hazard s, -1 ,1 / P lan ning Grant Program (PGP), 64, 299-300, 335 PMP See P a vem en t m a n agem en t program Policy: for airport m a n agem en t, 17-418 for airport sy stem s, -8 for bon d issu es, 308-309 for en viron m en tal im pacts o f airports, 64-65, 64f for financial m an agem en t, 283-284 NEPA, 64-65, 64 for p ricing, 293-294 for p rivate in vestm en ts, 311-312 for reven u e strategies at com m ercial airports, 289-290 for safety, 195,2 from terrorism , ,2 for TSA, 213 P olitical role o f airports: E nvironm ental im pacts o f airports and , 330 Index in m aster p lan s, 342 N A T C A in, 144 PATCO in, 144 terrorism and, -2 ,2 -2 ,2 /, 256/, 275-276 U.S and, P o p u lation , 356 Port A u th orities, 30 P osition s, for e m p lo y ees, 41 P o sitiv e p assen ger b a ggage m atch in g (PPBM ), 250 P ost O ffice D epartm ent, ,5 Poten tial airport reven u e, 363-364 PPBM See P ositive p assen ger b ag g a g e m atch ing PPP See P rivate-public partnerships Practical annual capacity (PANC AP), 377 Practical capacity, 377 Practical h ou rly capacity (PH O C A P), 377 P recision approach ligh tin g, 122/, 123 Precision approach path indicator (PAPI), -1 ,1 / Precision approaches, 153,158 P recision instrum ent runw ays, 92, / P referential-use agreem en ts, 217-218 P resent-day airport term inals, 213-214 Pricing: for access, 399-400 o n airfields, 294-295 for financial m anagem en t, 293-297 at G A airports, 294-295 for grou n d transportation, 295-296 for la n d sid e transportation, 295-296 p o licy for, 293-294 Prim ary airports, / 16-17, 16/-17/ Prim ary ru n w ays, 92 Prim ary surfaces, ,1 / Private charter program , 274 Private investm ents: A irport Privatization Pilot Program , ,3 for airports, 31-33 full privatization, -3 ,3 / N A P in, 57 p o licy for, 311-312 private use facilities, -7 transfer contracts in, 312 Private-public partnerships (PPP), 32 Private use facilities, -7 P rocessing facilities, 219-221 Professional Air Traffic Controllers O rganization (PATCO), 144 P rofessional organizations, for airport m anagem en t, 4-26 Prohibited areas, 152 Prom otion, o f safety, 195 Public, private partnership (P3) program s, 311-312 P u b lic-in volvem en t plans, 339-340 Public relations: for airport m anagers, 4 -4 ,4 / Clean Air A ct (1970), 327 C lean Water A ct (1977), 327 F ederal Water P o llu tion C ontrol A ct (1972), 65, 327 m an ager o f p u b lic relation s, 34/, 37 R esou rce C on servation and R ecovery A ct (1976), 328 Public transportation, 3 / P u lsatin g visu al approach slo p e ind icators, ,1 / P urch asing m anager, 34/, -3 Q Q u an titative m eth od s, 347-348 Q u esad a, E lw ood R., 61-62, / Q u e u in g diagram , -3 ,3 / Q u otas, 398-399 Radar: air traffic m an agem en t and, ,159/-160/, -1 ,1 / for airspace, -1 ,1 / ARTS, -1 4 ,1 4 / ASR, -1 ,1 -1 4 ,1 4 / for ATCT, -1 ,1 9/-150/ term inal radar approach control facilities, 149-152 w eath er and, -1 ,148 /-1 / Rates, for airlines, 308-309 Ratings, for bon ds, 310 RCLS See R u n w ay centerline ligh tin g systems R eauthorization, by FAA, 419 Record of D ecision (ROD), 367 R eduction, o f delay, 395-396 Reform: AIR-21, 77-78, 78/, 303 FAA M odern ization and Reform A ct (2012), 80 R egional airports, ,1 / R egion al-level system plan ning, 3 -3 ,3 f R egression analysis, ,3 / R egulation Seealso Federal A viation R egulations airlines and, 68, 69/-70/, 70-71, 72/, 73-77, 76/ Bureau o f Air C om m erce for, 55 DO T for, 48 EAS and, ,6 /-7 / en p lan em en t and, 68, 70/ by FAA, 