(Luận văn) material flow analysis of phosphorous and chemical oxygen demand in domestic wastewater and food waste in song cong town, viet nam

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY lu an PHAM MY ANH n va TOPIC TITLE: tn to MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHOROUS AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN DOMESTIC WASTEWATER AND FOOD WASTE IN gh p ie SONG CONG TOWN, VIETNAM w ad o nl BACHELOR THESIS a lu Study Mode : Full-time a nv : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : 2011-2016 nf Major l ul oi m at nh z z om l.c gm @ an Lu n va Thai Nguyen, 30/06/2015 ac th si Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program: Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name: Pham My Anh Student ID: DTN 1153170001 “MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHOROUS AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN DOMESTIC Thesis Title: WASTEWATER AND FOOD WASTE IN SONG CONG TOWN, VIETNAM” lu an Supervisor: Nguyen Huu Tho, PhD n va Abstract: tn to Vietnam’s fast economic growth has to a large extent been achieved on the p ie gh expense of a rapid deterioration of the natural environment, including eutrophication of local water sources Proper planning is needed to move towards w a sustainable wastewater management and one recognized tool for such planning ad o nl is material flow analysis (MFA) a lu This thesis uses MFA to define the current flows of phosphorus (P) and organic nv matter, measured as COD, in domestic wastewater and food waste in Song Cong ll fu an town, Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam The aim is further to compare two different improved wastewater management scenarios with a business-as-usual scenario The m n oi methods used to find data for the MFA are literature review, interviews and a survey tz questionnaire The literature review presents challenges facing the wastewater sector of Vietnam and treatment techniques for wastewater and septage z gm @ The wastewater sector is affected by technical difficulties such as lack of capacity and organizational challenges as a result of adjacent and overlapping authorities are all issues that need to be addressed om l.c Contradictions and gaps in legislation, poor governance, and problems with financing Lu an Although the number of wastewater treatment plants in Vietnam is increasing, n va ac th ii si not more than 10% of the wastewater is being treated Various techniques are tried out in Vietnam, among others constructed treatment wetlands and activated sludge techniques, such as Sequencing Batch Reactors and Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic processes These and other techniques are explained and compared in the literature review From the gathered data three future scenarios for Song Cong’s wastewater and food waste treatment were created along with one of the current situation The future business-as-usual scenario (BAU-2030) shows the development in Song Cong if no changes are implemented before year 2030, while the centralized scenario (CTP2030) redirects flows of wastewater to a conventional chemical/biological treatment lu an plant The third scenario, semi-centralized (STP-2030), implements one treatment n va plant with enhanced biological phosphate removal (EBPR) followed by a constructed tn to treatment wetland, and a bigger EBPR plant followed by disinfection Both of the improved scenarios also use food waste and sludge to produce biogas and digit ate gh p ie that can be used as compost in agriculture w The results of the MFA indicate that if nothing is done to change the current o nl management, a 24% increase of pollutants to the Song Cong is imminent in just 15 ad years In addition, if one of the improved scenarios is implemented, 92% (CTP- 2030) a lu or 90% (STP-2030) of the P will be available for reuse in agriculture, reducing the nv an need for artificial fertilizer Further biogas is produced, which can substitute ll fu petroleum based gas for domestic purposes or be used to generate electricity m n oi Wastewater, Material flow analysis (MFA), Keywords Phosphorus (P), Chemical oxygen demand (COD) tz Date of submission 30/09/2015 gm @ 52 