Density and Viscosity of Water_1 pdf

Appendices and Index TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 789 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM © 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero Appendix 1 Density and Viscosity of Water Temperature °C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1000 990 980 970 960 950 Density, kg/m 3 Dynamic viscosity x 10 4 kg/m 3 TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 791 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM © 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero Appendix 2 Atomic Masses of the Elements Based on C-12 Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass Actinium Ac 89 227.0278 Aluminum Al 13 26.98154 Americium Am 95 (243) Antimony Sb 51 121.75 Argon Ar 18 39.948 Arsenic As 33 74.9216 Astatine At 85 (210) Barium Ba 56 137.33 Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Beryllium Be 4 9.01218 Bismuth Bi 83 208.9804 Boron B 5 10.81 Bromine Br 35 79.904 Cadmium Cd 48 112.41 Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Californium Cf 98 (251) Carbon C 6 12.011 Cerium Ce 58 140.12 Cesium Cs 55 132.9054 Chlorine Cl 17 35.453 Chromium Cr 24 51.996 Cobalt Co 27 58.9332 Copper Cu 29 63.546 Curium Cm 96 (247) Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 Einsteinium Es 99 (252) Erbium Er 68 167.26 Europium Eu 63 151.96 Fermium Fm 100 (257) Fluorine F 9 18.99840 Francium Fr 87 (223) Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 ( continued ) TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 793 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM © 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero 794 Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Germanium Ge 32 72.59 Gold Au 79 196.9665 Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 Helium He 2 4.00260 Holmium Ho 67 164.9304 Hydrogen H 1 1.0079 Indium In 49 114.82 Iodine I 53 126.9045 Iridium Ir 77 192.22 Iron Fe 26 55.847 Krypton Kr 36 83.80 Lanthanum La 57 138.9055 Lawrencium Lr 103 (260) Lead Pb 82 207.2 Lithium Li 3 6.941 Lutetium Lu 71 174.967 Magnesium Mg 12 24.305 Manganese Mn 25 54.9380 Mendelevium Md 101 (258) Mercury Hg 80 200.59 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 Neon Ne 10 20.179 Neptunium Np 93 237.0482 Nickel Ni 28 58.69 Niobium Nb 41 92.9064 Nitrogen N 7 14.0067 Nobelium No 102 (259) Osmium Os 76 190.2 Oxygen O 8 15.9994 Palladium Pd 46 106.42 Phosphorus P 15 30.97376 Platinum Pt 78 195.08 Plutonium Pu 94 (244) Polonium Po 84 (209) Potassium K 19 39.0983 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9077 Promethium Pm 61 (145) Protactinium Pa 91 231.0359 Radium Ra 88 226.0254 Radon Ra 86 (222) Rhenium Re 75 186.207 Rhodium Rh 45 102.9055 Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 ( continued ) TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 794 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM © 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero 795 Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass Samarium Sm 62 150.36 Scandium Sc 21 44.9559 Selenium Se 34 78.96 Silicon Si 14 28.0855 Silver Ag 47 107.868 Sodium Na 11 22.98977 Strontium Sr 38 87.62 Sulfur S 16 32.06 Tantalum Ta 73 180.9479 Technetium Tc 43 (98) Tellurium Te 52 127.60 Terbium Tb 65 158.9254 Thallium Tl 81 204.383 Thorium Th 90 232.0381 Thulium Tm 69 168.9342 Tin Sn 50 118.71 Titanium Ti 22 47.88 Tungsten W 74 183.85 Unnilennium Une 109 (266) Unnilhexium Unh 106 (263) Unniloctium Uno 108 (265) Unnilpentium