(Luận văn) soil erosion modeling using geographical information system research study in binh gia district, lang son province

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY an lu va n JOSE ALBERTO UMALI DUNCA gh tn to p ie SOIL EROSION MODELING USING GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM: w RESEARCH STUDY IN BINH GIA DISTRICT, LANG SON PROVINCE d oa nl oi m ll fu an v an lu BACHELOR THESIS nh Study Mode: Full-time at z Major: Environmental Science and Management z @ Batch: 2012-2016 om l.c gm an Lu n va Thai Nguyen, 2016 a th i c si Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Full name Jose Alberto Umali Dunca Student ID DTN1353110554 Soil Erosion Modeling Using Geographical Information Thesis title System: Research Study In Binh Gia District, Lang Son an lu Province MSC NGUYEN VAN HIEU n va Supervisor gh tn to Supervisor Signature Abstract: Land area is one major component in the progress of the p ie w world’s biophysical resources Nowadays, soil erosion is an emerging topic d oa nl regarding in the land’s degradation Erosion whether by the subjects’ water, wind, or tillage; involves three (3) diverse actions – soil detachment, v an lu movement and deposition Soil erosion is not just an ecological issue in fu an Vietnam in general; additionally flash flooding is a significant danger to oi m ll human life and property nh Binh Gia District is located75 kilometers far from the capital city of at z the province which is Lang Son City It is located in the tropical monsoon z @ climate, influenced by the general climate of the north; the climate is humid gm om season is 212 mm per month l.c tropical monsoon Average annual rainfall is 1,540 mm, and during the rainy Lu RUSLE is an erosion model designed average soil losses from sheet and an n va rill erosion under specified condition and was developed by Wischmeier and a th ii c si Smith in 1978 However, there are significant limitations due the model only estimates rill and inter-rill erosion, this means that no wind erosion was taken in consideration for the simulation.By the used of GIS technology, this method was adapted by the researcher in conducting a case study in Binh Gia District to model soil erosion The result of the analysis showed that the amount of soil loss in the research area ranges from to 5893.09t/ha/year Furthermore the total soil loss in the area was about 80169 ton per year from 11.1 thousand an lu hectare va n Soil Erosion, RUSLE Method, Geographical gh tn to Keywords Information System (GIS) 59 p ie Number of pages w Date of submission d oa nl oi m ll fu an v an lu nh at z z @ om l.c gm an Lu n va a th iii c si Acknowledgements First of all I want to express my sincerest gratitude to my Research Adviser MSc Nguyen Van Hieu to this support to my Bachelor’s Thesis, as well as for his patience, motivation, and great knowledge His guidance has helped me from the beginning, from learning at first, and all throughout my research and for the writing of this thesis as well My special thanks also to his assistants for their support to the an lu completion of my paper n va Deepest thanks to Laguna State Polytechnic University Siniloan Campus, gh tn to Siniloan, Laguna to their recommendation to us to study abroad, and also to Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry to their acceptance to study full-time in p ie w their University with a 100% scholarship d oa nl Sincere thanks also to Nguyen Vu Tuan Anh, Jimlea Nadezhda Mendoza, Keraia Vince Geronimo, and Paul Ezekiel Losaria for always around to help, and share v an lu their knowledge for me to finish my study fu an Last but not the least, I want to thank God for everything he gave to us; for my m ll family, my aunt and uncle, grandma and grandpa for their love, supports and their oi nh challenges for me to study hard and be a better student than before And for my Dad, at z this is for you z @ gm om l.c Thai Nguyen, 2016 Student Lu an Jose Alberto Umali Dunca n va a th iv c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Table of Contents Table of Contents v LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATION PART I INTRODUCTION an lu 1.1 Background and rationale n va gh tn to 1.2 Research objective 1.3 The requirement p ie w 1.4 The significance d oa nl PART II.LITERATURE REVIEW v an lu 2.1 Theoretical basis 2.1.1 Soil