pages z Number of pages om l.c Supervisor signature an Lu n va ac th iii si ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My bachelor thesis in environmental engineering at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Viet Nam The thesis is part of a partnership project between the municipality of Linköping, Sweden, and the Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam The overall aim of the partnership is to achieve a democratic and transparent planning process, involving stakeholders at different levels in the field of wastewater and organic waste management in Song Cong town This includes giving stakeholders new methods and tools for a participatory planning process Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor: Nguyen Huu Tho, PhD of Department of Science Management and International lu an Relation, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), Viet Nam for va giving permission to accomplish my Bachelor thesis there, and also his constant n tn to motivating supervision during my studies in the research group of Sweden p ie gh I wish to express my thanks to Mr Duong Manh Cuong of Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Technology, (TUAF), Viet Nam for support, help, and w encouragement, advise me during visit to Song Cong town o nl Besides my supervisors, most of all thank Mr Olli Sammalisto and ad a lu Ms Zanna Sefane at the University of Gävle, Sweden for helping, giving necessary thesis ll fu an nv advices and guidance, support me during doing the experiment and completing my m Last but not least, I would like to say thankful my family and good friends who n oi encourage and backing me unceasingly tz Thank you so much! z Thai Nguyen, October 2015 gm @ Sincerely, om l.c an Lu Pham My Anh n va ac th iv si TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale an lu 1.2 Research’s objectives n va 1.3 Research questions gh tn to 1.4 Limitation of the research PART II LITERATURE REVIEW p ie w 2.1 Challenges in the Vietnamese Wastewater Sector ad o nl 2.2 Wastewater Treatment Solutions in Vietnam 2.3 Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plants a lu an nv 2.4 Activated Sludge Techniques ll fu 2.4.1 Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal 10 m 2.4.2 Sequencing Batch Reactor 11 n oi 2.5 Compilation of P and COD Removal Efficiency in WWTP 11 tz 2.6 Constructed Treatment Wetlands 13 z gm @ 2.6.1 Free Water Surface (FWS) Wetlands 14 2.6.2 Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTW) 14 l.c om 2.6.3 Subsurface Flows (SSF) 14 an Lu 2.6.4 Hybrids 15 n va ac th v si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 2.7 Compilation of P and COD Removal Efficiency in Constructed Treatment Wetlands 15 2.8 Further Comparison of the Wastewater Treatment Techniques 16 2.9 Sludge and Food Waste Treatment 19 PART III METHODS 20 3.1 Survey Questionnaire 20 3.1.1 Sampling method 21 3.1.2 Compilation of the Survey Results 21 an lu 3.2 Scenario Development 22 3.3 MFA 22 n va 3.3.2 Mass Flow and Stock Change Quantification 23 gh tn to 3.3.1 MFA Terminology 22 p ie 3.3.3 MFA in STAN 25 w PART IV RESULTS 26 o nl 4.1 Survey Results and Scenario Development 26 ad nv a lu 4.1.1 The Survey Results 26 4.1.2 MFA Processes 26 ll fu an 4.2 Background Data on Song Cong Town 30 m n oi 4.3 Current Wastewater Management in Song Cong 31 4.4 Future Wastewater Management in Song Cong 32 tz z 4.5 Scenario Descriptions 34 gm @ 4.5.1 Baseline Scenario (BLS-2015) 34 om l.c 4.5.2 Business as Usual (BAU-2030) 36 4.5.3 Centralized Treatment Plant (CTP-2030) 36 Lu an 4.5.4 Semi-centralized Treatment Plant (STP-2030) 36 n va 4.5.5 Semi-centralized Treatment Plant (STP-2030) 37 vi ac th 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o nl 5.2.2 Future Studies 51 ad nv a lu REFERENCES 53 Appendix A Parameters for import of P to inhabitants 59 ll fu an Appendix B Requested data from Song Cong town authorities 61 m n oi Appendix C Interview questions 63 Appendix D Song Cong survey 64 tz z Appendix E Survey results Ошибка! Закладка не определена gm @ Appendix F Quantification of the confidence interval 68 om l.c Appendix G Modified parameters in the BAU-2030, CTP- 2030 and STP-2030 scenarios 