Unp 105 (262) Unnilquadium Unq 104 (261) Unnilseptium Uns 107 (262) Uranium U 92 238.029 Vanadium V 23 50.9415 Xenon Xe 54 131.29 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04 Yttrium Y 39 88.9059 Zinc Zn 30 65.39 Zirconium Zr 40 91.224 Note: Values in parentheses (isotope atomic masses of longest half-life) are used for radioactive elements where atomic weights cannot be quoted pre- cisely without knowledge of the origin of the elements. TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 795 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM © 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero Appendix 3 Saturation Values of Dissolved Oxygen Exposed to Saturated Atmosphere at One Atmosphere Pressure at Given Temperatures Temperature (°C) Chloride Concentration (mg/L) Saturated H 2 O Vapor Pressure (kPa)0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 0 14.62 13.79 12.97 12.14 11.32 0.6108 1 14.23 13.41 12.61 11.82 11.03 0.6566 2 13.84 13.05 12.28 11.52 10.76 0.7055 3 13.48 12.72 11.98 11.24 10.50 0.7575 4 13.13 12.41 11.69 10.97 10.25 0.8129 5 12.80 12.09 11.39 10.70 10.01 0.8719 6 12.48 11.79 11.12 10.45 9.78 0.9347 7 12.17 11.51 10.85 10.21 9.57 1.0013 8 11.87 11.24 10.61 9.98 9.36 1.0722 9 11.59 10.97 10.36 9.76 9.17 1.1474 10 11.33 10.73 10.13 9.55 8.98 1.2272 11 11.08 10.49 9.92 9.35 8.80 1.3119 12 10.83 10.28 9.72 9.17 8.62 1.4017 13 10.60 10.05 9.52 8.98 8.46 1.4969 14 10.37 9.85 9.32 8.80 8.30 1.5977 15 10.15 9.65 9.14 8.63 8.14 1.7054 16 9.95 9.46 8.96 8.47 7.99 1.8173 17 9.74 9.26 8.78 8.30 7.84 1.9367 18 9.54 9.07 8.62 8.15 7.70 2.0630 19 9.35 8.89 8.45 8.00 7.56 2.1964 20 9.17 8.73 8.30 7.86 7.42 2.3373 21 8.99 8.57 8.14 7.71 7.28 2.4861 22 8.83 8.42 7.99 7.57 7.14 2.6430 ( continued ) TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 797 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM © 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero 798 Temperature (°C) Chloride Concentration (mg/L) Saturated H 2 O Vapor Pressure (kPa)0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 23 8.68 8.27 7.85 7.43 7.00 2.8086 24 8.53 8.12 7.71 7.30 6.87 2.9831 25 8.38 7.96 7.56 7.15 6.74 3.1671 26 8.22 7.81 7.42 7.02 6.61 3.3608 27 8.07 7.67 7.28 6.88 6.49 3.5649 28 7.92 7.53 7.14 6.75 6.37 3.7796 29 7.77 7.39 7.00 6.62 6.25 4.0055 30 7.63 7.25 6.86 6.49 6.13 4.2430 TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 798 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM © 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero Appendix 4 SDWA Acronyms BAT Best available technology BTGA Best technology generally available CWS Community water systems DWEL Drinking water equivalence level EMSL EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory (Cincinnati) GAC Granular activated carbon IOC Inorganic chemical IPDWR Interim primary drinking water regulation LOAEL Lowest observed adverse effect level LOQ Limit of quantitation MCL Maximum contaminant level MCLG Maximum contaminant level goal MDL Method detection limit NOAEL No observed adverse effect level NPDWR National primary drinking water regulation NTNCWS Non-transient noncommunity water system PAC Powdered activated carbon PHS Public Health Service POET Point-of-entry technology POUT Point-of-use technology PQL Practical quantitation level PTA Packed tower aeration RFD Reference dose RIA Regulatory impact analysis RMCL Recommended maximum contaminant level RPDWR Revised primary drinking water regulation RSC Relative source contribution SDWA Safe drinking water