Erosion fu an 2.1.2 Geographical Information System (GIS) 13 m ll oi 2.2 Practical Basis 14 nh at PART III.METHODS 26 z z @ 3.1 Materials 26 gm l.c 3.2 The content 26 om 3.3 Methods 26 Lu 3.3.1 Collecting and selecting data 26 an n va 3.3.2 Inherited method 26 a th v c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 3.4 The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) 27 3.4.1 R factor (rainfall erosivity) 29 3.4.2 K Factor (soil erodibility) 29 3.4.3 LS Factor (Slope Steepness and Slope Length) 32 3.4.4 Factor C (Crop Management) 34 3.4.5 P Factor (Management Practice) 35 PART IV.RESULTS 37 an lu 4.1 The natural conditions and socioeconomic in research area (Binh Gia va n District) 37 4.1.2 Digital Elevation Model Map of Binh Gia District 38 p ie gh tn to 4.1.1 Area’s Climate and weather 38 w 4.1.3 Water Resources 39 d oa nl 3.1.4 Forest resources 39 4.1.5 Mineral Resources 40 v an lu 4.1.6 Human 41 fu an 4.2 Result of soil erosion map 42 m ll oi 4.2.1 Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R) 42 nh 4.2.2 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) 43 at z 4.2.3 Slope length and Slope steepness factor (LS) 44 z @ 4.2.4 Crop Management (C) 48 gm l.c 4.2.5 Erosion Management Practice Factor (P) 50 om 4.2.6 Map editor (In ArcGIS 10.2 Software) 54 an Lu PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 57 n va PART VI.REFERENCES 59 a th vi c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Diagrams of RUSLE Method Figure 3.2 Diagrams of Calculating LS Factor Figure 4.1 Binh Gia District Map Figure 4.2 DEM of Binh Gia District Figure 4.3 Rainfall Erosivity Map (Factor R) an lu Figure 4.4 Soil Erodibility Map (Factor K) n va Figure 4.5 Slope Map of Binh Gia District gh tn to Figure 4.6 Slope Steepness (Factor S) Figure 4.7 Flow Directions and Accumulation p ie Figure 4.8 Factor M and F w d oa nl Figure 4.9 Slope Lengths (Factor L) Figure 4.10 Topographic Map (Factor LS) v an lu Figure 4.11 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Map fu an Figure 4.12 Crop Management Map (Factor C) m ll Figure 4.13 Soil Loss Map of Binh Gia z z @ om Figure 4.18 Edited Soil Erosion Map of Binh Gia District l.c gm Figure 4.17 Other map elements at Figure 4.16 Map Locator nh Figure 4.15 Date Frame Tool oi Figure 4.14 Soil erosion chart an Lu n va a th c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 K Factor Value in Northern Part of Vietnam Table 3.2 Coefficient of Vegetation in Vietnam Table 4.1 Soil Erosion Value in every commune an lu n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w oi m ll fu an v an lu nh at z z @ om l.c gm an Lu n va a th c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 LIST OF ABBREVIATION ADB: Asian Development Bank DBMS: Database Management System DEM: Digital Elevation Model ESRI: Environmental Systems Research Institute ETM: Enhanced Thematic Mapper FAO: Food And Agriculture Organization an lu GIS: Geographical Information System va n IDW: Inverse Distance Weighted gh tn to MNF: Minimum Noise Fraction p ie MSEC: Management Of Soil Erosion Consortium w NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index d oa nl PLER: Predict And Localize Erosion And Runoff SLR: Soil Loss Ratio fu an v an lu RUSLE: Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation m ll SMA: Spectral Mixture Analysis oi SWAT: Soil And Water Assessment Tools at z z USLE: Universal Soil Loss Equation nh TIN: Triangulated Irregular Network om l.c gm WCP: World Climate Programme @ USPED: Unit Stream Power Erosion/Deposition an Lu n va a th c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and rationale Land area is to be deliberated as the one important geographic sector in the progress advancement of the world's biophysical assets (Bakimchandra, 2011) Impacts of soil erosion picking up the danger of lessening area accessibility and crisp an lu water accessible per capita, in this way, nourishment security and manageable advancement are vital issues in the low accessible area per capita nations (Dercon et va n al., 2012), for example, in Vietnam The essential reason of soil erosion are ecological gh tn to debasement, for example, deforestation, heightened land use, and the expanding scene p ie populace (Ahmed et al., 2010), atmosphere and morphological conditions, for w occurrence high concentrated precipitation, steep hill slopes