Tai Lieu Chat Luong Vietnam’s Political Process In a system that is known for its covert political style, Vietnam’s decision- making process is often described as either consensus-based or simply confusing and inexplicable This book provides an approach to understanding political decision-making in Vietnam by recognizing enduring values that are derived from State-controlled education and official historical narratives The nation’s official historical narrative has led to the development of protected values that are called upon during political decision-making In order to secure these values, such as regime stability, national independence, and social order, officials must act within accepted rules of appropriate political behavior The book shows that through State-run education, mandatory defense training, and membership in mass organizations, Vietnamese citizens are taught social and political ethics, and their identity is moulded in concert with this process Using textbooks and education to understand the underlying values within Vietnam’s society is used as the contextual framework for two case studies – the problem of landmines and the on-going threat of avian influenza – which examine how authorities frame problems, negotiate, and deal with potential crises This book will be of great interest to academics and students within Asian studies, but also for policy makers involved with the country and those understanding business in Vietnam, including non-governmental organizations, private businesses and charitable groups Casey Lucius is an Associate Professor at the Naval War College, Monterey, California and was the operations assistant to the US ambassador to Vietnam Routledge contemporary Southeast Asia series Land Tenure, Conservation and Development in Southeast Asia Peter Eaton The Politics of Indonesia– Malaysia Relations One kin, two nations Joseph Chinyong Liow Governance and Civil Society in Myanmar Education, health and environment Helen James Regionalism in Post-Suharto Indonesia Edited by Maribeth Erb, Priyambudi Sulistiyanto and Carole Faucher Living with Transition in Laos Market integration in Southeast Asia Jonathan Rigg Christianity, Islam and Nationalism in Indonesia Charles E Farhadian Violent Conflicts in Indonesia Analysis, representation, resolution Edited by Charles A Coppel Revolution, Reform and Regionalism in Southeast Asia Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam Ronald Bruce St John The Politics of Tyranny in Singapore and Burma Aristotle and the rhetoric of benevolent despotism Stephen McCarthy 10 Ageing in Singapore Service needs and the state Peggy Teo, Kalyani Mehta, Leng Leng Thang and Angelique Chan 11 Security and Sustainable Development in Myanmar Helen James 12 Expressions of Cambodia The politics of tradition, identity and change Edited by Leakthina Chau-Pech Ollier and Tim Winter 13 Financial Fragility and Instability in Indonesia Yasuyuki Matsumoto 14 The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics The deployment of adat from colonialism to indigenism Edited by Jamie S Davidson and David Henley 15 Communal Violence and Democratization in Indonesia Small town wars Gerry van Klinken 16 Singapore in the Global System Relationship, structure and change Peter Preston 17 Chinese Big Business in Indonesia The state of the capital Christian Chua 18 Ethno-religious Violence in Indonesia From soil to god Chris Wilson 19 Ethnic Politics in Burma States of conflict Ashley South 20 Democratization in PostSuharto Indonesia Edited by Marco Bünte and Andreas Ufen 21 Party Politics and Democratization in Indonesia Golkar in the post-Suharto era Dirk Tomsa 22 Community, Environment and Local Governance in Indonesia Locating the Commonweal Edited by Carol Warren and John F McCarthy 23 Rebellion and Reform in Indonesia Jakarta’s security and