48 history of, 53-56, /-5 / in M exico, 32-33 for passengers, 170-171 T S A an d , 48 TSRs, 2 -2 ,2 , 256-257 in U.S., 29-30 R ehubbing, 396 REILs See R unw ay end identifier lights R eliever airports, 17-18, 18/ Relocated thresholds, ,1 0 / Rem ain overn igh t (RO N) aircraft, 216 Rem ote parking, 216 437 R e m o te sa te llite term in als, ,2 ,2 / R eq u ired N a v ig a tio n P erform an ce (R N P ), 158, 160/, 164 R eq u irem en ts, -3 RESA See R u n w a y E nd S afety A rea R esid u a l c o st ap p roach , -2 ,2 R esou rce C o n serv a tio n a n d R eco v ery A c t (1976), ,3 R estricted areas, 152 R even u e: for a d v ertisin g , 296 A irport an d A ir w a y R everiue A ct (1970), 63 c o n c essio n s an d , 419 fare an d , 308 -3 for financial m a n a g em en t, 289 -2 G ARB, 30 -3 n o n o p era tin g r ev en u es, 288 op era tin g rev en u e, 297 -2 for p ark in g, 235 for p ark in g areas, 296 p o ten tia l in , 36 -3 R e v en u e strategies at com m ercial airports: co m p en sa to ry co st ap p roach for, 291 M il cla u ses, 292 -2 n et in c o m e in, -2 p o lic y for, 28 -2 resid u al c o st ap p roach for, -2 ,2 R igid p a v e m e n t, ,1 -1 R isk d eterm in ation , -1 ,1 / RNAV SeeA rea N a v ig a tio n RNP See R equ ired N a v ig a tio n P erform ance R ochester In ternational A irport, 50/ RO D See R ecord o f D e cisio n R oles, in transp ortation, 318 R O N aircraft See R em ain o v e rn ig h t aircraft R on ald R eagan W ash in gton International A irport, 7, -3 9 ,4 ROT See R u n w ay o c cu p a n c y tim e RPZ See R u n w a y p ro tection z o n e RSA See R u n w ay Safety A rea R u n w ay cen terlin e lig h tin g sy stem s (RCLS), 126 R u n w ay e d g e lig h t sy stem s, 126 R u n w ay en d id en tifier lig h ts (REILs), 126 R u n w ay End Safety Area (RESA), 1 ,1 / R u n w ay guard ligh ts, 127-128 R u n w ay occu p an cy tim e (ROT), 381-382, 382f, / R u n w ay orientation, 353 R unw ay protection zon e (RPZ), 102-103,104/, 55,356/ R u n w ay Safety A rea (RSA), 1 - ,1 /-1 / R u n w ay visu al range (RVR), 133 R u n w ays See alsospecific runway topics aim in g p oin ts for, 99 airfield m arkings for, 1 -1 ,111/-112/ airport and h elip ort beacon s, 128-129 aprons, 114 cap acity ap p roxim ation charts for, /-4 1 / co n fig u tio n s of, 92, 377-380, /-3 / co n stru ctio n of, ,9 - ,9 /-9 /, 9 ,9 1,1 0 / d e sig n a tio n of, ,9 /, 94 g r o o v in g of, 178 h u b s a n d , 380 IFR an d , 377 im a g in a ry su rfaces of, -1 ,1 / in tersectin g r u n w a y fig u tio n s, ,3 / L A H SO , ,3 -3 ,3 / lig h tin g for, 1 ,1 / m ark in gs for, - ,9 /-9 /, 9 1,1 0 / N D T for, 177 o p en -V r u n w a y fig u tio n s, -3 ,3 / in op era tio n s m a n a g em en t, 178-179 o p eration s of, -9 parallel ru n w a y co n figu ration s, / p a v e m e n ts for, ,1 -1 p rotection z o n e s, 0 - ,1 /-1 / ROT, -3 ,382f, / RPZs, -1 ,1 /, 5 ,3 / r u n w a y cen terlin es, 96, 9 r u n w a y d esig n a to rs, 96, 9 ru n w a y sh o u ld e rs, 100 ru n w a y th resh old m ark in gs, ,9 /-9 /, 99 se lf-in sp e c tio n program s for, 193 sid e strip s for, 9 ,1 / sig n a g e for, 193 for SM S, 127-128 su rface p a in ted r u n w a y h o ld in g p o sitio n sign s, 1 -1 ,1 / ta x iw a y s, - ,108/-110/, 110 th resh old s for, - ,97 /-9 /, 991,1 0 /-1 / to u c h d o w n z o n e m ark in gs for, 99 v isu a l r u n w a y s, 92 VO R radio b ea co n s for, 1 ,111/ RVR See R u n w ay v isu a l range SA SeeS elective availab ility Safety: for airport m a n agem en t, 418 assurance of, 