69 Lu an Appendix H Parameters used in the MFA 71 n va vii ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 LIST OF FIGURES Figure The steps of the different EBPR treatment processes, showing Anaerobic/Oxic (A/O) at the top, Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic (A2O) in the middle and University of Cape Town (UCT) at the bottom 11 Figure STAN flowchart showing the processes involved in the treatment of Song Cong’s wastewater and food waste 30 Figure The six urban wards of Song Cong town, with the Cong River running in the east 31 an lu Figure Wastewater canal in Bach Quang ward, Song Cong 32 n va tn to Figure Detail planned map of future Song Cong Three locations have been p ie gh identified by local authorities as suitable for construction of wastewater treatment plants, location 1, and 33 w Figure Solid waste collection in Song Cong town 35 ad o nl Figure Flowchart of P in the Baseline Scenario (BLS-2015) 38 a lu ll fu an nv Figure Flowchart of COD in the Baseline Scenario (BLS-2015) 39 Figure Flowchart of P in the Business as Usual (BAU-2030) scenario 40 m n oi Figure 10 Flowchart of COD in the Business as Usual (BAU-2030) scenario 41 tz Figure 11 Flowchart of P in the Centralized Treatment Plant (CTP-2030) z gm @ scenario 42 om l.c Figure 12 Flowchart of COD in the Centralized Treatment Plant (CTP-2030) scenario 43 an Lu n va ac th 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Figure 13 Flowchart of P in the Semi-centralized Treatment Plant (STP-2030) scenario 44 Figure 14 Flowchart of COD in the Semi-centralized Treatment Plant (STP2030) scenario 45 Figure 15 Summary of the results for P flows to each export destination for all scenarios The BLS-2015 scenario is included to show the difference from the future improved and unimproved scenarios 46 Figure 16 Summary of the results for COD flows to each export destination for lu an all scenarios The BLS-2015 scenario is included to show the n va difference from the future improved and unimproved scenarios 46 p ie gh tn to ad o nl w ll fu an nv a lu m tz n oi z gm @ om l.c an Lu n va ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 LIST OF TABLES Table Removal rates of P in WWTP based on different literature sources, ranging from 25 % to 95 % 13 Table Removal rates of COD in WWTP based on different literature sources, ranging from 76 % to 97% 14 Table Removal rates of P in wetlands based on different literature sources, ranging from 41% to 84% .16 an lu n va Table Removal rates of COD in wetlands based on different literature sources, to p ie gh tn ranging from 45% to 93% 17 w Table Comparison between the biological wastewater treatment techniques (Tilley et al., 2014) 19 ad o nl a lu Table Terminology used in MFA (Brunner & Rechberger, 2003) .25 ll fu an nv m Table List and description of the MFA processes involved in the treatment of Song n oi Cong’s wastewater and food waste 29 tz z gm @ om l.c an Lu n va ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 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inhabitants are connected to septic tanks? - Of those connected to septic tanks, how many discharge only excreta to the lu an septic tank and how many discharge both excreta and grey water to the septic tank? n va - Are there other solutions to excreta and grey water management? If yes,  Information about current practices for emptying of sludge from septic tanks gh tn to approximately how many inhabitants for each solution? p ie and dry toilets (approximate data): w - Frequency: How often (on average) are septic tanks emptied? each occasion? ad o nl - Volumes: How much sludge (on average) is emptied from one septic tank at a lu - Destination: To which destination is the sludge taken, for example landfill or nv an composting plant and where are dry toilets emptied? ll fu  Information about current practices for management of household food waste: m n oi - Volumes to different destinations, such as livestock feed, landfill, composting plant?  