autonomy polices in Aceh Michelle Ann Miller 24 Hadrami Arabs in Present-day Indonesia An Indonesia-oriented group with an Arab signature Frode F Jacobsen 25 Vietnam’s Political Process How education shapes political decision-making Casey Lucius Vietnam’s Political Process How education shapes political decision-making Casey Lucius First published 2009 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010 To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk © 2009 Casey Lucius All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lucius, Casey Vietnam’s political process: how education shapes political decision- making/Casey Lucius p cm Includes bibliographical references Public administration–Vietnam Education–Political aspects– Vietnam Decision-making–Political aspects–Vietnam Political culture–Vietnam Vietnam–Politics and government I Title JQ831L83 2009 320.609597–dc22 2008052562 ISBN 0-203-87616-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-49812-0 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-87616-4 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-49812-8 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-87616-9 (ebk) Contents List of illustrations Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Rule-following and decision-making literature Vietnam’s political structure Perspectives on current decision-making 12 ix x xx A historical and cultural framework 15 Review of Vietnamese text books and defense education 27 A case study on the National Landmine Impact Survey in Vietnam 57 The official historical discourse 16 Creating an official culture 23 Conclusion 25 The current structure and priority of education 29 Main themes taught to Vietnamese citizens 30 The values taught to today’s leadership 48 Summary and conclusion 50 The nature and extent of the problem 57 Entities involved in the National Landmine Impact Survey 61 Actions taken on the landmine/UXO problem 62 Phase I of the National Landmine Impact Survey 64 Phase II of the National Landmine Impact Survey 76 Data collected from interviews and literature 80 Analysis of decision-making 81 viii Contents A case study on Vietnam’s response to AI The nature and extent of the problem 87 Decisions made by Vietnamese officials 93 International and intra-national partners 96 Actions taken against AI in Vietnam 98 Future actions to be taken against AI in Vietnam 104 Existing challenges for Vietnamese officials 105 Vietnam’s achievements in the fight against AI 109 Analysis of decision-making 110 87 Comparison and analysis of two case studies 115 Other things to consider about decision-making in Vietnam 122 Conclusion 138 Appendix A: political system of Vietnam 147 Appendix B: Government of Vietnam 148 Appendix C: political bureau members 150 Notes Bibliography Index 151 171 179 The role of the people in political decision-making 122 The role of mass organizations 126 The role of the media 129 Economic factors 132 The possibility of political change 134 Conclusion 136 Rules and protected values 139 The official role of the people and the party 141 Future changes 142 Final thoughts 145 Illustrations Figures Map indicating landmine survey locations Provinces in Vietnam affected by avian influenza Communist Party of Vietnam structure; central to commune level Vietnamese government structure with US equivalents 78 91 123 124 Table 1 Cumulative number of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A/H5N1 reported by WHO, 10 September 2008 89 172 Bibliography Forbes, 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text), Nhà Xuất Bản Giáo Dục, 2005 Bộ Giáo Dục Đào Tạo, Lịch Sử, 11 (Eleventh Grade History text), Nhà Xuất Bản Giáo Dục, 2005 Giáo Dục Công Dân (Ninth Grade Citizenship text), Nhà Xuất Bản Giáo Dục, 2005 Giáo Dục Công Dân 11 (Eleventh Grade Citizenship text), Nhà Xuất Bản Giáo Dục, 