Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology Edited by Marco Aurélio Dos Santos Bernardes Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Petra Zobic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright EMJAY SMITH, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published July, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology, Edited by Marco Aurélio Dos Santos Bernardes p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-480-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Process Control and Dynamics 1 Chapter 1 The Effect of Thermal Pretreatment Process on Bio-Fuel Conversion 3 Aleksander Ryzhkov, Vadim Silin, Tatyana Bogatova, Aleksander Popov and Galina Usova Chapter 2 The Challenge of Bioenergies: An Overview 23 Nicolas Carels Chapter 3 Biogas Upgrading by Pressure Swing Adsorption 65 Carlos A. Grande Chapter 4 Use of Rapeseed Straight Vegetable Oil as Fuel Produced in Small-Scale Exploitations 85 Grau Baquero, Bernat Esteban, Jordi-Roger Riba, Rita Puig and Antoni Rius Chapter 5 Nanotech Biofuels and Fuel Additives 103 Sergio C. Trindade Chapter 6 Bioresources for Third-Generation Biofuels 115 Rafael Picazo-Espinosa, Jesús González-López and Maximino Manzanera Chapter 7 Overview of Corn-Based Fuel Ethanol Coproducts: Production and Use 141 Kurt A. Rosentrater Chapter 8 Biorefinery Processes for Biomass Conversion to Liquid Fuel 167 Shuangning Xiu, Bo Zhang and Abolghasem Shahbazi VI Contents Chapter 9 Utilisation of Waste from Digesters for Biogas Production 191 Ladislav Kolář, Stanislav Kužel, Jiří Peterka and Jana Borová-Batt Chapter 10 Biodiesel Production and Quality 221 Roseli Ap. Ferrari, Anna Leticia M. Turtelli Pighinelli and Kil Jin Park Part 2 Process Modeling and Simulation 241 Chapter 11 Perspectives of Biobutanol Production and Use 243 Petra Patakova, Daniel Maxa, Mojmir Rychtera, Michaela Linhova, Petr Fribert, Zlata Muzikova, Jakub Lipovsky, Leona Paulova, Milan Pospisil, Gustav Sebor and Karel Melzoch Chapter 12 Paving the Road to Algal Biofuels with the Development of a Genetic Infrastructure 267 Julian N. Rosenberg, Michael J. Betenbaugh and George A. Oyler Chapter 13 Rheological Characterization of Bio-Oils from Pilot Scale Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis 293 Chinnadurai Karunanithy and Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan Chapter 14 Co-production of Bioethanol and Power 317 Atsushi Tsutsumi and Yasuki Kansha Chapter 15 Conversion of Non-Homogeneous Biomass to Ultraclean Syngas and Catalytic Conversion to Ethanol 333 Stéphane C. Marie-Rose, Alexis Lemieux Perinet and Jean-Michel Lavoie Chapter 16 Novel Methods in Biodiesel Production 353 Didem Özçimen and Sevil Yücel Chapter 17 Pyrolysis Oil Stabilisation by Catalytic Hydrotreatment 385 Venderbosch R.H. and Heeres H.J. Chapter 18 Biomass Feedstock Pre-Processing – Part 1: Pre-Treatment 411 Lope Tabil, Phani Adapa and Mahdi Kashaninejad Chapter 19 Biomass Feedstock Pre-Processing – Part 2: Densification 439 Lope Tabil, Phani Adapa and Mahdi Kashaninejad Part 3 Process Optimization 465 Chapter 20 Performances of Enzymatic Glucose/O 2 Biofuel Cells 467 Habrioux Aurélien, Servat Karine, Tingry Sophie and Kokoh Boniface Contents VII Chapter 21 Quantifying Bio-Engineering: The Importance of Biophysics in Biofuel Research 493 Patanjali Varanasi, Lan Sun, Bernhard Knierim, Elena Bosneaga, Purbasha Sarkar, Seema Singh and Manfred Auer Part 4 Process Synthesis and Design 521 Chapter 22 Kinetic Study on Palm Oil Waste Decomposition 523 Zakir Khan, Suzana Yusup, Murni M. Ahmad, Yoshimitsu Uemura, Vuoi S. Chok, Umer Rashid and Abrar Inayat Chapter 23 Biofuels and Energy Self-Sufficiency: Colombian Experience 537 Elkin Alonso Cortés-Marín and Héctor José Ciro-Velázquez Chapter 24 Enzyme-Based