197 en titlem en t fu n d s and , 302-303 FA A E xtension, Safety, and Security A ct (2016), 80-81 FAA for, - ,15/-18/, 19i-2 f from m ilitary, 255 p lan n in g for, 359 p o licy for, ,2 p rom otion of, 195 safety in sp ection s, 56, 94 safety m anagers, 195 in self-in sp ection program s, 194 SRM, -1 ,1 / TSA for, 31 Safety M anagem en t S ystem s (SMS), 195-197, 196/, 418 AFFF for, 180 Index aircraft r escu e/fir e figh tin g chief, 34 f, ,9 , -1 ,181/-182/, 182-183 A irport and A irw a y Safety and Capacity, N o ise Im p rovem en t, and Interm odal Transportation A ct (1992), 74 A irport an d A irw a y Safety and C ap acity E xpan­ sio n A ct (1987), 71 A viation Safety and C ap acity E xpan sion A ct (1990), 71, 72f, 73 A viation Safety and N o ise A b atem ent A ct (1979), 71 FAA Extension, Safety, and Security A ct (2016), 80-81 flu id s for, 188-189 FO D in, 186 ILS, 11 ,1 / ILS for, 1 ,115/ LED bu lbs for, 119 NO TAM for, 184 NTSB, 62-63 ru n w ay guard ligh ts for, 127-128 safety and em ergen cy operation s, 171 safety areas, -1 ,10 /-1 / Safety First program , 44 in self-in sp ection program s, 194 TSA for, 31 Safety Risk M anagem en t (SRM), -1 ,1 / Saint Lawrence S eaw ay D ev elo p m en t Cor­ poration, 14 Sales force com p osite m eth od , 346 SASR SeeState aviation sy stem p lan s Satellites, 161,165 S ch ed u led operation s, ,170f Screening, 222-223 ch eck ed -b aggage screening, -2 ,2 / o f p a ssen gers, -2 ,264/-2Ó 7/ Screening Partnership Program (SPP), 266 Seattle-T acom a A irport, / Security SeealsoTransportation Security A dm inistration airspace security, 275 ASP for, 259-260 A viation and Transportation Security A ct (2001), 78-79, / A viation Security Im p rovem en t A ct (1990), 74 aviation security roles, 257-258 check ed -baggage screening for, -2 ,2 / at com m ercial service airports, 258 controlled access for, -2 ,2 /-2 / dela y from, 401 em p lo y ee identification for, 261-263 FA A Extension, Safety, and Security A ct (2016), 80-81 FSDs, 257 at G A airports, -2 ,2 / in history o f civil aviation, -2 ,250/-252/, 254/, 256/ H om eland Security A ct (2002), 79 infrastructure for, 137 la w enforcem en t for, 260-261 lig h tin g for, 271 p a ssen g er screen in g for, -2 , 264f-267f p erim eter security, 270-271 screen in g for, 222-223 secu red areas, 259-260 Security G u id elin es for G eneral A viation A irport O perators and U sers, 275 secu rity id en tification d isp la y areas, 259-260 secu rity m anager, / 39 tech n o lo g y for, -2 ,4 -4 TSRs, 2 - ,2 ,2 -2 Security id en tification d isp la y area (SIDA), -2 ,2 / S egm en ts o f itinerary, 220 S elective availab ility (SA), 161-162 S elf-in sp ection p rogram s, 191 for b u ild in g s, 193-194 for fu elin g facilities, 193-194 for han gars, 193-194 for p ark in g areas, 192 for ru n w ays, 193 sa fety in, 194 for taxi w a y s, 192-193 Service curves, -3 ,3 / Service p o sition s, 41 Sh ared-u se agreem en ts, 217 SICP SeeS n ow and ice control plan (SICP) SIDA SeeSecurity identification d isp lay area S id e strips, 9 ,1 / SIDs SeeStandard Instrum ent Departures Signage: a d vertisin g and, 296 for airfields, 1 -1 ,114/-119/ for CU SS kiosks, 2 ,2 / for CUTE, 2 ,2 2 / for hangars, 194 for ru n w ays, 193 for taxi w a y s, 192-193 Sign atory airlines, 291 SIMM OD SeeAirport and A irspace Sim ulation M odel Sim p le-u n it term inals, 2 ,2 / S im ulation m o d els, -3 ,3 8 / Site selection , 352-353 Slot auctions, 400-401 Sm all aircraft transportation sy stem s (SATS), -4 ,4 / Sm all