2005 Giáo Dục Công Dân 12 (Twelfth Grade Citizenship text), Nhà Xuất Bản Giáo Dục, 2005 Niên Giám Tổ Chức Hành Chính Việt Nam 2004–2005 (Government leaders, Ministers, Politburo of 2004–05) Nhà Xuất Bản Thống Kê, 2005 Legal documents Công Bảo (Vietnam Law and Legal Forum), monthly issues, 2005, 2006 Decision No 12/2000/QD-BGDDT (defense education), May 2000 Decree No 15/2001/NG-CP (defense education curriculum), May 2001 Decision No 40/2002/QD-BGDDT (promulgating defense education curriculum), October 2002 Decree 08/2002/VT BGD-DT (defense education for high school teachers), March 2002 Decision No 51/2003/QD-BGDDT (curriculum framework for university defense education), November 2003 Decision No 224/2003/QD-TTG (establishment of defense education councils at provincial and district levels), November, 2003 Decision No 309/3005/QD-TTG (decision compensating farmers for lost poultry), 2005 Law No 53/2005/QH11 (Youth Law), 2005 Law No 11/2005/L-CTN (Education Law), 2005 Magazines Nghiên cứu Lập pháp (Legislative Studies Magazine), August 2001 178 Bibliography Newspapers Nhân Dân (The People), various articles and dates Quân đội nhân dân (The People’s Army), various articles and dates Thanh Niên (Youth), various articles and dates Tuổi Trẻ (The Young), various articles and dates Voice of Vietnam, various articles and dates Websites Chu Nguyễn, “Tài Liệu Tham Khỏa: Lịch Sử Việt Nam & Trials and Tribulations of a Nation,” available www.viettouch.com/hist/ “Voice of Vietnam.” (2006) Available www.vov.org.vn “Youth Organizations of Vietnam.” (2006) Available www.doanthannien.org.vn/en Index Adams, Jim 109 AI (avian influenza): selection for case study xiv–xv; as threat 112–13, 119; timeline 120; WHO scale xv AI (avian influenza) case study: achievements 109–10; action taken 98–104; challenges 105–9; collaboration 116; decision-making 110–14; decisions made 93–6; extent of problem 87–93; future action 104–5; and historical context 55; and international partners 96–8; long term plans 118; nature of problem 87 air purification 108 American War 19, 20, 35, 36, 133 An Giang province 90 anti-epidemic groups 103 anti-viral drugs 103 APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation): conference appropriateness xiv, 2–3, 4, 54, 84, 116, 134, 140, 143 Article 44; State Constitution 48 Articles 30, 32, 33, and 34; socialist constitution 24–5 Ashwill, Mark 140 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) see APEC Asia Pacific Strategy for Emerging Diseases 117 Asian Development Bank 97 Asian flu 88 Association for Vietnamese Folklorists 127 August Revolution (1945) 18, 23–4 AUSAID xiv avian influenza (AI) see AI Bắc Giang province 90 Bạc Liêu province 90, 108 Ball, Steven 69 Benedict, Ruth 139 Biểu, Colonel 68, 83 bird flu see AI bombing: in Southeast Asia 57–8 bombing levels 73 BOMICEN (Center for Bomb and Mine Disposal Technology) xiv, 60, 61, 66–7, 72, 74, 75, 77, 85 border control: and AI 105 Bradley, Mark Philip 51 Bùi Quang Anh 103 Bùi Thanh Sơn 132 bureaucratism 44 Cà Mau province 90 Cambodia 21 Cần Thơ City 90 Cần Thơ province 92, 99 Cao Bằng province 58, 90 Cao Ðức Phát 93, 98, 105, 107 capitalism 34, 49, 132, 134, 143 case studies: comparative analysis 115–21; see also AI (avian influenza) case study; National Landmine Impact Survey case-by-case analysis xiv, 52–3, 84, 116, 139, 143, 145 casualties: landmines/UXO incidents 57, 58–9, 60, 73–4, 81, 117 Catholic Church 19 “Catholic culture” 25 Catholic Relief Services xiv censorship 131 Center for Bomb and Mine Disposal Technology (BOMICEN) see BOMICEN Central Committee 10, 49 Central Hồ Chí Minh Communist Youth Union 45 Central Ideology and Cultural Committee 45 180 Index Chairman of the Department of Personnel 10 Chairman of the National Assembly 9, 41 Chaliand, Gerard 8, 31 Chamber of Commerce 128 China–Vietnam conflict 16, 58 