Ferroelectrics Characterization and Modeling Part 1 pdf

FERROELECTRICS - CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING Edited by Mickaël Lallart Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling Edited by Mickaël Lallart Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Silvia Vlase Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Noel Powell, Schaumburg, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published July, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling, Edited by Mickaël Lallart p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-455-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Characterization: Structural Aspects 1 Chapter 1 Structural Studies in Perovskite Ferroelectric Crystals Based on Synchrotron Radiation Analysis Techniques 3 Jingzhong Xiao Chapter 2 Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy Applied to the Study of Ferroelectric Materials 23 Josep Canet-Ferrer and Juan P. Martínez-Pastor Chapter 3 Internal Dynamics of the Ferroelectric (C 3 N 2 H 5 ) 5 Bi 2 Cl 11 Studied by 1 H NMR and IINS Methods 41 Krystyna Hołderna-Natkaniec, Ryszard Jakubas and Ireneusz Natkaniec Chapter 4 Structure – Property Relationships of Near-Eutectic BaTiO 3 – CoFe 2 O 4 Magnetoelectric Composites 61 Rashed Adnan Islam, Mirza Bichurin and Shashank Priya Chapter 5 Impact of Defect Structure on ’Bulk’ and Nano-Scale Ferroelectrics 79 Emre Erdem and Rüdiger-A. Eichel Chapter 6 Microstructural Defects in Ferroelectrics and Their Scientific Implications 97 Duo Liu Part 2 Characterization: Electrical Response 115 Chapter 7 All-Ceramic Percolative Composites with a Colossal Dielectric Response 117 Vid Bobnar, Marko Hrovat, Janez Holc and Marija Kosec VI Contents Chapter 8 Electrical Processes in Polycrystalline BiFeO 3 Film 135 Yawei Li, Zhigao Hu and Junhao Chu Chapter 9 Phase Transitions in Layered Semiconductor - Ferroelectrics 153 Andrius Dziaugys, Juras Banys, Vytautas Samulionis, Jan Macutkevic, Yulian Vysochanskii, Vladimir Shvartsman and Wolfgang Kleemann Chapter 10 Non-Linear Dielectric Response of Ferroelectrics, Relaxors and Dipolar Glasses 181 Seweryn Miga, Jan Dec and Wolfgang Kleemann Chapter 11 Ferroelectrics Study at Microwaves 203 Yuriy Poplavko, Yuriy Prokopenko, Vitaliy Molchanov and Victor Kazmirenko Part 3 Characterization: Multiphysic Analysis 227 Chapter 12 Changes of Crystal Structure and Electrical Properties with Film Thickness and Zr/(Zr+Ti) Ratio for Epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 Films Grown on (100) c SrRuO 3 //(100)SrTiO 3 Substrates by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition 229 Mohamed-Tahar Chentir, Hitoshi Morioka, Yoshitaka Ehara, Keisuke Saito, Shintaro Yokoyama, Takahiro Oikawa and Hiroshi Funakubo Chapter 13 Double Hysteresis Loop in BaTiO 3 -Based Ferroelectric Ceramics 245 Sining Yun Chapter 14 The Ferroelectric Dependent Magnetoelectricity in Composites 265 L. R. Naik and B. K. Bammannavar Chapter 15 Characterization of Ferroelectric Materials by Photopyroelectric Method 281 Dadarlat Dorin, Longuemart Stéphane and Hadj Sahraoui Abdelhak Chapter 16 Valence Band Offsets of ZnO/SrTiO 3 , ZnO/BaTiO 3 , InN/SrTiO 3 , and InN/BaTiO 3 Heterojunctions Measured by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 305 Caihong Jia, Yonghai Chen, Xianglin Liu, Shaoyan Yang and Zhanguo Wang Part 4 Modeling: Phenomenological Analysis 325 Chapter 17 Self-Consistent Anharmonic Theory and Its Application to BaTiO 3 Crystal 327 Yutaka Aikawa Contents VII Chapter 18 Switching Properties of Finite-Sized Ferroelectrics 349 L H. Ong and K H. Chew Chapter 19 Intrinsic Interface Coupling in Ferroelectric Heterostructures and Superlattices 373 K H. Chew, L H. Ong and M. Iwata Chapter 20 First-Principles Study of ABO 3 : Role of the B–O Coulomb Repulsions for Ferroelectricity and Piezoelectricity 395 Kaoru Miura Chapter 21 Ab Initio Studies of H-Bonded Systems: The Cases of Ferroelectric KH 2 PO 4 and Antiferroelectric NH 4 H 2 PO 4 411 S. Koval, J. Lasave, R. L. Migoni, J. Kohanoff and N. S. Dalal Chapter 22 Temperature Dependence of the Dielectric Constant Calculated Using a Mean Field Model Close to the Smectic A - Isotropic Liquid Transition 437 H. Yurtseven and