Sometime ago in tropical d oa nl locales, the top soil layer was regularly ensured by thick vegetation spread, root v an lu frameworks (Kefi et al., 2011) fu an Soil erosion is not just an ecological issue in Vietnam in general; additionally m ll flash flooding is a significant danger to human life and property Flash floods are oi characterized as remarkable floods delivered by extreme precipitation, over rapidly nh at reacting of catchments and happen inside six hours of the causal precipitation z z occurrences @ gm Binh Gia District is located in the hilly and mountainous part of Lang Son om l.c Province Binh Gia’s population is 53 214 and covering land area of 1,091 km2 Binh Gia district is fragmented by rocky hills that have a slope of 25-300 or more The an Lu valley is narrow that annual crops are not much, leading to low revenue It is located in va n the tropical monsoon climate, influenced by the general climate of the north; the a th c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 an lu n va gh tn to Figure 4.9.Slope Length (Factor L) p ie d oa nl w oi m ll fu an v an lu nh at z z @ om l.c gm an Lu Figure 4.10.Topographic Map of Binh Gia District n va a th 47 c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Topographic factor LS was represented by a more complex layer The slope steepness was very much affected by how the chosen the grid cell dimensions in the DEM Wu (2005) stated that the estimation of soil loss by empirical models decreases significantly when the grid cell size is increased This was mainly due to the reduction in general slope steepness The next step in the calibration was therefore mainly focused on determining the right conditions for the LS-factor layer in terms of the grid cell resolution In order to calibrate the model it was executed an lu using a 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40 and 50 meter grid cell size n va gh tn to 4.2.4 Crop Management (C) p ie d oa nl w oi m ll fu an v an lu nh at z z @ l.c gm om Figure 4.11.Normal Difference Vegetation Index Map of Binh Gia an Lu To calculate the Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) the researcher followed the formula using the landsat images: “(band5-band4)/(band5+band4)” n va a th 48 c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 an lu n va gh tn to p ie Figure 4.12.Crop Management Map (Factor C) of Binh Gia w d oa nl After Calculating the NDVI of the research area next step is calculating the C factor which resulted in the picture above v an lu fu an The C-factor is based on the concept of a standard deviation, in this case an area oi m ll under clean-tilled continuous-fallow conditions The Soil Loss Ratio (SLR) is then an estimate of the ratio of soil loss under actual conditions to losses experienced under the nh at reference conditions "C" represents the effects of plants, soil cover, soil biomass, and z z @ soil disturbing activities on erosion RUSLE uses a sub factor method to compute soil gm loss ratios, which are the ratios at any given time in a cover management sequence to l.c soil loss from the unit plot Soil loss ratios vary with time as canopy, ground cover, om an Lu roughness, soil biomass and consolidation change A "C" factor value is an average soil loss ratio weighted according to the distribution of R during the year The sub va n factors used to compute a soil loss ratio values are canopy, surface cover, surface a th 49 c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 roughness, prior land use and antecedent soil moisture If a C factor of 0.15 represents the specified cropping management system, it signifies that the erosion will be reduced to 15 percent of the amount that would have occurred under continuous fallow conditions 4.2.5 Erosion Management Practice Factor (P) The erosion management practice, P value, is also one factor that governs the soil an lu erosion rate The P-value ranges from 0-1 depending on the soil management activities n va employed in the specific plot of land In this case the researcher used p = gh tn to Modeling the soil erosion map Using the following formula: p ie A = R K LS C P w d oa nl Using Raster Calculator tool oi m ll fu an v an lu nh at z z @ om l.c gm an Lu n va a th 50 c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 an lu n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w oi m ll fu