Information about the future plans (about year 2030) for all of the above tz questions, for instance maps, sanitary solutions, treatment of food waste and discharge z gm @ of effluent and sludge from septic tanks  Additional information about the future plans: om l.c - Planned areas to connect to the sewage system Are all areas going to be connected? an Lu - Will new houses continue to build septic tanks? n va ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 - Alternatives for the future pipes – one pipe for both wastewater and rainwater or separate pipes for wastewater and rainwater? - Options for future wastewater treatment? For example an advanced wastewater treatment plant or more extensive and cheaper treatment like wetlands - Which locations are suitable for wastewater treatment plants? - Which year is the construction of the wastewater treatment plant intended to be finished - How are the authorities planning for the future in Song Cong? For example a location for tourism, industries, agriculture an lu n va p ie gh tn to ad o nl w ll fu an nv a lu m tz n oi z gm @ om l.c an Lu n va ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Appendix C Interview questions Questions to the staff at Bach Quang wastewater treatment plant:  How many households are served by the treatment plant?  Can they estimate how many households in Song Cong that will be connected to the wastewater treatment plant in 2030?  Which treatment steps they have at the treatment plant? (For example: Activated sludge, Enhanced phosphorous removal, Constructed wetlands like Free water flow, Subsurface flow, Floating treatment wetland?)  Treatment efficiency (how many percent (%) of organic matter (COD) and Phosphorous are removed from the incoming wastewater? an lu n va Where is the sludge that is produced at the treatment plant transported?  Where is the treated wastewater released?  Are they planning to construct more wastewater treatment plants in Song tn to  p ie gh Cong in the future? Questions to Environmental Cooperation and Public Work of Song Cong: Today and in the future, 2030? ad Do they know how much food waste (fruit peals and other) are in the a lu  From how many households they collect waste and possibly sludge? o nl  w  nv waste they collect or can they make a rough estimate in %? How they treat the waste?  Will they produce biogas in the future?  When implementing the new treatment, will they stop composting of ll fu an  m tz  n oi sludge or still use composting also? If they use both how much they estimate to will go to composting and z  gm @ how much to anaerobic treatment? Are they the only company performing this service? om l.c an Lu n va ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Appendix D Song Cong survey This survey intends to collect information about the household’s current wastewater and food waste management, with the purpose to plan for an improved wastewater treatment in Song Cong town What is your address (street name and area)? Is the household located in the rural or urban part of Song Cong town?  Rural  Urban How long have you and your family lived in your house? lu an How many persons are living in your household? persons n va Does the household have a WC, dry toilet or other kind of solution? p ie gh tn to  WC  Dry toilet  Other, what? ………………………… w What kind of sanitary solution is the household connected to? ad o nl  Directly to the river/ditch  Pond  Soil  Septic Tank  Other solution, which…………………… If you answered “dry toilet” on question 5, please answer question number ll fu an nv a lu m Where are dry toilets emptied? n oi tz  Landfill  Compost  River  Other, what? z gm @ If you answered “other” on question 5, please answer question number om l.c Where is the wastewater discharged?  Landfill  Compost  River  Other, what? ………………………… If your household is connected to a septic tank, please answer questions 9-13 an Lu n va ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Does the septic tank receive black water (toilet) and grey water (dishwashing) or only black water?  Black water  Black water and grey water 10 If the grey water is not connected to a septic tank, where is it discharged?  Directly to the river/ditch  Pond  Soil  Other, where? ………………………… 11 How big is the septic tank? ………………… (m3 ) lu an 12 Have you emptied your septic tank? n va 12.a If yes, how often is the septic tank emptied? ………… tn to 12.b If no, how long ago was the septic tank built? ………… p ie gh 13 What is done with the sludge after the septic tank is emptied?  