hub, 17 Sm art airports, 420-421 SMGCS SeeSurface M ovem en t G uidance Control System SMS See Safety M anagem ent System s Sn ow and ice control plan (SICP): accu m ulation in, -1 8 , 187f-188f aircraft deicin g, 188-189 eq u ip m en t for, 185-186 plan s in, 183-184 tim ing in, 184-185 ,1851 439 440 Index S o cial m e d ia , ,4 S o c io ec o n o m ics, -3 S o u th w e st A irlin es, 414 S p ace req u irem en ts, 360-361 S p a llin g s, 176 S p ecia l c o n d itio n in sp ec tio n s, 194 S p ecia l facilities b o n d s, 308 S p ecia l-u se airsp ace (SU A ), 152-153 S p ee d , for ap p roach , - ,3 / Sp irit A irlin es, 414 SPP See Screen in g P artn ersh ip P rogram SRM See S afety R isk M a n a g em en t St L ou is L am bert In ternational A irport, 313 Stan dard In stru m en t D ep artu res (SID s), 153 Stan dard Term inal A rrival R ou tes (STARs), 153 STARs See Standard Term inal A rrival R ou tes State a v iation sy stem p la n s (SA SP), 3 -3 S tate-level sy stem p la n n in g , 3 -3 S tate-op erated airports, 31 Sterile areas, -2 ,2 / S tew ard In ternational A irport, 398 Strategic relation sh ip s, 9-322, 334 SU A See S p ecia l-u se airspace S u b grad es, 175 S u bu rb an areas, -2 3 ,2 3 / S u p erv iso ry grou p , ,4 / Surface friction, 178-179 Surface M o v em en t G u id an ce C on trol S y stem (SM G CS), ,1 ,1 / Surface p a in ted ru n w a y h o ld in g p o sitio n sig n s, 1 -1 ,1 / Surface T ransportation A ssista n ce A ct (1983), 71 S u stain ab ility practices, 28-329 S ystem planning: AD S-B in, 162-163 for FAA, 165 for n ation al-level, 334-335 on region al-level, 335-337, 3 / on state-level, 337-338 TCA S in, 163-164 TAF SeeTerm inal Area Forecast Tam pa International A irport, 2 / Task Force on the D eterren ce o f Air Piracy, 249 Taxes, 31, 77-78 Taxi sh ou ld er m arkings, ,1 / T axiw ay cen terline ligh ts, 127 Taxiways: stru ction of, -1 ,1 /—11 Of, 110 lig h tin g for, 127-128 self-in sp ection program s for, 192-193 sig n a g e for, 192-193 TCAS See Traffic A lert an d C o llisio n A void an ce System TDZL See T ou ch d ow n z o n e ligh ts Technical p o sitio n s, 41 T ech nology: for airport m a n a g em en t, 420-421 AIT, 264 b iom etrics, 269, / for delay, 416 for g ro u n d access, ,2 /-2 /, 242 for IFR, 415 In ternet o f T h in gs, 420 for security, -2 ,4 -4 so cia l m e d ia as, ,4 tran sp on d er e n c o d in g tech n ology, 143 for VFR, 415 AT x-rays, 265 T em porary flig h t restriction (TFR), ,2 Tenant gro u p , ,4 / Term o f u se agreem en ts, 293 T erm inal A rea Forecast (TAF), 346 Term inal In stru m en t P roced u res (TERPS), 153 T erm inals Seealso P assen g ers A C an d , 361 a c c e s s /e g r e s s interface, 219 a c c e s s /p r o c e s s in g interface, 219 for airp ort m an a g em en t, 214 a irsid e-la n d sid e co n cep t for, 1 ,2 /, 213 ancillary p a ssen ger term inal facilities, 2 -2 ,2 / arrivin g p a sse n g e rs at, 220 ATC p roced u res an d , 153 b a g g a g e h a n d lin g sy stem s, 2 ,227/'-230/, 229 b u ild in g s for, 363 cap acity in, 352 cen tralized facilities for, 2 ,2 / c o m b in ed -u n it term inals, 202, / c o n c essio n s at, 295,419^ 420 stru ction of, ,9 / curbs at, -2 ,2 / c u sto m s an d border patrol facilities at, 2 -2 ,2 / d ep artin g p a ssen g ers at, 220 d e sig n altern atives for, 357-361 d e sig n for, / e ssen tia l p ro cessin g facilities for, 221 G antt charts for, 218, / gate arrival cep ts for, 202-203, / gate m an agem en t, 216-218, / grou n d access and , 201, 