citizens: influence 124–5 citizenship education 31–3, 42–3, 97, 141–2 citizenship text books 27, 31, 42–3 civics classes 48 civil society groups 127 class struggle 23–4 Clear Path International xiv, 64 collaboration 116 collectivism: and individualism 49 collectivization 20–1, 122 collegial model Commission for Ideology and Culture 127 Committee on Social Affairs 63 commune leaders 70–1 commune level 11, 124 communes 8, 31, 114 Communist Party of Vietnam: and AI 111– 13; authority 1; cultural policy 23–4; and education 33–7; governmental structure xvii, xviii, legitimacy xvi, 87, 113, 137; members 133; national policymaking process 8–9; and Politburo 11; and political discourse 143; protection of 116–17; role of 52, 142, 143; and social harmony 19–20; structure 123 comparative analysis: case studies 115–21 compensation: avian flu 90, 99–100 compromise 13 Conference on Disarmament 80 Confucian culture 25 Confucian education 50 Confucian era Confucian values 140 Confucianism 6, Công Lý 130 consensus decision-making xvi, 12, 13–14, 21 Constitution (1992) 29, 124 contaminated areas: landmines/UXO 59–60 control, consolidation and eradication plan 102, 104–5 Convention on Conventional Weapons 80 cooperation 97, 116 cooperatives 20–1 coordinated action plan: AI 100 coordination 97 corruption 44, 108–9, 131, 135 Country Plan for Mine Action 76 crisis possibility 135 culling 88, 92, 98, 99, 101, 113 Cult of the Holy Mothers 127 cultural policy: Communist Party of Vietnam 23–4 cultural traditions 41 cultural values 28–9 culture 22–5 Culture and Social Behavior 140 Ðà Nẵng City 77 Dắk Lắk province 59 Đào Ngọc Dung 142 death toll: AI xv 88–90 decision-making: AI case study 110–14; landmine impact survey case study 81–6; role of the people 121–6, 141, 142 Decision No 3400 QD/BNN-TY 94, 111 Decision No 38/2005/QD-BYT 94, 111 Decision No 6719/VPCP-NN 93, 110–11, 114 decolonization 19 Defense Education Councils 48 defense education xii–xiii 30, 42–8, 97, 137, 140 defense of the homeland 18, 22, 28, 52 defensive qualities 20 democracy 39–40, 44 democracy activists 125 democratization 134 Department of Management and Finance 10–11 Department of Personnel 10 deviation: from socialist orientation 44 Điềm, Colonel 70 Displaced Orphans and Children’s Fund 64 dissidents 14, 20, 125 district leaders 85 District People’s Committees 65, 72, 84, 123 Đổi Mới 36 donations: for avian influenza outbreaks 97; and landmine clearance projects 64; see also grants Dồng Nai province 90 Đồng Tháp province 90 ducks: vaccination for 106 Durkheim, Emile 28 Dutter, Lee E 50 Early Warning and Response System 104 economic decision-making 12 Index 181 economic development 36, 142–3 economic factors: decision-making 132–4 economic stability 137 Edelman, Murray 25, 137 education: and AI 100–1, 105; for social order 30–3 Education Law see Law on Education education reforms 29, 30 education spending 29 education system: from 1954–1975 48–50; and knowledge 28; and rule-following 4–5; structure 29–30; and values xii–xiii educational campaigns: AI 90, 116 Elliott, David 29, 49 embezzlement 108–9 Emergency Disease Contingency Plan for Control of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza 94, 111 enforcement: AI policies 113–14 Engineering Command xiv, 77 epidemic preparation 103 epidemic prevention 103 eradication strategy: AI 94 evaluation: survey data 79 factional model family traditions 41 FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization) see United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Fatherland Front 11, 92, 126–7 Finnemore, Martha xvi five-year plans 36 flu pandemics 88, 103, 109 foreign investment 142 foreign media outlets 130–1 former Soviet Union 36–7, 38–9 freedom of speech 129–32, 134 French accord 18–19, 35 French occupation 16–17 Gainsborough, Martin 143 GDP growth 132 General Department