Microfluidic Biofuel Cell to Generate Micropower 565 A.Zebda, C. Innocent, L. Renaud, M. Cretin, F. Pichot, R. Ferrigno and S. Tingry Chapter 25 Energy Paths due to Blue Tower Process 585 Kiyoshi Dowaki Chapter 26 Advances in the Development of Bioethanol: A Review 611 Giovanni Di Nicola, Eleonora Santecchia, Giulio Santori and Fabio Polonara Chapter 27 Effect of Fried Dishes Assortment on Chosen Properties of Used Plant Oils as Raw Materials for Production of Diesel Fuel Substitute 639 Marek Szmigielski, Barbara Maniak, Wiesław Piekarski and Grzegorz Zając Chapter 28 Recent Development of Miniatured Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 657 Yin Song, Varun Penmasta and Chunlei Wang Chapter 29 Biorefining Lignocellulosic Biomass via the Feedstock Impregnation Rapid and Sequential Steam Treatment 685 Jean-Michel Lavoie, Romain Beauchet, Véronique Berberi and Michel Chornet Chapter 30 Biomethanol Production from Forage Grasses, Trees, and Crop Residues 715 Hitoshi Nakagawa, Masayasu Sakai, Toshirou Harada, Toshimitsu Ichinose, Keiji Takeno, Shinji Matsumoto, Makoto Kobayashi,Keigo Matsumoto and Kenichi Yakushido Preface Over the past 20 years, there has been a substantial increase in research and develop- ment in the area of biofuels. Many researchers around the world have dealt with envi- ronmental, economic, policy and technical subjects aspects relating to these studies. In a way, this book aspires to be a comprehensive summary of current biofuels issues and thereby contribute to the understanding of this important topic. Chapters include di- gests on: the development efforts on biofuels, their implications for the food industry, current and future biofuels crops, the successful Brazilian ethanol program, insights of the first, second, third and fourth biofuel generations, advanced biofuel production techniques, related waste treatment, emissions and environmental impacts, water con- sumption, produced allergens and toxins. Relating theoretical and experimental analyses with many important applied purposes of current relevance will make this book extremely useful for researchers, scientists, engineers and graduate students, who can make use of the experimental and theoreti- cal investigations, assessment and enhancement techniques described in this multidis- ciplinary field. Additionally, the biofuel policy discussion is expected to be continuing in the foreseeable future and the reading of the biofuels features dealt with in this book, are recommended for anyone interested in understanding this diverse and de- veloping theme Dr Ing. Marco Aurélio dos Santos Bernardes Environmental Assessment and Management Postdoctoral Researcher at CRP Henri Tudor 66 rue de Luxembourg [...]... (IP) 3-5 2.5-5 .15 0 .1- 1.2 0 .1- 1.0 0 .1- 1.0 2-9 15 2 -10 5.5-8.5 15 15 , 25 280-335 800-950 850 950 -12 00 950 -12 00 750-950 10 00 -15 00 800 850 -14 50 800 13 00 0 0.23-0.46 0. 01 0.02-0.03 0.02-0.03 0.54 0.27 -1. 0 0.25 0. 01- 10 0.6 0.02 0 2 -11 0.004-0.05 0.008-0 .13 0.008-0 .13 8-40 18 -65 4-20 0.5-700 69 1. 3-2.2 Red Table 2 Experimental data on thermal pretreatment of particles in the air (IP – individual particle, FB... fuel particles in the air showed in Table 2 No Material (method) Particle size, mm Environment Speed of blowing, temperature, оС m/s 1 Charcoal (IP) 3-80 250 -12 00 0-0.5 11 -43 2 Wood (IP) 3-80 250 -12 00 0-0.5 11 -43 3 Pellet (IP) 13 250 -12 00 0 0 4 Date seed (IP) 11 10 0 -12 00 0 0 5 Pellet (IP) 13 600 -10 00 0 .18 10 -24 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Charcoal (IP) Brown coal (FB) Brown coal (IP) Brown coal (IP)... Specific surface area S0, m2/g NA / 29.2 454 / 366 Wood pellet Date seed 10 2 87 17 .5 4 0.97 85 18 .9 12 00 11 50 20 2.0 25 0. 