an v an lu nh Figure 4.13.Soil Loss Map of Binh Gia at z z @ om l.c gm an Lu n va a th 51 c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Table 4.1.Soil Erosion Value in every commune Communes Soil Erosion (ha) an lu n va p ie gh tn to Binh Gia (Townlet) Binh La Hoa Binh Hoa Tham Hoang Van Thu Hong Phong Hong Thai Hung Dao Minh Khai Mong An Quang Trung Quy Hoa Tan Hoa Tan Van Thien Hoa Thien Long Thien Thuat To Hieu Vinh Yen Yen Lo d oa nl w Strong Moderate Weak Total 15.6 44.6 102 162.2 153 Total Area (ha) 315.2 8.5 26 57.8 120.2 76.3 23.1 13 142.6 36.2 21.3 26.2 66 81.3 127.2 45.3 34.3 57.2 34.5 38.1 526 1035 1928.8 807.7 1036.8 395.7 647.2 1512.7 692.5 1324.8 1176.7 1150.8 643.4 1579.7 1056.2 1458.9 429.3 858.2 1500 1925.7 2722.4 6171.4 1911.1 3676.1 2123.1 2290.5 3546.7 1798 3501.7 4612.5 2899.1 1732.5 4243.1 2702.9 4810.9 1544.2 2483.1 4516.3 2460.2 3783.4 8158 2839 4789.2 2541.9 2950.7 5202 2526.7 4847.8 5815.4 4115.9 2457.2 5950 3804.4 6304.1 2030.7 3375.8 6054.4 899.5 1489.5 3140.6 1185.4 2409.3 1288.2 1001.2 1312.5 900.9 991.1 2438.1 1815.9 1439.6 2411.8 1687.2 2196.1 965 1562.1 1726.3 3359.7 5272.9 11298.6 4024.4 7198.5 3830.1 3951.9 6514.5 3427.6 5838.9 8253.5 5931.8 3896.8 8361.8 5491.6 8500.2 2995.7 4937.9 7780.7 59313.3 80169 31013.3 111182.3 m ll fu an v an lu Total Area (ha) 1050.7 19805 No Erosion (ha) oi nh at Value of (T/ha/year) (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2012.Circular z z @ 14/2012 / TT - BTNMT on Administrative Rules Committee investigation techniques No erosion: an Lu Moderate Erosion: ≥ 10 - 50 om Weak Erosion: < 10 l.c gm land degradation) n va Strong Erosion: ≥ 50 a th 52 c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Soil Erosion 1% 18% 28% an lu n va 53% gh tn to Strong Moderate Weak No Erosion p ie Figure 4.14.Soil Erosion Chart w Based on the result after processing the data using ArcGIS 10.2, it shows that d oa nl the amount of soil loss in Binh Gia District was about 80169 ton per year from 11.1 v an lu thousand hectare The size of the research area is 111182.3 Binh Gia district’s fu an 31013.3 of land area have no erosion Hoa Tam and Quy Hoa are the communes oi m ll that are not having a great number of soil erosion Minh Khai commune is the largest area having strong erosion, measuring of 142.6 followed by Thien Hoa commune nh at then Hoang Van Thu The total area having strong erosion in the research area is z z @ 1050.7 ha, only 1% of the total land area 18% of the total area of Binh Gia District is gm affected by moderate erosion Binh Gia townlet, Hong Tai and To Hieu communes l.c have the least number of moderate losses of soil Around a half of the land area of om an Lu Binh Gia district have weak soil erosion with the total of 59313.3 Most of the communes have much number of it compare to the area having strong, moderate and va n no erosion a th 53 c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 The spatial areas of the high spot range for soil disintegration in the study uncovered that the potential soil misfortune is regularly more prominent along the more extreme incline banks of tributaries Other high soil disintegration ranges scattered all through the bowl and is ordinarily connected with high disintegration potential area employments The plain range of the bowl demonstrates the slightest defenseless against soil disintegration an lu va n 4.2.6 Map editor (In ArcGIS 10.2 Software) gh tn to Creating a new page layout p ie The first step in ArcMap was changing the map view to layout d oa nl w fu an v an lu Figure 4.15.Data frame tool m ll oi Adding a data frame to the page layout nh at The data frame displays a collection of layers drawn in a particular order for z z a given map extent and map projection Adding a data frame to the page layout using @ gm the Insert menu om l.c From this menu, insert additional data frames These additional data frames for locator or detail maps If using multiple data frames, may want to consider using extent Lu an indicators to show the extent of one data frame within another data frame A good locator va map will also contain an indicator, such as an outline, showing where the extent of the n a th 54 c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 detail map fits within a larger extent For example, the locator map might show the location of a state within a country