of Politics 45 General Secretary of the Party 9, 12, 41 Gia Lai province 59 Gia Lông 17 Giáp, Võ Nguyên see Võ Nguyên Giáp Global Surveillance Program for Influenza 99 Government: legitimacy 87; ministerial level agencies 148; ministries 148; structure xvii–xviii, 9, 124 Government non-ministerial level agencies 149 Government Statistical Office 79 Gramsci, Antonio 28 grants 76; see also donations Green, Andy 28 group decision-making xvi H5N1 variant 87–8; see also AI (avian influenza) Hà Giang province 58, 59 Hà Nội province 92 Hà Tây province 92 Hà Tĩnh province 62, 64, 71, 77, 82 Hai Bà Tru’ng insurrection 22 harmony 31, 87 health screenings 105 heroes, historical 38, 39 Hải Dưng province 90, 92, 99 historical discourse 16–23, 118–19 historical narratives 2, 6–7, 15–16, 22, 25–6, 139 history: and decision-making 85–6 history text books 27, 35 Hồ Chí Minh 17–18, 20, 22, 23, 38, 49, 51 Hồ Chí Minh Communist Youth Union 31–2, 142 Hồ Chí Minh thought xii, 46, 51, 140–1, 142 Hồ Chí Minh Young Pioneer Organization 32–3 Hồ Chí Minh Youth Organization xii Hồ Chí Minh Youth Union 31–2 Hồ Đức Việt 150 Hoàn, Senior Colonel 70 Hoàng Châu Sõn 46 holidays 47 Hong Kong flu 88 honor citizens 124 human cases: AI xv, 88–90 human rights 44 humanitarian assistance 64 Humanitarian Demining Program 60, 63 Hữu Ngọc 143 identities 2–3, 4, 55, 113 identity: national 20, 25, 55 illegal poultry imports 106–7 immunization see vaccination impact: of landmines and UXO 72–3; see also National Landmine Impact Survey implementation: AI policies 113–14 independence, national 18, 28, 61, 137 individualism: collectivism and 49 182 Index Indochinese Communist Party 17–18 infection control 103 information dissemination 100–1, 105 information sharing 74–5, 79, 116 infrastructure development: and landmines xiii, 59, 62, 73, 85 injuries: from landmines xiii; see also casualties Institute for Sociology 63 institutional traditionalist model 7, 145 Integrated National Plan for Avian Influenza Control and Human Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response (Red Book) 96 Integrated Operational Program for Avian and Human Influenza 104 intellectuals 38–9 internal rebellion 139–40 International Campaign to Ban Landmines 61 international help: with AI 108 internationalism 49 Internet access 131, 142 interviews xv, xvii invasion, threat of 28–9, 42–8 “irregular issues” 116 Japanese: August Revolution (1945) 18; and Vietnam 35 Japanese economic model 38–9 Japanese Government 108 Joint Government–UN Program: Strengthening the Management of Public Health Emergencies in Vietnam 95–6, 111 journal articles 27 Kania, Raymond S 50 Karnow, Stanley 17 Kerkvliet, Benedict 8, 20, 122, 123 Kiên Giang province 90 knowledge: as social construct 28 Koh, David 10 Kolko, Gabriel 12 Kripke, Saul labor strikes 125 Lai Châu province 58 land reform program landmine impact surveys 61; see also National Landmine Impact Survey Landmine Monitor xiv landmine strategy 80–1, 116 landmine survey locations 78 landmines: casualties 57, 58–9, 60, 73–4, 81, 117; clearance 54–5, 60–1, 117–18; historical element 118; injuries from xiii; nature and extent of 57–61; see also National Landmine Impact Survey Lạng Sơn province 58, 106, 107 Lange, John 109 Lào Cai province 58 Laos 110 Law on Education 41, 46, 139 Law on Organization of the Government 128 Law on the Organization of People’s Councils and People’s Committees (2003) 123 laws, youth 33 Lê Công Phụng 112 Lê Duẩn 50 Le Dynasty 31 Lê Hồng Anh 150 Lê Minh Vũ 44 Lê Thanh Hải 150 Lê Văn Bàng 60 Leahy War Victims Fund 64 Leckinger, Tom 58, 79 legitimacy 37, 87, 111, 112, 117 Levan, Hoa 6, 7, 132–3, 140, 145 local committees 8–9 local officials 8–9, 47, 53, 55, 113, 123 loyalty 22, 31, 61 Ly, Father 126 Malinowski, Bronislaw 38 Mao Zedong 23 March, James 2–4, 51–2 MARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) xiv–xv, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 111, 119 marriage 41 Marxist–Leninism xii, 35, 46, 51, 140–1 mass consciousness 23 mass organizations 9, 11, 126–9 media: and education 40–1; and history stories 22; openness of xiv; and public complaints 124; role of 129–32 medical care: AI 102–3, 107–8 Mekong Delta 90, 106 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) see MOU methodology xi–xvii military training xii–xiii Mine Ban Treaty 61 minefields: location 59–60 Mines Advisory Group xiv 63, 64 Index 183 Minh Mạng 17 ministerial level agencies 148 ministries: list of 148; ranking 119 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) see MARD Ministry of Construction (MOC) 63 Ministry of Culture and Information (MOCI) 24, 30, 40, 97, 100 Ministry of Defense (MOD) see MOD Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) see MOET Ministry of Finance (MOF) see MOF Ministry of Health (MOH) see MOH Ministry of Labor, Invalids, and Social Affairs (MOLISA) see MOLISA Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) see MPI Ministry of Trade (MOT) see MOT MOC (Ministry of Construction) see Ministry of Construction MOCI see Ministry of Culture and Information MOD (Ministry of Defense): and AI 97, 98; approaches to problem solving 115– 16; decision-making 82–3; education 30, 45; influence of 119; interviews xiv; landmine impact survey 66–70, 74–7; landmine/UXO data 65, 79–80; landmine/UXO projects 62–3, 81; power of xiii MOET (Ministry of Education and Training) 30, 40, 45, 63, 97 MOF (Ministry of Finance) 97 MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) 12, 63, 64, 97, 127, 130, 131 MOFi (Ministry of Fisheries) officials 10, 12 MOH (Ministry of Health): and AI xiv–xv, 94, 98, 100, 111; duties 119; landmine/ UXO data 65; landmine/UXO problem 63, 81 MOLISA (Ministry of Labor, Invalids, and Social Affairs) 58, 63, 65 monitoring: of foreign workers 116–17; survey data 79 moral behavior 33 moral economy model “moral education” 48 MOT (Ministry of Trade) 97 MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) 61, 67, 69–70, 82, 97–8, 117 MPI (Ministry of Planning and Investment) 85, 97 multi-party democracy 134 myths 38 Nabarro, David 96, 110 National Assembly 9, 11; Committee on Social Affairs 63 national discourse 6–7 national identity 20, 25, 55 national independence 18, 28, 61, 137 national integrated plan 109–10 National Landmine Impact Survey: actions taken 62–4; approval for 117–18; entities involved 61–2; initiation 60–1; Phase I 62, 64–76; Phase II 62, 76–80; selection as case study xiii–xiv; timeline 121; timing 117, 118 national landmine strategy 80–1, 83 National Pandemic Preparedness Plan 109 National Party Congress: ninth 44; Political Report 37; second 9; tenth 1, 9, 44, 48, 132 National Plan of Action on Human Influenza Pandemic Prevention and Control in Vietnam 94, 111 National Preparedness Plan in Response to Avian Influenza Epidemic H5N1 and Human Influenza Pandemic 93, 110–11, 114 National SARS Steering Committee 94 national spirit 49 National Steering Committee on Accident and Injury Prevention 81 National Steering Committee for Avian Influenza Prevention and Control 93, 95 National Steering Committee for Bird Flu Control 92 National Steering Committee for H5N1 Avian Influenza among Humans 94 National Steering Committee for HPAI 111 national unity 21 nationalism 15, 16, 22, 35, 38, 39, 49, 57, 145 nationalization 23 nepotistic-dictatorial model Nghệ An province 77, 82, 90 Ngô Xuân Thu 47 NGOs: influence of 127; and landmine/ UXO problem 60, 61, 63, 68, 69 Nguyễn Đình Chiểu 141 Nguyễn Khắc Nghiên 47 Nguyễn Khắc Viện 50 Nguyễn Khánh Toàn 49 Nguyễn Minh Triết 40, 41, 150 Nguyễn Phú Trọng 41, 150 Nguyễn Quang Vinh 129 Nguyễn Sinh Hùng 150 184 Index Nguyễn Tấn Dũng 150 Nguyễn Thiện Nhân 30 Nguyễn Văn An 8, 129 Nguyễn Văn