Landfill w  River ad o nl  Compost a lu ll fu Food waste management an nv  Other, what? …………………… m 14 Where does the household discharge the food waste? tz  Compost n oi  Landfill z om l.c  Other, what? ……………………… gm @  Livestock feed 15 Approximately how much food waste does the household produce daily? an Lu ………………… (g/day) n va ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Appendix E Survey results Household size (Persons): Is the household located in the rural or urban part of Song Cong town? Urban 12 78 152 210 132 119 64 36 Rural 0 0 0 How long have you and your family lived in your house? 0-2 years 27 28 15 18 3-5 years 16 20 24 More than year 45 108 175 90 112 48 Does the household have a WC, dry toilet or other kind of solution? 10 Persons Percent 40 843 100 % 0 0% 0 100 12 % 36 40 81 662 10 % 79 % an lu 48 16 18 18 10 30 599 71 % 244 29 % 0% 48 16 16 36 18 40 30 30 751 89 % Septic tank Other 257 356 580 27 30 % 42 % 69 % n va WC 51 124 175 78 91 Dry toilet 27 28 35 54 28 Other 0 0 0 What kind of sanitary solution is the household connected to? River/ditch 10 66 128 190 114 119 Pond 30 28 50 60 28 Soil 36 60 110 54 28 78 91 48 18 10 30 35 10 42 48 12 14 14 14 16 16 18 18 30 20 10 179 21 % 210 57 0 0 78 91 0 48 0 18 10 10 24 599 25 % 7% 3% 0% 71 % 0 0 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 3% tn to 51 120 160 gh Where are dry toilets emptied? Landfill 15 Compost 27 River p ie 12 28 w ad o nl Other No answer 0 Not relevant 51 124 175 Where is the wastewater discharged? Landfill 0 Compost 0 River 0 Other 0 No answer 0 ll fu an nv a lu m tz n oi Not relevant 12 78 152 210 132 119 64 36 40 Does the septic tank receive Black water (toilet) and grey water (dishwashing) or only Black water? Black water 36 72 110 42 49 18 Black and 45 120 155 78 91 48 18 10 Grey water No answer 0 0 0 0 Not relevant 27 28 35 54 28 16 18 30 z 339 40 % 569 67 % 244 0% 29 % 570 68 % 127 520 15 % 62 % 0% gm @ 843 0% 0% 0% 100 % l.c Lu an 1% n va 10 10 0 om 10 If the grey water is not connected to a septic tank, where is it discharged? River/ditch 48 112 170 78 84 48 18 Pond 20 50 18 14 16 Soil 45 104 160 72 84 32 Other 0 0 0 0 No answer 0 0 0 ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Not relevant 27 28 35 54 28 16 18 30 244 29 % 11 How big is the septic tank? 3m 12 4m0 5m 12 6m 7m 0 8m 0 64 28 4 15 60 55 10 15 10 12 30 18 49 14 14 0 0 49 6% 24 16 0 9 0 0 0 146 207 56 68 20 17 % 25 % 7% 9m 0 10 m 0 15 m 0 No answer 12 Not relevant 27 28 12 Have you emptied your septic tank? 5 35 0 54 0 28 0 0 16 0 0 18 0 10 30 16 10 27 244 8% 2% 0% 2% 1% 3% 29 % a) If yes, how often is the septic tank emptied? an lu n va Several times per year Once per year Every second year Every third year Every fourth year Every fifth year or more No answer Not relevant p ie gh tn to 27 0 0 60 110 0 0 0 42 0 0 56 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 10 0 338 0% 40 % 0 0 1% 1% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0% 12 51 80 95 84 63 32 27 30 474 56 % b) If no, how long ago was the septic tank built 15 24 20 18 14 0 14 0 0 99 12 % 32 4% 114 14 % 27 40 598 0% 71 % 9 10 10 0 347 41 % 276 66 18 30 230 244 33 % 8% 0% 27 % 29 % 30 20 40 20 0 673 80 % 503 698 60 % 83 % 171 20 % o nl w 0-2 years ago 0 0 ad 3-5 years ago More than years 24 35 18 21 ago No answer 0 0 0 Not relevant 54 100 155 96 70 48 13 What is done with the sludge after the septic tank is emptied? Landfill 30 72 105 48 49 24 Compost 21 52 90 36 42 16 River 12 30 12 0 Other 0 0 0 ll fu an nv a lu m 24 16 gm @ 27 27 18 0 om 16 2% 0% an Lu 48 40 48 24 0 l.c 98 49 84 7 tz 35 28 z n oi No answer 21 48 65 24 Not relevant 27 28 35 54 14 Where does the household discharge the food waste? Landfill 60 120 180 102 Compost 54 76 145 84 Livestock feed 69 128 185 120 Other 16 35 54 No answer 0 Not relevant 0 0 n va ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Appendix F Quantification of the confidence interval The mean confidence interval (or margin of error) for the whole questionnaire was calculated from each question, using a 95 % confidence