Environmental toxicology biological and health effects of pollutants

Tai Lieu Chat Luong Third Edition ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants Third Edition ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants Ming-Ho Yu Humio Tsunoda Masashi Tsunoda Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 20110617 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-4039-9 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-7508400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface to the Third Edition xvii Acknowledgments xix About the Authors xxi Chapter Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 Study of Environmental Toxicology Importance of Environmental Toxicology as an Area of Science Introduction to This Book Chapter Environmental Changes and Health 2.1 Our Changing Environment .7 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 World Population 2.1.3 Global Climate Changes: Global Warming 2.1.3.1 Impact on Plants 10 2.1.3.2 Impact on Birds and Animals 10 2.1.3.3 Impact on Tropical Species 12 2.1.3.4 Impact on Freshwater Fish 12 2.1.4 Impact on Marine Oxygen 12 2.1.5 Rising Acidity of Seawater 13 2.1.6 Rise in Diseases 15 2.2 Air Pollution 15 2.2.1 Introduction 15 2.2.2 Air Pollution and Developing Economies 16 2.3 Indoor Air Pollution 19 2.4 Water Pollution 19 2.5 Soil Pollution 23 2.6 The Changing Diseases 24 2.6.1 Cancer .24 2.6.2 Birth Defects and Child Mortality 30 2.6.3 Reproductive Damages 30 2.6.4 Respiratory Diseases 31 2.6.5 Endocrine Disruption 33 2.6.6 Diseases Induced by Metals 33 2.6.7 Foodborne Illnesses 34 Review Questions 35 References 36 v vi Contents Chapter Occurrence of Toxicants 39 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Introduction 39 Visible Smoke or Smog 39 Offensive Odors 40 Agricultural Damage 40 Intoxication of Animals 41 Injuries to Humans 41 Chronic and Acute Effects 42 3.7.1 Chronic Effects 43 3.7.2 Acute Effects 43 3.7.2.1 Donora, Pennsylvania, United States, 1948 44 3.7.2.2 Poza Rica, Mexico, 1950 44 3.7.2.3 London, England, 1952 44 3.7.2.4 New York, United States, 1953 45 3.7.2.5 Los Angeles, California, United States, 1954 45 3.7.2.6 New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, 1955 45 3.7.2.7 Worldwide Episode, 1962 45 3.7.2.8 Tokyo, Japan, 1970 45 3.7.2.9 Bhopal, India, 1984 45 3.7.2.10 Chernobyl, Soviet Union, 1986 46 3.7.2.11 Gas Leak on the Platform in the North Sea, 1988 47 3.7.2.12 Oil Spill in Alaska’s Prince William Sound, 1989 47 3.7.2.13 Coal Mine Explosion in Western Virginia, United States, 2010 48 3.7.1.14 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill, United States, 2010 48 3.7.2.15 Raspadskaya Coal Mine Explosion in Russia, 2010 49 3.7.2.16 Gas Explosion and Chemical Leak in Nanjing, China, 2010 49 3.7.2.17 Toxic-Sludge Spill in Hungary, 2010 49 3.7.2.18 Gas Explosion in Henan, China, 2010 50 3.7.2.19 Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, Japan, 2011 50 References 52 Chapter Toxic Action of Pollutants 53 4.1 4.2 Introduction 53 Effects on Plants 53 4.2.1 Source of Pollutants 53 vii Contents 4.2.2 Uptake of Pollutants 53 4.2.3 Transport of Toxicant 55 4.2.4 Plant Injury 55 4.3 Mammalian Organisms 56 4.3.1 Exposure 56 4.3.2 Uptake 57 4.3.3 Transport 58 4.3.4 Storage 58 4.3.5 Metabolism 59 4.3.6 Excretion 59 4.4 Mechanism of Toxic Action 59 4.4.1 Disruption or Destruction of Cellular Structure .60 4.4.2 Direct Chemical Combination with a Cell Constituent 60 4.4.3 Effect on Enzymes 61 4.4.3.1 Enzyme Inhibition by Inactivation of Cofactor 62 4.4.3.2 Enzyme Inhibition by Competition with the Cofactor 62 4.4.3.3 Enzyme Inhibition by Binding to the Active Site 63 4.4.3.4 Inhibition of Enzyme Activity by Toxic Metabolite 64 4.4.4 Secondary Action as a Result of the Presence of a Pollutant 64 4.4.4.1 Allergic Response to Pollen 65 4.4.4.2 Carbon Tetrachloride 65 4.4.4.3 Chelation 65 4.4.4.4 Metal Shift 66 4.4.5 Free-Radical-Mediated Reactions .66 4.4.6 Endocrine Disruption 68 Review Questions 69 References 70 Chapter Factors Affecting Xenobiotic Action 73 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Introduction 73 Physiological Properties 73 Dose or Concentration 73 Duration and Mode of Exposure 74 Environmental Factors 75 5.5.1 Temperature 75 5.5.2 pH 76 5.5.3 Humidity 76 Interaction 76 5.6.1 Additive, Synergism, and Potentiation Effects 76 viii Contents 5.6.2 Antagonism 77 Biological Factors 78 5.7.1 Plants 78 5.7.2 Animals and Humans 78 5.7.2.1 Genetic Factors 78 5.7.2.2 Developmental Factors 79 5.7.2.3 Diseases 79 5.7.2.4 Behavioral Factors 79 5.7.2.5 Gender .80 5.8 Nutritional Factors 80 5.8.1 Introduction .80 5.8.2 Fasting and Starvation .80 5.8.3 Proteins 81 5.8.4 Carbohydrates 81 5.8.5 Lipids 83 5.8.6 Vitamin A 84 5.8.7 Vitamin D 84 5.8.8 Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) 85 5.8.9 Vitamin C 86 5.8.10 Minerals 88 Review Questions 89 References 90 5.7 Chapter Biotransformation: Metabolism of Xenobiotics 93 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Introduction 93 Types of Biotransformation 93 Mechanism of Biotransformation 94 Characteristics of Biotransformation .94 Consequence of Biotransformation 97 6.5.1 Biotransformation of Endogenous Substances 97 6.5.2 Activation of Xenobiotics 98 6.6 Factors Affecting Biotransformation 100 6.7 Characteristics of the Cytochrome P450s 101 6.7.1 Induction 102 6.7.2 Genetic Polymorphisms 103 Review Questions 103 References 104 Chapter Responses to Environmental Toxicants 105 7.1 7.2 7.3 Introduction 105 Responses of Plants 105 Responses of Humans and Animals 106 7.3.1 The Respiratory Tract 106 7.3.1.1 Nasopharynx 106 Appendix 2: 11th Report on Carcinogens U.S Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service National Toxicology Program Pursuant to Section 301(b) (4) of the Public Health Service Act as Amended by Section 262, PL 95-622 Official Citation: Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition, U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program TABLE OF CONTENTS I Introduction II Carcinogens Listed in the Eleventh Report A Known to be Human Carcinogen B Reasonably Anticipated to be Human Carcinogens III Substance Profiles Acetaldehyde 2-Acetylaminofluorene Acrylamide Acrylnitrile Adriamycin (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride) Aflatoxins Alcoholic Beverage Consumption 2-Aminoanthraquinone o-Aminoazaotoluene 4-Aminobiphenyl 1-Amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone 1-Amino-2-metnylanthraquinone Amitrole o-Anisidine Hydrochloride Arsenic Compounds, Inorganix Asbestos 335 336 Appendix 2: 11th Report on Carcinogens Azacitidine Azathioprine Benzene Benzidine and Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine Bemzodome Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine Benzotrichloride Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds Bromodichloromethane 2,2-bis(Bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol (Technical Grade) 1,3-Butadiene 1,4-Buanediol Dimethylsulfonate (Myleran®) Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds Carbon Tetrachloride Ceramic Fibers (Respirable size) Chlorambucil Chloramphenicol Chlorendic Acid Chlorinated Paraffins (C12, 60% Chlorien) 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-1-nitrosourea 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea bis(Chloromethyl) Nitrosourea Chloroform bis(Chlroethyl) Nitrosourea Methyl Ether 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene 4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine Chloroprene p-Chloro-o-toluidiene and p-Chloro-o-toluidiene Hydrochloride Chlorozotocin Chromium Hexavalent Compounds C.I Basic Red Monohydrochloride Cisplatin Coal Tars and Coal Tar Pitches Cobalt Sulfate Coke Oven Emissions p-Cresidine Cupferron Cyclophosphamide Cyclosporin A Dacarbazine Danitron (1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone) 2.4-Diaminoanisole Sulfate 2,4-Diaminotoluene Diazoaminobenzene Appendix 2: 11th Report on Carcinogens 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 12-Dibromoethane (Ethylene Dibromide) 2,3-Dirbromo-1-propanol tris(2,3-Dibromopropyl) Phosphate 1,4-Dichlorobenene 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine and 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine Dihydrochloride Dichlorodipheyltrichloethene (DDT) 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene Dichloride) Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride) 1,3-Dichloropronene (Technical Grade) Diepoxybutane Diesel Exhaust Particulates Diethyl Sulfate Diethylstilbestrol Diglycidyl Resorcinol Ether 3,3′-Dimethoxybenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3,3′-Dimethoxybenzidine 3,3′-Dimethoxybenzidine Dyes Metabolized to 3,3′-Dimethoxybenzidine 4-Dimethylaamnoazobenzene 3,3′-Dimethylbenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3,3′-Dimetholbenzidine 3,3′Dimethoxybenzidine Dyes Metabolized to 3,3′Dimethylbenzidine 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 3.3′Dimethylbenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3,3′-Dimetholbenzidine 3.3′-Dimethylbenzidine Dyes Metabolized to 3,3′Dimethylbenzine Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride 1,1′-Dimethylhydrazine Dimethyl Sulfate Dimethylvinyl Chloride 