act SMCL Secondary maximum contaminant level SNARL Suggested no adverse response level SOC Synthetic organic chemical TNCWS Transient noncommunity water system UIC Underground injection control URTH Unreasonable risk to health VOC Volatile organic chemical TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 799 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM © 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero Appendix 5 Sample Drinking Water VOCs Contaminant MCL (mg/L) BAT Benzene 0.005–zero PTA or GAC Carbon tetrachloride 0.005–zero PTA or GAC p-Dichlorobenzene 0.075 PTA or GAC 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.005–zero PTA or GAC 1,1-Dichloroethylene 0.007 PTA or GAC 1,1,1-Trichloromethane 0.20 PTA or GAC Trichloroethylene 0.005–zero PTA or GAC Vinyl chloride 0.002–zero PTA Bromobenzene — — Bromodichloromethane — — Bromoform — — Bromomethane — — Chlorobenzene — — Chlorodibromomethane — — Chloroethane — — Chloroform — — Chloromethane — — o-Chlorotoluene — — p-Chlorotoluene — — Dibromomethane — — m-Dichlorobenzene — — o-Dichlorobenzene — — cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene — — trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene — — Dichloromethane — — 1,1-Dichloroethane — — 1,2-Dichloropropane — — 1,3-Dichloropropane — — 2,2,-Dichloropropane — — 1,1-Dichloropropene — — 1,3-Dichloropropene — — Ethylbenzene — — Styrene — — ( continued ) TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 801 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM © 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero 802 Contaminant MCL (mg/L) BAT 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane — — 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane — — Tetrachloroethylene — — Toluene — — 1,1,2-Trichloroethane — — 1,2,3-Trichloropropane — — m-Xylene — — o-Xylene — — p-Xylene — — TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 802 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM © 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero [...]... mass Faraday constant gmole lbmole Neutron rest mass Planck constant Proton rest mass Speed of light in vacuum Standard temperature and pressure (STP) Standard room temperature Universal gas constant © 2003 by A P Sincero and G A Sincero Value 1 12 −27 - the mass of C = 1.6605402(10 ) kg 12 2 2 9.80665 m/s and 32.174 ft/s at sea level 23 6.0221367(10 ) per gmol −23 1.380658(10 ) J/K° 11 1.75881962(10... contaminants © 2003 by A P Sincero and G A Sincero Concentration (mg/L, unless otherwise noted) Based on average of two consecutive days: 5 TU Membrane filter technique: not to exceed 1/100 mL on monthly basis; not to exceed 4/100 mL of coliforms in more than one sample in fewer than 20 samples per month on an individual sample basis; not to exceed 4/100 mL of coliforms in more than 5% of sample in more than 20... 8.85(10 ) coulomb/V-m −19 1.60217733(10 ) coulomb −31 9.109390(10 ) kg 4 9.6485309(10 ) coulomb per equivalent 22.4 liters at STP of 0°C and 1 atm 3 359 ft ideal gas at STP of 0°C and 1 atm −27 1.6749286(10 ) kg −34 6.6260755(10 ) J-s −27 1.6726231(10 ) kg 8 2.99792458(10 ) m/s 1 atm and 0°C 25°C −2 8.205784(10 ) L-atm-°K/gmol, 8.314510 J/gmol-°K, 3 1.987 cal/gmol-°K, 82.05 atm-cm /gmol-°K, 4 2 4.968(10 )... 