237-239, 238/, 243-244 history of, 202-203, 203/-206/, 205-207, 208/-212/, 209-211, 213-214 hybrid term inal geom etries, 210-211, 211/ linear term inal cep ts, 205-207, / m ob ile lo u n g es in, 209-210, / m u ltip le-u n it term inals, 202, / off-airport term inals, 213 parking areas and, 203, 205 pier finger term inals, 207, 20 / pier satellite term inals, 207, 209, 09/ p la n n in g for, 357-361 preferen tial-use agreem en ts, 217-218 p resen t-d ay airport term inals, 213-214 Index rem ote satellite term inals, 207, ,2 / sh a red -u se agreem en ts, 217 sim p le-u n it term inals, 2 ,2 / STARs, 153 term inal radar app roach control facilities, 149-152 transfer p assen gers at, 220 TERPS SeeTerm inal Instrum ent Procedures Terrorism SeealsoSecurity A viation Security and Anti-Terrorism A ct (1996), 251 ch eck ed -b aggage screen in g for, 267-268, / crim inal acts as, 248 glob a lization of, 250 in m edia, /-2 / p o licy from, 247, 272 political role o f airports and , -2 ,2 -2 , 254/, 256/, 275-276 TFRs for, 275 AT x-rays for, 265 Tetrahedrons, 137 TFR SeeTem porary fligh t restriction T hresholds, - ,97/-98/, 99 1,1 0 /-1 / T hrough pu t capacity, 376 Ticket counters, 214 Tickets, 2 -2 2 ,2 / T im e-series m od els, 347-348, / T im e-space diagram s, -3 ,383/-386/, 386 Tim ing, -1 ,185f T ou ch d ow n z o n e ligh ts (TDZL), 126-127 T ouchd ow n zo n e m arkings, 99 Traffic, 3 -3 ,3 -3 Traffic A lert and C ollision A void an ce System (TCAS), 163-164 Traffic plan n in g, /-2 / Training, -4 ,1 -1 Transfer contracts, 312 Transfer passen gers, ,220 Transit plan ning, / Transitional surfaces, 105/, 106 Transponder en cod in g technology, 143 Transportation, 231-233, 3 / Seealso D epartm en t o f Transportation A irport and A irw ay Safety and Capacity, N o ise Im provem ent, and Interm odal Transportation A ct (1992), 74 A viation and Transportation Security A ct (2001), 78-79, / d em and for, 237-239, 38/ ground transportation, 295-296 lan d sid e transportation, 295-296 NATA, 44 NTSB, 62-63 roles in, 318 Surface Transportation A ssistance Act (1983), 71 TSRs, 22-23, 249, 256-257 Transportation Security A dm inistration (TSA), 255-257, 256/ AOPA Airport Watch, 273-275, / global entry for, 224-225 h istory of, 78-79, / p o lic y for, 213 regu lation and, 48 for safety, 31 screen in g for, 222-223 T ransportation Security R egu lation s (TSRs), 22-23, ,2 -2 Travel p u rp o ses, 220 Tricolor visual approach slop e indicators, 4-125,125/ Trip p u rp ose, 220 TSA SeeTransportation Security A d m in istration TSRs SeeTransportation Security R egulations Turnaround tim e, 217 T w elve-five program , 274 U A A See U n iversity A viation A ssociation UAS See U n m an n ed A erial System s U n classified airports, 19, 20 U n ited A irlin es, 414 U n ited contract, 290 U n ited K in gd om , -33 U n ited States (U.S.): AIP in, 300-303, 300/-301/, 306-307 A irport and A irw ay Trust Fund, 63-64 airspace in, -1 ,1 / A rm y A ir C orps, 57 crim inal acts in, 248 D H S, 257 DIA, 395 d ron es in, 417 econ om ics in, 77 EPA in, 65 FAA Form 5010 - M aster Record in, 91 intern ship s in, 43 LOI, 304-305 N A S A O , 337 NEPA, 366-368 operation s in, 390t p olitical role o f airports and, P ost O ffice D epartm ent, 52 regu lation in, 29-30 U n ited States (U.S.) airports: A irport P rivatization Pilot Program in, 32, 313 airport sy stem s for, -8 , 7t-9t, 10,11 /-1 /, 12 A lleg h en y C ou n ty Airport, 20 / Austin-B ergstrom International Airport, 396 Baltim ore-W ashington International