1.4-Dioxane Disperse Blue Epichlorhydrin Erionite Estrogens, Steroidal Ethylene Oxide Ethylene Thiourea di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate Ethyl Methanesulfonate Formaldehyde (Gas) Furan Glass Wool (Respirable size) Glycidol Hepatitis B Hepatitis C 337 338 Appendix 2: 11th Report on Carcinogens Heterocyclic Amines 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MEIQ) 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinozaline (MEIQx) 2-Amino-3methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) 2-Amino-1-emthyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) Hexachlorobenzene Hexachloroethane Hexamethylphosphamide Human Papillomaviruses; Some Genital-Mucosal Types Hydrazine and Hydrazine Sulfate Hydrazobenzene Ionizing Radiation X-Radiation and Gamma Radiation Neutrons Radon Thorium Dioxide Iron Dextran Complex Isoprene Kepone® (Chlordecone) Lead and Lead Compounds Lindane and Other Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers Melphalan Methoxsalen with Ultraviolet A Therapy (PUVA) 2-Methylaziridine (Propyleneimine) 4,4′Methylenebis (2-chloroaniline) 4,4′Methylenebis(N,N-dimethyl)benzenamide Metronidazole Michler′s Ketone (4,4′-(Dimethylamino)benzophenone) Mineral Oils (Untreated and Mildly Treated) Mirex Mustard Gas Naphthalene 2-Naphthylamine Nickel Compounds and Metallic Nickel Nickel Compounds Metallic Nickel Nitrilotriacetic Acid o-Nitroanisole Nitroarene (selected) 1,6-Dinitropyrene 1,8-Dinitropyrene 6-Nitrochrysene 1-Nitropyrene 4-Nitropyrene Nitrobenzene Nitrofen (2,4-Dichloropheyl-p-nitrophenyl Ether) Appendix 2: 11th Report on Carcinogens Nitrogen Mustard Hydrochloride Nitromethane 2-Nitropropane N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosodi-n-prophylamine N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea N-Nitrosomethylvinyl amine N-Nitrosomorpholine N-Nitrosonornicotine N-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitrososarcosine Norethisterone Ochratoxin A 4,4′-Oxdianiline Oxymetholone Phenacetin and Analgesic Mixtures Containing Phenacetin Phenacetin Analgesic Mixtures Containing Phenacetin Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride Phenolphthalein Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride Phenytoin Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 15 listings Benzo[a]anthacene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[j]fluorantheene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[a]pyrene Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene Indenol[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 5-Methylchrysene Procarbazine Hydrochloride Progesterone 1,3-Propane Sultone 339 340 Appendix 2: 11th Report on Carcinogens β-Propiolactone Propylene Oxide Propylthiouracil Reserpine Safrole Selenium Sulfide Silica, Crystalline (Respirable Size) Soots Streptozotocin Strong Inorganic Acid Mists Containing Sulfuric Acid Styrene-7,8-oxide Sulfallate Tamoxifen 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCKK); “Dioxin” Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) Tetrafluoroethylene Tetranitromethane Thioacetamide 4,4-Thiodianiline Thiotepa Thiourea Tobacco Related Exposures Environmental Tobacco Smoke Smokeless Tobacco Tobacco Smoking Toluene Diisocyanate o-Toluidine and 0-Toluidine Hydrochloride Toxaphene Trichloroethylene 2,4,6-Trichlorphenol 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Ultraviolet Radiation Related Exposures Solar Radiation Sunlamps or Sunbeds, Exposure to Broad-Spectrum Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Ultraviolet B Radiation Ultraviolet C Radiation Urethane Vinyl bromide Vinyl Chloride 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene Diepoxide Vinyl Fluoride Wood Dust Appendix 3: List of Cigarette Smoke Carcinogens* According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services,[1] the following are known human carcinogens found in cigarette smoke: Chemical Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile 4-Aminobiphenyl o-Anisidine hydrochloride Arsenic Benzene Beryllium 1,3-Butadiene Cadmium 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Ethylene oxide Formaldehyde Furan Heterocyclic amines Hydrazine Isoprene Lead 2-Naphthylamine Nitromethane N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1butanone N-Nitrosonornicotine N-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrososarcosine * Amount (per cigarette) 980 micrograms to 1.37 milligrams formerly to milligrams This product was used as a fumigant in tobacco Its use has since been discontinued 0.2 to 23 nanograms per cigarette unknown unknown 5.9 to 75 micrograms 