Chi 150 Nguyễn Văn Đài 125–6 Nhân Dân article 49 Ninh Binh province 90 Ninh, Kim 23 Ninth National Party Congress 44 Nông Đức Mạnh 150 North, Douglass 52 official culture 23–5 official historical discourse 16–23 openness xiv, 87, 110 Ordinance on Infectious Disease Control 100 Osterholm, Michael 111–12 Ottawa Convention 80 pandemics 88, 103, 109, 112 Parsons, Talcott 139 participatory decision-making xvi, 12, 14 Party Congress see National Party Congress patriotism 20, 37–9, 43, 44, 48, 61 Peace Trees Vietnam xiv, 63 peasant rebellion 139–40 Pelley, Patricia 6, 16, 19 Pennings, Paul 13 People, the: concept of 9; and decisionmaking 121–6, 141–2 People’s Army of Vietnam 9, 60 People’s Committees 8–9, 11, 93, 114, 123, 124 personal development 49 personalist culture 22–3 Phạm Gia Khiêm 47, 150 Phạm Hồng Bàng 59 Phạm Quang Nghi 150 Phạm Thế Duyệt 127, 129, 132 Phạm Vãn Ðức 38 Phan Bội Châu 39 Phan Chu Trinh 39 Phan Ngọc 22 Phan Trọng Bình 138 Phan Vãn Khải 11 Phùng Quang Thanh 150 Pike, Douglas 4, 6, “pioneers” xii Political Bureau (Politburo) xviii, 10, 12, 119 political bureau members 150 political change 134–6 political discourse 143 political dissidents 125 political elites 13 political stability 87, 137 political structure xvii–xviii, 8–11 political system 6, 147 political value systems 28–9 Popkin, Samuel 7, 132 Popular Organizations 127–8 population 29 poultry imports 106–7 poultry industry: restructuring 101–2, 104–5, 118 poultry smuggling 107 poverty 73 power sharing 13 power, political 12 President 12, 40, 41 press outlets 129; see also media press reports 27 Prime Minister: and AI decisions xiv; authority xviii, 10, 12, 85; position private educational institutions 30 Project Management Unit 66 protected values xvi 3, 7, 29, 53–5, 61, 84, 86, 111, 112, 117, 126, 139–41, 143–5 provinces: affected by avian influenza 90–2 Provincial Foreign Relations Departments 72, 75, 77, 85 provincial leaders 85 Provincial People’s Committees 8, 72, 75, 84–5, 95 Public Administration Reform Master Program 127 public atonement 31 Quảng Bình province 62, 64, 71, 73, 77, 82, 99 Quảng Nam province 77 Quảng Ngã province 99 Quảng Ninh province 58, 90, 106 Quảng Trị province 57–8, 59, 62, 63–4, 71, 77, 82 quarantine rooms 105 radio broadcasts 131 rational choice model 7, 132 rebellion, internal 139–40 Red Book (Integrated National Plan for Avian Influenza Control and Human Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response) 96 Red Cross 100, 107 Index 185 red flag youth group 31 Red River Delta 88 regime stability 28, 33–7, 87, 137 “regular issues” 116 Responding to the avian influenza pandemic threat: recommended strategic actions 96 responsibility: Youth Law 41–2 revolutionary personalist culture 22–3 revolutions 34 rezoning scheme 104 Rietveld, Alexander 66, 71, 74, 85 role-taking 137 Ruenza 103 rule-following xvi, 2–7, 52–4, 84, 139, 145 rules 48–50, 112 rural customs 140 Sabharwal, Gita 126 sabotage, threat of 28–9, 42–8, 61 SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) xv, 87, 95, 112, 117 Schwartz, Shalom H scientific objectivity 23 Scott, James C scrap metal collection 59 Second National Party Congress Secretariat xviii, 10 security 80 security forces 43 security policies 42–8 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) see SARS Shugart, Ian 109–10 Sinh, Colonel 69 “skeptical paradox” Skocpol, Theda 140 slaughtering (poultry) 101–2, 104, 113; see also culling smuggling (poultry) 106–7 social behavior 132–3 social democracy 39–40 social harmony xi, 8, 14, 19, 21, 30–3, 42, 52, 129 social order 28, 30–3, 87 socialism 34–7, 49, 132, 143 socialist constitution 24–5 socialist leadership 33 Socialist Revolution 34 society: and rule-following socio-economic impact of landmines 72–3 SODI/Gerbera 64 sovereignty 13, 42, 54, 60, 80, 83, 132 Soviet Union 36–7, 38–9 Spanish flu