E. Kilit Chapter 23 Mesoscopic Modeling of Ferroelectric and Multiferroic Systems 449 Thomas Bose and Steffen Trimper Chapter 24 A General Conductivity Expression for Space-Charge-Limited Conduction in Ferroelectrics and Other Solid Dielectrics 467 Ho-Kei Chan Part 5 Modeling: Nonlinearities 491 Chapter 25 Nonlinearity and Scaling Behavior in a Ferroelectric Materials 493 Abdelowahed Hajjaji, Mohamed Rguiti, Daniel Guyomar, Yahia Boughaleb and Christan Courtois Chapter 26 Harmonic Generation in Nanoscale Ferroelectric Films 513 Jeffrey F. Webb Chapter 27 Nonlinear Hysteretic Response of Piezoelectric Ceramics 537 Amir Sohrabi and Anastasia Muliana Chapter 28 Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Ferroelectric Material Behavior Using Hysteresis Operators 561 Manfred Kaltenbacher and Barbara Kaltenbacher Preface Ferroelectricity has been one of the most used and studied phenomena in both scien- tific and industrial communities. Properties of ferroelectrics materials make them par- ticularly suitable for a wide range of applications, ranging from sensors and actuators to optical or memory devices. Since the discovery of ferroelectricity in Rochelle Salt (which used to be used since 1665) in 1921 by J. Valasek, numerous applications using such an effect have been developed. First employed in large majority in sonars in the middle of the 20 th century, ferroelectric materials have been able to be adapted to more and more systems in our daily life (ultrasound or thermal imaging, accelerometers, gy- roscopes, filters…), and promising breakthrough applications are still under develop- ment (non-volatile memory, optical devices…), making ferroelectrics one of tomor- row’s most important materials. The purpose of this collection is to present an up-to-date view of ferroelectricity and its applications, and is divided into four books: • Material Aspects, describing ways to select and process materials to make them ferroelectric. • Physical Effects, aiming at explaining the underlying mechanisms in ferroelec- tric materials and effects that arise from their particular properties. • Characterization and Modeling, giving an overview of how to quantify the mechanisms of ferroelectric materials (both in microscopic and macroscopic approaches) and to predict their performance. • Applications, showing breakthrough use of ferroelectrics. Authors of each chapter have been selected according to their scientific work and their contributions to the community, ensuring high-quality contents. The present volume aims at exposing characterization methods and their application to assess the performance of ferroelectric materials, as well as presenting innovative approaches for modeling the behavior of such devices. The book is decomposed into five sections, including structural and microstructural characterization (chapters 1 to 6), electrical characterization (chapters 7 to 11), multiphysic characterization (chapters 12 to 16), phenomenological approaches for modeling the X Preface behavior of ferroelectric materials (chapters 17 to 24), and nonlinear modeling (chapters 25 to 28). I sincerely hope you will find this book as enjoyable to read as it was to edit, and that it will help your research and/or give new ideas in the wide field of ferroelectric mate- rials. Finally, I would like to take the opportunity of writing this preface to thank all the au- thors for their high quality contributions, as well as the InTech publishing team (and especially the publishing process manager, Ms. Silvia Vlase) for their outstanding support. June 2011 Dr. Mickaël Lallart INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne France [...]