level To calculate the confidence interval (E) the following equation was used: 𝑍∝2 is a constant for 95% confidence level derived from Where; standard deviation p equals the relative frequency of the answer expressed in a an lu percentage, how many percent of the sample size picked each answer va n n is the total sample size tn to Further, to calculate the confidence interval of each question, E is added to or p ie gh subtracted from the relative frequency of the question To better understand, an example is displayed below w For the question Nr 5: “Does the household have a WC, dry toilet or other they have a WC ad o nl kind of solution”, 71% of the total sample size of 843 persons answered that ll fu an nv a lu E=3 m This gives: n oi and the confidence interval for p: tz 𝐸𝑝 = 0, 71 ± z The confidence interval is hence between 68 % and 74 % Thus with a gm @ 95% confidence it is possible to say that between 68 % to 74 % of the population have a WC om l.c an Lu n va ac th 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Appendix G Modified parameters in the BAU-2030, CTP- 2030 and STP2030 scenarios ratio of uncollected food waste to BAU-2030 CTP-2030 STP-2030 0,6 1 0,4 0 0,68 0,9 0,9 0,015 0 0,285 0,1 0,1 0,02 0 0,08 0,08 0,92 0,32 0 0,6 0 0,1 0,08 0,08 0 livestock (r_livestock_uFW) ratio of uncollected food waste to local composting (r_composting_uFW) ratio of households with septic tank for blackwater (r_septictankBW) lu an ratio of households with direct connection to WWTP Bach n va Quang (r_WWTPa) to p ie gh tn ratio of households with dry toilet for excreta (r_drytoiletE) ratio of households with direct river connection for w blackwater (r_riverBW) o nl ad ratio of septic tank effluent to WWTP Bach Quang nv a lu (r_STeffluentWWTPa) (r_STeffluentWWTPb) ll fu an ratio of septic tank effluent to WWTP centralized m tz (r_STeffluentWWTPc) n oi ratio of septic tank effluent to WWTP semi-centralized z ratio of septic tank effluent to river (r_STeffluentRiver) gm @ ratio of households with septic tank for greywater om l.c (r_septictankGW) 0,15 an Lu ratio of households with pond for greywater (r_pondGW) n va ac th 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 ratio of households with direct connections to river for 0,65 0 0,1 0 0,92 0 0,32 0 0,6 0,5 0 0,38 0 0,12 0 ratio of dry toilet excreta to biogas (r_DTexcretaBiogas) 1 ratio of collected food waste to landfill (r_landfill_FW) 0 1 0,3 0 0,2 0 1 0,5 0 0 1 greywater (r_riverGW) ratio of households with direct connection to soil for greywater (r_soilGW) ratio of households with direct connection to WWTPb for greywater (r_WWTPbGW) ratio of households with direct connection to WWTPc for greywater (r_WWTPcGW) ratio of households with direct connection to WWTPd for an lu greywater (r_WWTPdGW) ratio of dry toilet excreta to composting n va (r_DTexcretaCompost) tn to p ie gh ratio of dry toilet excreta to landfill (r_DTexcretaLandfill) ad o nl w ratio of dry toilet excreta to river (r_DTexcretaRiver) a lu ratio of collected food waste to biogas (r_biogas_FW) an nv ratio of septage to landfill (r_landfill_septage) ll fu m ratio of septage to river (r_river_septage) n oi ratio of septage to biogas (r_biogas_septage) tz ratio of septage to anaerobic treatment (r_anaerobic_septage) z gm @ ratio of WWTP sludge to landfill (r_WWTPsludge_landfill) om l.c ratio of WWTP sludge to biogas (r_WWTPsludge_biogas) an Lu n va ac th 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Appendix H Parameters used in the MFA Description Unit Value Source Between 30-35 ton m_waste collected solid waste 20 kg cap * 1000 / n_inhabitantsU d -1 -1 waste/day in Song Cong 0,60 town according to Director and Chairman of the TEUC 5-10 % organic of collected solid waste in Song Cong, ratio of collected waste r_organic_FW [-] that is organic 0,075 according to interview with Director and Chairman of the TEUC an lu Assuming lower urban n va collection rate than in Hanoi kg cap-1 m_waste * m_organicwaste_FW gh tn to food waste production d-1 r_organic_FW / 0,6 case Zimmermann: Waste 0,07 Viet (2010) has 70 % urban collection rate for a small p ie city Solid waste production o nl w 0,7 kg cap-1 day-1 g ad c_P_domesticFW