an lu va n Figure 4.16.Map Locator p ie gh tn to Adding other map elements to the page layout Using the Insert menu to select other map elements to add to layout Using w this menu to add a title to the page The added text will be the same as the text d oa nl entered for the title in the Map Document Properties dialog box Along with a title, oi m ll fu an v an lu it’s can be add (static) Text and Dynamic Text nh at z z @ gm Figure 4.17.Other map elements om l.c an Lu Printing and exporting layout n va a th 55 c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 After completed this work on the layout, printing the map or create other types of output formats—PDF files, PostScript files, or Illustrator files Under the file menu, using options to open the Page and Print Setup dialog box, Print Preview, Print the page, or to Export Map an lu n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w oi m ll fu an v an lu nh at z z @ om l.c gm an Lu Figure 4.18.Edited Soil Erosion Model Map of Binh Gia District n va a th 56 c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The goal of the study was to assess the capital distribution of soil loss in Binh Gia District, Lang Son Province By the used of ARCGIS 10.2 software the researcher modeled soil loss map of the research area After applying RUSLE method in modeling soil erosion map of Binh Gia District, the researcher found that the research lu an area was not greatly affected by soil erosion, only in Southwest part where the n va vegetation was on moderate level RUSLE method has limitation and it is clearly gh tn to stated on the definition that the model only estimates rill and inter-rill erosion This means that no wind erosion is taken in consideration for the simulation p ie w Application of RUSLE method using ARCGIS 10.2 software serves as a useful d oa nl tool for soil erosion modeling in a large scale However, there are significant boundaries of remotely sensed data due to coarse resolution and geometric distortions v an lu that constrains the accuracy of erosion modeling In spite of the fact that, dirt fu an disintegration hazard displaying suits a few shortcomings, disintegration hazard maps m ll will help ecological and normal assets administration offices screen the status of oi nh disintegration and influenced components to soil at z Soil Erosion, for example, land spread, land use, and topographic elements, z @ overlaying disintegration hazard maps and slant limit maps empower land supervisors gm l.c and strategy producers to at first recognize areas and territories of assurance om backwoods which can diminish soil disintegration and enhance environment quality an Lu Moreover, it is conceivable to incorporate remotely detected information and the n va RUSLE inside GIS stages as a screening apparatus when settling on choices on a th 57 c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 selecting fitting area use situations Be that as it may, reenacted disintegration dangers ought to be reviewed and accepted with genuine information Land supervisors and strategy producers ought to lead soil disintegration hazard appraisal for upland zones in the area use arranging Fusing additionally supporting information, for example, nearby learning, financial states of neighborhood family units, approach, and others, to assemble a multi-criteria or multi-operators model - based woodland land arranging an lu n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w oi m ll fu an v an lu nh at z z @ om l.c gm an Lu n va a th 58 c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 PART VI.REFERENCES Ahmed M Y, Biswajeet P, & Abdallah M H (2010) Flash flood risk estimation along the St Katherine road, southern Sinai, Egypt using GIS based morphometry and satellite imagery Environ Earth Sci (2011) 62:611–623.Andersson, L (2010) Soil Loss Estimation Based on the USLE / GIS Approach Through Small Catchments - A Minor Field Study in Tunisia Bakimchandra, O (2011) Integrated Fuzzy-GIS approach for assessing regional soil erosion risks Universitsty of Stuttgart, Germany PhD thesis an lu Barrios, A and Quinonez, E (2000) Soil Erosion Assessment Using the RUSLE Model, supported by GIS Application in Watershed of Venezuelan Andes, 44(1), 65–71 va Bizuwerk, A., Taddese, G., & Getahun, Y (2003) Application of GIS for Modeling Soil n gh tn to loss rate in