... experiment 14 Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling 2.2.2 High-pressure compressive behavior in PZNT-PT crystals Fig .12 shows the selected EDXD patterns of 0.92PZN-0.08PT sample under different pressures, from which the peaks of (11 0), (11 1), (200), ( 210 ), and ( 211 ) indexed in terms of rhombohedral structure can be observed The strong peaks of (11 1) and (200) of Pt, whose photonic energy is 19 .72keV... symbols are experiment data, and lines are fitting results The experiment data is fit perfectly using three Gaussian functions The positions of the three peaks are determined to be 711 2.8, 711 4.2 and 711 6.9 eV for sample A, and 711 2.6, 711 3.9 and 711 6.8 eV for sample B, respectively All the three peaks of sample B are slightly lower energy shifted than sample A, approximately 0 .1~ 0.3 eV This might be due... Radiation Analysis Techniques 15 Fig 13 The curves of d-spacing parameters of different diffraction peaks under various pressures Top part: d (11 0) vs pressure; Middle part: d (200) vs pressure; and Bottom part: d ( 211 ) vs pressure The abrupt changes appeared in B, D, and F zones of the curve, which are corresponding to the three pressure ranges of about 5 .17 -7.5GPa, 15 .2GPa- 21. 4GPa, and 30.3-34.5GPa, respectively,... 09 412 8 [19 ] Liu, J.; Li, Y Phys.: Condens Matter 2002, 14 , 10 505 -10 509 [20] Tinite, S.; Rabe, K.; Vanderbilt, D Phys Rev B 2003, 68, 14 410 5 [ 21] Bellaiche, L.; Kunc, K.; Besson, J Phys Re B 19 96, 54, 8945-8959 [22] Zhao, J.; Ross, N.; Angel, R Acta Crystallographica Section B 2004, 60, 263-2 71 [23] Hazen, R Rev Mineral 19 85, 14 , 317 -346 [24] Kreisel, J.; Glazer, A J Phys.: Condens Matter 2000, 12 ,... 19 91; 59 :19 52 [9] Cloetens P, Boller E, Ludwig W, Baruchel J, europhysics news, 2 010 ; March:46 [10 ] Jiang J, Zhao J, Tian Y, Instr and Meth., 19 93; 366: 354 [11 ] Xiao J, Zhang X, Zhu.P, Huang W, Yuan Q, Solid State Communication, 2008; 14 8: 10 9 [12 ] Yuan Q, Zhao C, Luo W, Yin X, Journal of Crystal Growth, 20 01; 233: 717 [13 ] Fujishiro, K.; Vlokh, R.; Kiat, J.; Dkhil, B.; Yamashita, Y Jpn J Appl Phys 19 98,... and A M Umarji, Material Research Bulletin, 30, 427-434, (19 95) [26] S P Singh, A K Singh, and D Pandey, J Phys.: Condense Matter 19 , 036 217 , (2007) [27] S P Singh, A K Singh, and D Pandey, Ferroelectrics, 324, 49 (2005) [28] C.-S Tu, C T Tseng, R R Chien, V Hugo Schmidt, and C.-M Hsieh, J Appl Phys 10 4,05 410 6 (2008) [29] Jie Wang, X G Tang, H L W Chan, C L Choy, and Haosu Luo, Appl Phys Lett 86, 15 2907,(2005)... York, (19 71) [4] Park S E., Shrout T.R., J Appl Phys., 19 97; 82: 18 04 22 Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling [5] Dong M., Ye Z G, J Crystal Growth, 2000; 209: 81 [6] David R., Gabrielle G., X-ray topography, NIST Recommended Practice Guide, Special publication 960 -10 [7] Huang X, Jiang S, Zeng W, Hu X, Feng D, Appl Phys Lett., 19 95; 66:2649 [8] Zhao J, Yang P, Jiang S, Appl Phys Lett., 19 91; ... J Appl Phys 19 98, 37, 52465248 [14 ] Xiao, J.; Tian, Y.; Huang, W.; Hang, Y.; Yin, S Phys Lett A 2002, 300, 456-460 [15 ] Paszkowicz, W Nuclear Instruments and Method in Physics Research B.2002, 19 8, 14 2 -18 2 [16 ] Kreisel, J.; Bouvier, P.; Naglione, M.; Dkhil, S A Phys Rev B 2004, 69, 09 010 4 [17 ] Kreisel, J.; Dkhil, B.; Bouvier, P.; Kiat, J Phys Rev B 2002, 65, 17 210 1 [18 ] Janolin, P E.; Dkhil, B.; Bouvier,... at 75 oC, and the tetragonal domains grow gradually 10 Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling Fig 7 (Colour on the web only) Images of the in situ synchrotron radiation topography in PZN–8% PT crystals, the x-rays incident direction to the crystal is [0 01] , the diffraction vector is g = (11 2): (a) room temperature (20 oC); (b) heating to 75 oC; (c) heating to 13 1 oC; (d) heating to 13 2 oC; (e)... intensity of ( 210 ) and ( 211 ) peaks become weaker from 21. 34GPa, and the ( 210 ) peak vanishes at the pressure of 28.38 G Pa at about 40.73GPa, these two peaks seem to be vanished The abrupt changes of the EDXD patterns indicates that the phase transitions can possibly be induced by applying pressures, and the estimated transition pressure point is at about 5 .17 GPa and 28.38GPa, respectively Fig 12 (Colour . Shvartsman and Wolfgang Kleemann Chapter 10 Non-Linear Dielectric Response of Ferroelectrics, Relaxors and Dipolar Glasses 18 1 Seweryn Miga, Jan Dec and Wolfgang Kleemann Chapter 11 Ferroelectrics. structural and microstructural characterization (chapters 1 to 6), electrical characterization (chapters 7 to 11 ), multiphysic characterization (chapters 12 to 16 ), phenomenological approaches for modeling. FERROELECTRICS - CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING Edited by Mickaël Lallart Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling Edited by Mickaël