pandemic 88 Spencer, James H 144 stability of the ruling party 28, 33–7, 145 stakeholders: National Landmine Impact Survey 79–80 stamp exhibition 21 State, the State Bank 97 State Constitution xvii–xviii, 12, 24, 48 State Legislature xvii–xviii State President 10 Stoeh, Klaus 109 strategy, national landmine 80–1 “street history telling” 21–2 Strengthening the Management of Public Health Emergencies in Vietnam 95, 111 strikes 125 Stromseth, Jonathan 128 structure, political see political structure subsidy economy 133–4 subversive unrest 44 surveillance system: for infectious disease 105 survey locations 78 Tamiflu 103, 108 Tây Sõn rebellion 16, 19 teacher training universities 46 television broadcasts 131 Tenth National Party Congress 1, 9, 32, 44, 48 territorial sovereignty 80 text books review: overview 27–9 Thân Thi Thịên Hương 126 Thanh Hoá province 90 Thayer, Carlyle 6, 7, 145 The Loyal Horse (poem) 141 theory of rule-following xvi, 2–7 Thiệu Trị 17 Thoi Đại 130 threats: AI as 112–13, 119; and education 42–8; fear of 63, 83–4; foreign invasion 76; sense of 54–5 Thừa Thiên Huế province 77, 82, 90 timelines: AI (avian influenza) 120; case studies 117–18; National Landmine Impact Survey 121 timing: case studies comparison 117–18 Tô Huy Rứa 130 tourism 90, 111, 114, 117, 132 Tạp Chí Quốc Phịng Toàn Dân articles 47 tradition: and education 41 Trấn Phước 97 Trần Thị Trung Chiến 98 186 Index transparency 80, 110, 113 Triandis, Harry 140 Trịnh Quân Huấn 107–8 Troedsson, Hans 106 Trưng Chinh 23 Trung sisters 22, 38 Trưởng Văn Dũng 106 Trương Tấn Sang 150 Trương Vĩng Trọng 150 Tự Ðức 17 type A flu see AI (avian influenza) UN Security Council UNDP (United Nations Development Program) 95 unexploded ordnance (UXO) see landmines Unexploded Ordnance and Landmine Impact Assessment and Technical Survey Report 62 UNICEF xiv, 95 United Nations Development Program (UNDP) see UNDP United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 95, 96 universities 29–30, 46 unrest 44 US Country Plan for Mine Action 76 US Embassy xiv, xv, xvii, 62, 65, 69, 75, 77, 132 US Government: grants 76; humanitarian assistance 64; landmine clearance 63 US Humanitarian Demining Program 60, 63 USAID xiv UXO (unexploded ordnance) see landmines vaccination 102, 104, 106 values 28–9, 48–50; protected see protected values Vanberg, Viktor 53 Vasavakul, Thaveeporn 29, 48–9, 127 VFF (Vietnam Fatherland Front) see Fatherland Front victims: of landmines/UXO incidents see casualties Việt Minh 17, 18–19 Việt Minh–Franco Accord 18–19 Vietnam–American war see American War Vietnam National Union of Students 32, 33 Vietnam News articles 40 Vietnam Partners for Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza 103 Vietnam Union of Friendship Organization (VUFO) 63, 68, 127 Vietnam Union of Literature and Arts Association 127 Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Association 127 Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation (VVAF) see VVAF Vietnam Youth Federation 32, 33 Vietnam: Anatomy of a Peace 12 village level political system village solidarity 140 Vĩnh Long province 92 Vĩnh Phúc province 99 Võ Nguyên Giáp 19, 20, 25–6, 140–1, 142 vocational schools: defense education 45–6 Vũ Đức Khiến 22 Vũ Khoan 109 VUFO (Vietnam Union of Friendship Organization) see Vietnam Union of Friendship Organization VVAF (Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation) xiii, xiv, 61, 65, 66–7, 68, 76, 79 War Remnants Museum 21 Weber, Eugen 28 Wedeen, Lisa 25, 52 “white zones” 59–60 WHO (World Health Organization) 95, 96, 99; bird flu scale xv Wilcox, Wynn 17 Wischermann, Joerg 129 Wittgenstein, Ludwig Women’s Union 21, 22, 103 World Bank 96–7 World Health Organization (WHO) see WHO WTO (World Trade Organization) Young Pioneers 32–3 Youth Law 33, 41–2 youth organizations 31–3 Youth Union xii, 31–2, 46, 96, 103, 141