10-mL standard portions: coliforms shall not be present in more than 10% of the portions on monthly basis; coliforms shall not be present in three or more portions in more than one sample in fewer than 20 samples per month on an individual basis; coliforms shall not be present in three or more portions in more than 5% of samples in more than 20 samples per month on an individual basis 2 100-mL standard... individual basis 2 100-mL standard portions: coliforms shall not be present in more than 60% of the portions on monthly basis; coliforms shall not be present in five portions in more than one sample in fewer than 20 samples per month on an individual basis; coliforms shall not be present in five portions in more than 20% of samples in more than 20 samples per month on an individual basis TX249_Frame_CApp.fm...TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 803 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM Appendix 6 Sample Drinking Water SOCs and IOCs Contaminants SOC: Acrylamide Alachlor Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfone Aldicarb sulfoxide Atrazine Carbofuran Chlordane 2,4-D Dibromochloropropane o-Dichlorobenzene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,2-Dichloropropane Epichlorohydrin... Arsenic Asbestos Barium Cadmium Chromium Mercury Nitrate Nitrite Selenium Silver © 2003 by A P Sincero and G A Sincero 0.05 7 million fibers/L (longer than 10 µm) 5.0 0.005 0.1 0.002 10 as N 1 as N 0.05 0.05 TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 805 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM Appendix 7 Secondary MCLs for a Number of Substances Contaminant SMCL (mg/L) Chloride Color Copper Corrosivity Foaming agents Hydrogen sulfide... grain 3 grain/ft 3 g/m ha hp hp-hr hertz inch J kg To −8 10 cm 2 2 43,560 ft , 0.00156 mi , 0.405 ha coulomb/s 2 2 101.325 kN/m , 14.696 lbf/in , 101.325 kPa, 1.013 bar, 29.92 in Hg and 760 mm Hg at 0°C, 760 torr, 33.936 ft of H 2O (60°F), 2116.2 2 lbf /ft 42 gal 0.4047 bu/acre 252.2 cal, 778.2 ft-lbf 4.1868 J 1.8 Btu/lbmol −3 0.000672 lbm/s-ft, 10 Pa-s 0.3937 in 1 mL 18 6.2(10 ) electrons, 1 amp-s −5... by A P Sincero and G A Sincero TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 814 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM From To ‘ kg/ha kg/ha-d 2 kg/m -d 3 kg/m -d 3 kg/m kg/kW-h kJ kJ/kg km kPa kW kW-hr 3 kW/m 3 3 kW/10 -m °K lbf lbm long ton L 2 L/m -min 2 L/m m 2 m 3 m micron mile 2 m/s 3 m 3 3 3 m /10 -m 3 m /m-min 3 m /m-d 3 2 m /m -h 3 2 m /m -d 3 3 m /m Mg MJ newton, N 2 N/m poise Pa °R short ton stoke ton of refrigeration... Heptachlor Heptachlor epoxide Lindane Methoxychlor Monochlorobenzene PCBs (as decachlorobiphenyls) Pentachlorophenol Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Toxaphene 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) Xylene © 2003 by A P Sincero and G A Sincero MCL (mg/L) treatment technique 0.002 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.003 0.04 0.002 0.07 0.0002 0.6 0.07 0.1 0.005 treatment technique 0.7 0.00005 0.0004 0.0002 0.0002 0.4 0.1 0.0005 0.2 0.005 0.005 2.0 . 12 . 41 11. 69 10 .97 10 .25 0. 812 9 5 12 .80 12 .09 11 .39 10 .70 10 . 01 0.8 719 6 12 .48 11 .79 11 .12 10 .45 9.78 0.9347 7 12 .17 11 . 51 10.85 10 . 21 9.57 1. 0 013 8 11 .87 11 .24 10 . 61 9.98 9.36 1. 0722 9 11 .59 10 .97. 5,000 10 ,000 15 ,000 20,000 0 14 .62 13 .79 12 .97 12 .14 11 .32 0. 610 8 1 14.23 13 . 41 12. 61 11. 82 11 .03 0.6566 2 13 .84 13 .05 12 .28 11 .52 10 .76 0.7055 3 13 .48 12 .72 11 .98 11 .24 10 .50 0.7575 4 13 .13 12 . 41. 11 .59 10 .97 10 .36 9.76 9 .17 1. 1474 10 11 .33 10 .73 10 .13 9.55 8.98 1. 2272 11 11 .08 10 .49 9.92 9.35 8.80 1. 311 9 12 10 .83 10 .28 9.72 9 .17 8.62 1. 4 017 13 10 .60 10 .05 9.52 8.98 8.46 1. 4969 14 10 .37 9.85