01 NA / 6 NA / 1 NA / 360 NA / 70 NA / 436 NA / 2 NA / 1 200 / 620 87 / 60 NA / 9 .1 NA – not available Table 1 Model fuels characteristics Kinetics of conversion in combustion mode was studied on individual particles with equivalent diameter dp = 3–75 mm The range of diameters examined... blow at 10 00оС to the third zone, 8 – with carbon dioxide blow at 10 00оС to the third zone; 9 – miniCHP gasifier Viking, Denmark (estimated); 10 – mini-CHP gasifier, UrFU (estimated); 11 – brown coal gasification (estimation); 11 – joint gasification of brown coal and natural gas, VNII NP; 12 , 12 – downdraft producer by ISEM with different blow temperatures 22 Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology. .. Original particle Moisture of fuel as received War, % 1. 4 8 Ash (dry basis), Ad, % 0.9 1 Volatile content Vdaf, % 15 88 Low heat value Qdaf, MJ/kg 31. 5 18 .1 Apparent density of fuel as received 380 520 , kg/m3 Porosity П, % 75 65 Specific surface area S0, m2/g 8.6 1. 0 Coke-ash residue after pyrolysis (fast heating/slow heating) Ash content A, % NA / 1. 5 NA / 3 Volatile content Vdaf, % NA / 1 NA / 1 280... emission, overheating and burning rate and the particle approaches to isothermal burning With diameter changing from 10 to 75 mm at Tm = 800оС the overheating lowers from 12 0 15 0оС to 30оС, and burning rate from 2 to 0.2 g/(m2s) In the range of dp = 10 –75 mm calculation with accuracy of 15 % is approximated by dependence Т 11 30 dp 0.84 , оС and j 23 dp 1 , g/(m2s) Diameter dp is expressed in... is below calculated values (line 1) Calculation with actual burning rates (line 2) is close to actual overheating values 16 Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology Fig 8 Overheating and burning rate vs particle size: 1 – calculated, 2 – ditto for actual burning rates, 3 – calculation for FB with inert material diameter from 0.4 to 1. 5 mm Numbers are per Table 2 With particle size increase its specific... the burning rates vs particle temperature 14 Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology Experimental points are located within the ”segment” limited by lines of kinetic and diffusion modes Wood burning rate in high-temperature conditions at tp = 900 оС and w = 0 m/s is less than estimated speed limit in diffusion mode by approximately 5 15 %, charcoal rate by 10 -30% Fig 6 Curves: a) particle center overheating,... decomposition they partially form 12 Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology soot on porous coke-ash residue surface and partially emit non-ignited as a dense smoke (of fallow color) On segment A"–B within approximately 250–300 sec temperature in seed center actually coincides with muffle temperature Formally this period is a variety of wellknown induction period (Pomerantsev, 19 73) Partial overlap of... at Т = 10 00оС Overheating curve for wood particles reproduces charcoal curve in shortened variant For seeds the pattern differs radically from above cited In this case there is no overheating in the domain of volatile emission (which is weaker than with wood particles) which means that they behave like chemically inert substances It is only at Т > 370оС the 10 Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology . (IP) 0 .1- 1.0 950 -12 00 0.02-0.03 0.008-0 .13 10 Antracite (IP) 0 .1- 1.0 950 -12 00 0.02-0.03 0.008-0 .13 11 Antracite (FB) 2-9 750-950 0.54 8-40 12 Antracite (IP) 15 10 00 -15 00 0.27 -1. 0 18 -65 13 Fossil. seed (IP) 11 10 0 -12 00 0 0 5 Pellet (IP) 13 600 -10 00 0 .18 10 -24 6 Charcoal (IP) 3-5 280-335 0 0 7 Brown coal (FB) 2.5-5 .15 800-950 0.23-0.46 2 -11 8 Brown coal (IP) 0 .1- 1.2 850 0. 01 0.004-0.05. 18 -65 13 Fossil coal (FB) 2 -10 800 0.25 4-20 14 Carbon (IP) 5.5-8.5 850 -14 50 0. 01- 10 0.5-700 15 Graphite (IP) 15 800 0.6 69 16 Electrode C (IP) 15 , 25 13 00 0.02 1. 3-2.2 Table 2. Experimental