0.5 nanograms 152 to 400 micrograms 1.7 micrograms unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown 32 micrograms :3.1 milligrams unknown 1.5 to 35 nanograms unknown nanograms 24 to 36 nanograms up to 8.3 nanograms 5.7 to 43 nanograms up to 4.2 micrograms 14 micrograms unknown 113 nanograms 22 to 460 nanograms From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 341 342 Appendix 3: List of Cigarette Smoke Carcinogens Chemical Polonium-210 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons o-Toluidine Vinyl chloride Amount (per cigarette) variable, depending on soil and fertilizer used to grow tobacco[2] 28 to 100 milligrams 32 nanograms 5.6 to 27 nanograms See also • List of additives in cigarettes • Health effects of tobacco smoking REFERENCES “11th Report on Carcinogens by the U.S Department of Health and Human Services.” http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/toc11.html Retrieved 2006-10-27 “Radioactive Polonium-210 found in tobacco.” American Computer Scientists Association Inc., 2002 http://www.acsa.net/HealthAlert/lungcancer.html Retrieved 2007-08-20 Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cigarette_smoke_carcinogens Appendix 4: Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Nomenclature BZ&IUPAC # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 IUPAC Name 2-Chlorobiphenyl 3-Chlorobiphenyl 4-Chlorobiphenyl 2,2′-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,3-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,3′-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,4-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,4′-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl 3,3′-Dichlorobiphenyl 3,4-Dichlorobiphenyl 3,4′-Dichlorobiphenyl 3,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 4,4′-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,2′-3-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,2′,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,2′,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,3,4-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,3,4′-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,3,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,3,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,3′,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,3′,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,4′-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4′,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4′,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4′-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,3′,5′-Trichlorobiphenyl 3,3′,4-Trichlorobiphenyl 3,3′,5-Trichlorobiphenyl CASRN 2051-60-7 2051-61-8 2051-62-9 13029-08-8 16605-91-7 25569-80-6 33284-50-3 34883-43-7 34883-39-1 33146-45-1 2050-67-1 2974-92-7 2974-90-5 34883-41-5 2050-68-2 38444-78-9 37680-66-3 37680-65-2 38444-73-4 38444-84-7 55702-46-0 38444-85-8 55720-44-0 55702-45-9 55712-37-3 38444-81-4 38444-76-7 7012-37-5 15862-07-4 35693-92-6 16606-02-3 38444-77-8 38444-86-9 37680-68-5 37680-69-6 38444-87-0 343 344 Appendix 4: Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Nomenclature BZ&IUPAC # 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 IUPAC Name 3,4,4′-Trichlorobiphenyl 3,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 3,4′,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,5′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,6-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,6′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,4′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,5′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,6-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,6′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,5,5′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,5,6′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,6,6′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,5′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,6-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,4′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4′,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4′,6-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4,4′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4,4′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4,5′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4,6-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4′,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4′,6-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,5,5′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,5′,6-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,4,4′,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,4,4′,6-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4′,5′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,3′,4,4′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,3′,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,3′,4,5′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,3′,5,4′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl CASRN 38444-90-5 53555-66-1 38444-88-1 38444-93-8 52663-59-9 36559-22-5 70362-46-8 41464-39-5 70362-45-7 41464-47-5 2437-79-8 70362-47-9 41464-40-8 62796-65-0 68194-04-7 35693-99-3 41464-41-9 15968-05-5 74338-24-2 41464-43-1 70424-67-8 41464-49-7 74472-33-6 33025-41-1 33284-53-6 54230-22-7 74472-34-7 52663-58-8 33284-54-7 32598-10-0 73575-53-8 73575-52-7 60233-24-1 32598-11-1 41464-46-4 41464-42-0 74338-23-1 32690-93-0 32598-12-2 70362-48-0 32598-13-3 70362-49-1 41464-48-6 33284-52-5 345 Appendix 4: Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Nomenclature BZ&IUPAC # 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 IUPAC Name 3,4,4′,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,4′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,6′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4′,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,5,6′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,5′,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,6,6′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4′,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4′,6′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,4′,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,5,6′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,5′,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,6,6′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′4,4′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′4,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4′,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,5′,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,4′,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4′,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4,4′,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4,5′,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4′,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4,4′,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3′,4′,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl CASRN 70362-50-4 52663-62-4 60145-20-2 52663-60-2 65510-45-4 55312-69-1 38380-02-8 55215-17-3 73575-57-2 69194-07-0 68194-05-8 52663-61-3 73575-56-1 73575-55-0 38379-99-6 73575-54-9 41464-51-1 60233-25-2 38380-01-7 39485-83-1 37680-73-2 68194-06-9 60145-21-3 56558-16-8 32598-14-4 70424-69-0 70424-68-9 70362-41-3 74427-35-8 38380-03-9 39635-32-0 74427-36-9 68194-10-5 74427-37-0 74427-38-1 18259-05-7 68194-11-6 31508-00-6 56558-17-9 68194-12-7 56558-18-0 76842-07-4 65510-44-3 70424-70-3 346 Appendix 4: Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Nomenclature BZ&IUPAC # 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 IUPAC Name 2,3′,4′,5′,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 3,3′,4,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl 3,3′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,5,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,5,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,4′,5-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,4′,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,4′,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,5,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,5′,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4′,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4′,5,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4′,5,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4′,5′,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,5,5′,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,5,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,4′,5-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,4′,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,4′,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,5,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,5′,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4′,5,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4′,5′,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,5,5′,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,4′,5,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,4′,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,4′,5′,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl CASRN 74427-39-2 57465-28-8 39635-33-1 38380-07-3 55215-18-4 52663-66-8 61798-70-7 38380-05-1 35694-04-3 52704-70-8 52744-13-5 38411-22-2 35694-06-5 35065-28-2 56030-56-9 59291-64-4 52712-04-6 41411-61-4 68194-15-0 68194-14-9 74472-40-5 51908-16-8 68194-13-8 74472-41-6 38380-04-0 68194-08-1 52663-63-5 68194-09-2 35065-27-1 60145-22-4 33979-03-2 38380-08-4 69782-90-7 74472-42-7 39635-35-3 41411-62-5 74472-43-8 39635-34-2 74472-44-9 74472-45-0 74472-46-1 41411-63-6 52663-72-6 59291-65-5 347 Appendix 4: Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Nomenclature BZ&IUPAC # IUPAC Name CASRN 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5′,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5′,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,5,6,6′-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,4′,5,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,4′,5,6′-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,4′,6,6′-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,5,5′,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,5,6,6′-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4′,5,5′,6′-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4′,5,6,6′-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,4′,5′,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,5,5′,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,5,5′,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,6-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,6′-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,6,6′-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5,5′,6-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5,5′,6′-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5,6,6′-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5′,6,6′-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′,6-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,4,4′,5,6,6′-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6-Octachlorobiphenyl 32774-16-6 35065-30-6 52663-71-5 52663-74-8 68194-16-1 38411-25-5 40186-70-7 52663-65-7 52663-70-4 52663-67-9 52663-64-6 35065-29-3 74472-47-2 60145-23-5 52663-69-1 74472-48-3 52712-05-7 74472-49-4 52663-68-0 74487-85-7 39635-31-9 41411-64-7 74472-50-7 74472-51-8 69782-91-8 35694-08-7 52663-78-2 42740-50-1 33091-17-7 68194-17-2 52663-75-9 52663-73-7 40186-71-8 2136-99-4 74472-52-9 74472-52-9 74472-53-0 40186-72-9 52663-79-3 52663-77-1 2051-24-3 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,6,6′-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5,5′,6,6′-Octachlorobiphenyl Decachlorobiphenyl 348 Appendix 4: Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Nomenclature HOMOLOGS BZ&IUPAC# IUPAC Name Monochlorobiphenyl Dichlorobiphenyl Trichlorobiphenyl Tetrachlorobiphenyl Pentachlorobiphenyl CASRN 27323-18-8 25512-42-9 25323-68-6 26914-33-0 25429-29-2 BZ&IUPAC# IUPAC Name Hexachlorobiphenyl Hexachlorobiphenyl Octachlorobiphenyl Nonachlorobiphenyl CASRN 26601-64-9 28655-71-2 55722-26-4 53742-07-7 MIXTURES BZ&IUPAC# IUPAC Name Aroclor 1016 Aroclor 1210 Aroclor 1216 Aroclor 1221 Aroclor 1231 Aroclor 1232 Aroclor 1240 Aroclor 1242 CASRN 12674-11-2 147601-87-4 151820-27-8 11104-28-2 37234-40-5 11141-16-5 71328-89-7 53469-21-9 BZ&IUPAC# IUPAC Name Aroclor 1248 Aroclor 1250 Aroclor 1252 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1260 Aroclor 1262 Aroclor 1268 Aroclor (unspecified) CASRN 12672-29-6 165245-51-2 89577-78-6 11097-69-1 11096-82-5 37324-23-5 11100-14-4 12767-79-2 Note: BZ = Ballschmiter-Zellsystem; IUPAC = International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY Third Edition ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants Human survival depends on the availability of clean air, water, and food and on the welfare of plants and animals However, anthropogenic and naturally occurring chemicals can cause adverse effects on living organisms and ecological processes Environmental Toxicology: Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants, Third Edition presents fundamental information on the effects of environmental toxicants on living systems It focuses on the chemical and biological characteristics of major pollutants found in the air, water, and soil and relates them to the health and well being of humans, animals, and plants Surveying the environmental and health changes that have occurred in recent decades, the book discusses the sources, metabolism, and damage process of toxicants, and the environmental, biological, and nutritional factors that may influence toxicity It looks at 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