Airport, 397 Boston Logan International Airport, 252-253 C hicago O 'H are International Airport, 2 / 395 Daytona Beach International Airport, 127/' D /F W Airport, 06/ Flagler C ou nty Airport, / FLL, 236/, 395, 397 G lenn L M artin Field, 397 H artsfield International Airport, / 254, 395 H en dry C ou nty A irglades Airport, 313 441 U n ite d States (U S.) airp orts ( Cont.): JFK In tern ation al A irport, 204/, 225/, ,3 ,4 John G len n C o lu m b u s In tern ation al A irport, 395 John W ayn e In ternational A irport, 398 L aG uardia A irport, ,2 ,3 ,4 Las V egas M cC arran In ternational A irport, / L u is M u n o z M arin In ternational A irport, 313 M etrop olitan A irport, / N e w a r k A irport, ,1 / N e w a r k L iberty In ternational A irport, 142, 142/, / o p era tio n s of, l lf - f , 390f O rlan d o E xecu tive A irport, / O rlan d o International A irport, 1 ,2 ,3 / p a sse n g e rs at, St-9t P ittsburgh International A irport, 1 ,2 ,2 R och ester In ternational A irport, / R on ald R eagan W ash in gton In ternational A irport, 7, 8-399, 401 S eattle-T acom a A irport, / St L ou is Lam bert In ternational A irport, 313 S tew ard International A irport, 398 Tam pa International A irport, 2 / W ash in gton D u lle s In ternational A irport, ,2 , 210/-211/, / W estch ester C o u n ty A irport, 313 U n iv ersity A viation A sso cia tio n (U A A ), 43 U n m a n n ed A erial S y stem s (U A S), -4 ,4 / U n sc h e d u le d op eration s, ,170f U.S See U n ited States U.S airports See U n ited States (U S.) airports U ser grou p , ,4 / U tility availab ility, 355 v < = VASI SeeV isu al g lid e slo p e ind icator V ehicle m anager, / 40 V ehicle road w ay m arkings, 110 ,1 1 / Vehicles: for ARFF, 18 /-1 / car rentals, 237 parkin g areas for, 235-236, / for sn ow , -1 8 ,1 /-1 8 / Vertical d istrib u tion o f flow , 226, 2 / V ery-h igh-frequ en cy om n id irection al range (VOR) radio beacon , -9 ,1 ,1 1 /, -1 ,1 / VFR SeeV isual fligh t rules V icin ity m ap s, 4 ,3 4 / V iscou s h yd rop lan in g, 178 V ision 100-C entury o f A viation R eau th orization A ct (2003), -8 ,1 V isu al flig h t ru les (VFR), -1 ,1 /, 7 ,4 V isual g lid e slo p e indicator (VASI), -1 ,123 /-1 / V isu al m e teo ro lo g ica l c o n d itio n s (VM C), 7 -3 V isu al r u n w a y s, 92 VM C See V isu al m eteo ro lo g ica l c o n d itio n s V O R rad io b eacon See V ery-h igh -freq u en cy om n id irectio n a l ran ge radio b ea co n W A A S See W id e A rea A u g m en ta tio n S ystem W alk -th rou gh m etal d etector (W TM D), 263 -2 W arning areas, 153 W ash in gton D u lle s In ternational A irport, ,2 , 210/-211/, / W ater quality, 327 W eather: g lo b a liza tio n an d , 18-419 m in im u m s for, 158 radars an d , - ,1 /-1 / rep ortin g facilities for, ,1 /, 136f, 137 SICP for, - ,185f, /-1 8 / VFR and , 377 V M C , 377-378 W eight, 203/, 380-381, 381 W en d ell H Ford A viation In vestm en t an d R eform A ct for the T w enty-F irst C en tu ry (AIR-21), 7 - ,78f, 303 W estch ester C o u n ty A irport, 313 W ide A rea A u g m en ta tio n S ystem (W AAS), 162 W ild life hazards, -1 ,1 /, 197 W ind an alysis, -3 ,3 5 / W ind ind icators, 137 W ind rose, ,3 5 / W ind sock s, 137 W ind tees, 137 W orks Progress A d m in istration (W PA), 56 W orld War ,52 W orld War II, -59 W PA See W orks Progress A d m in istration W right, O rville, 52 W right, W ilbur, 52 W TM D See W alk-through m etal detector Y g e e s e Y ousef, R am zi, 271-272 YVR A irport Services, 32 Z ero-b ased b u d g et, 289