Awash River Basin, Ethiopia Iternational Livestock Research Institue(ILRI),Addis Ababa,Ethiopia, 1–11 p ie Blanco, A C., & Nadaoka, K (2006) A Comparative Assessment and Estimation of Potential Soil Erosion Rates and Patterns in Laguna Lake Watershed Using Three w Models : Towards Development of an Erosion Index System for Integrated Watershed- d oa nl Lake Management Aquaculture, (December), 1–12 College of Agricultural Technology; I.J Shelton - Ontario Institute of Pedology v an lu de Carvalho, D F., Durigon, V L., Antunes, M A H., de Almeida, W S., & de Oliveira, P T S (2014) Predicting soil erosion using Rusle and NDVI time series from TM fu an Landsat Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 215–224 49(3), m ll http://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2014000300008 oi Dercon, G., Mabit, L., Hancock, G., Nguyen, M L., Dornhofer, P., Bacchi, O O S., nh Zhang, X (2012) Fallout radionuclide-based techniques for assessing the impact of soil at z conservation measures on erosion control and soil quality: an overview of the 18 main z lessons learnt under an FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Project Journal of @ gm environmental radioactivity, 107(0), 78-85 doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.01.008 l.c Ganasri, B P., & Ramesh, H (2015) Assessment of soil erosion by RUSLE model using remote sensing and GIS - A case study of Nethravathi Basin Geoscience Frontiers, 1–9 om http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2015.10.007 Lu 10 Gecolea, M L (1994) Lincoln University Digital Thesis WEIGHING DECISION an FACTORS IN A GIS-ASSISTED n va a th 59 c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 11 González, A M R., Arellano, U R., & Vizcarrondo, C (n.d.) Soil Erosion Calculation using Remote Sensing and GIS in Río Grande de Arecibo Watershed , Puerto Rico University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez geologic ages in almost all parts of the earth with man ’ s increasing interventions with the Civil Engineering 12 Ha, N M (2011) Application Usle and Gis Tool to Predict Soil Erosion Potential and Proposal Land Cover Solutions to Reduce Soil Loss in Tay Nguyen Bridging the Gap Between Cultures, (May 2011), 18–22 http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 13 Jebari S (2009) Water erosion modeling using fractal rainfall disaggregation – A study in semiarid Tunisia Water resources engineering, Lund University, Sweden lu 14 Kefi, M., Yoshino, K., Setiawan, Y., Zayani, K., & Boufaroua, M (2011) Assessment of an the effects of vegetation on soil erosion risk by water: a case of study of the Batta n va watershed in Tunisia Environmental Earth Sciences, 64(3), 707-719 doi: DOI 15 Kim, H S (2006) Soil erosion modeling using RUSLE and GIS on the Imha watershed, South Korea, 120 p ie gh tn to 10.1007/s12665-010-0891-x 16 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2012 ) Circular 14/2012 / TT - w BTNMT on Administrative Rules Committee investigation techniques land degradation d oa nl 17 Nguyen Hong Quang, (2016) Modelling Soil Erosion , Flash Flood Prediction and Evapotranspiration in Northern Vietnam of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen v an lu within the doctoral program of Geoscience / Geography of the Georg-August University School of Science ( GAUSS ) fu an 18 Nguyen Ngoc Lung, Vo Dai Hai (1997), Initial results regarding protective effect of oi Publication, Hanoi m ll certain water vegetation and building forest water source protection, Agricultural nh 19 Nguyen Trong Ha (1996) Definition the affected factors to the soil erosion and prediction at soil loss in the sloped area Ph.D thesis, Hanoi University of the Irrigation z z 20 NRCS: USDA State Office of Michigan, Technical Guide to RUSLE use in Michigan, @ 2002 gm 21 OMAFRA Staff; G Wall - Ontario Institute of Pedology; C.S Baldwin - Ridgetown om l.c 22 Phai, D D., Orange, D., Migraine, J., Toan, T D., & Vinh, N C (n.d.) Applying GISAssisted Modelling to Predict Soil Erosion for a Small Agricultural Watershed within an Lu Sloping Lands in Northern Vietnam Methods, 212–228 23 Tran Thi Phuong, Chau Vo Trung Thong, Nguyen Bich Ngoc, & Huynh Van Chuong va (2014) Modeling Soil Erosion within Small Moutainous Watershed in Central Vietnam n a th 60 c si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99