P content in food waste Zimmermann: Diaz et al., 1996 kg-1 nv a lu an COD load in food waste 69 -1 based on Jönsson et al., ll fu m_COD_domesticFW Zimmermann: Assumption g cap-1 d 2005, p 39 m n oi c_COD_domesticFW m_COD_domesticFW / COD content in food g kg-1 m_domesticwaste * waste tz r_organic_FW food waste NOT yr -1 53,27 m_organicwaste_FW * 365 * 0,4 collected each year kg cap-1 gm @ m_uncollectedFW z amount of household yr-1 r_livestock_uFW ratio of uncollected food * 0,6 an collected each year 35,51 Lu m_collected FW m_organicwaste_FW * 365 om kg cap-1 l.c amount of food waste Survey result, including n va ac th 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 waste to livestock [-] 0,6 [-] 0,4 "Other" ratio of uncollected food waste to local r_composting_Ufw Song Cong survey result composting Assumption based on Song ratio of uncollected food r_landfill_uFW [-] waste to landfill Cong survey results and observations g cap-1 P load in excreta m_P_excreta Zimmermann: Nguyen Viet 0,86 Anh et al., 2007, p.16 d-1 g cap-1 COD load in excreta an lu m_COD_excreta -1 d 21,65 Zimmermann: Jönsson et al., 2005 va ratio of households with n septic tank for [-] 0,68 Song Cong survey result [-] 0,015 [-] Included in future scenario [-] Included in future scenario [-] 0,285 Song Cong survey result blackwater gh tn to r_septictankBW ratio of households p ie connected to WWTP r_WWTPa w treatment plant Bach Quang o nl ratio of households ad r_WWTPb Staff at Bach Quang connected to WWTP a lu centralized nv an ratio of households connected to WWTP ll fu r_WWTPc m decentralized n oi ratio of households with r_drytoiletE dry toilet for excreta tz for black water gm @ direct river connection r_riverBW z ratio of households with [-] 0,02 Song Cong survey result r_STeffluentWWTPb effluent to WWTP [-] Included in future scenario n va an ratio of septic tank Included in future scenario Lu centralized r_STeffluentWWTPc om l.c ratio of septic tank ac th 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 effluent to WWTP decentralized ratio of septic tank r_STeffluentSoil effluent to soil ratio of septic tank r_STeffluentPond effluent to pond [-] Song Cong survey result [-] Song Cong survey result Assumption based on Son Cong survey result, r_STeffluentRiver ratio of septic tank [-] effluent to river Zimmermann and observations lu Zimmermann: Assumption an P transfer coefficient in r_P_STsludge [-] 0,18 based on Nguyen Viet Anh, va fecal sludge from septic n 2005 tn to tanks gh COD transfer coefficient in faecal sludge from p ie r_COD_STsludge [-] Zimmermann: Nguyen Viet 0,5 Anh et al., 2007 w septic tanks g cap-1 P load in greywater d-1 ad o nl m_P_greywater a lu m_COD_greywater g cap-1 COD load in greywater Zimmermann: Büsser, 2007 37 Zimmermann: Büsser, 2006 an nv d-1 0,6 ll fu Assumption based on Son ratio of households with [-] m r_septictankGW Zimmermann and n oi septic tank for greywater Cong survey result, 0,1 ratio of households with ratio of households with direct connections to [-] 0,1 Song Cong survey result om Lu Song Cong survey result an direct soil connection for 0,65 l.c ratio of households with Song Cong survey result [-] river for greywater r_soilGW 0,15 r_riverGW [-] gm @ pond for greywater z r_pondGW tz observations n va ac th 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 greywater Song Cong survey result ratio of dry toilet excreta r_DTexcretaCompost [-] to composting to landfill ratio of dry toilet excreta r_DTexcretaRiver to river ratio of dry toilet excreta r_DTexcretaBiogas to biogas lu ratio of collected food an r_composting_FW Includes the results from the alternative 'Other' ratio of dry toilet excreta r_DTexcretaLandfill 0,5 waste to composting [-] 0,38 Song Cong survey result [-] 0,12 Song Cong survey result [-] Included in future scenario [-] 0,00 Song Cong survey result va n Assumption based on Song [-] waste to landfill gh tn to ratio of collected food r_landfill_FW Cong survey result and 1,00 director and chairman at p ie TEUC w ratio of collected food r_biogas_FW ad o nl waste to biogas ratio of septage to composting 0,00 Song Cong survey result [-] 0,00 Song Cong survey result [-] 0,30 Song Cong survey result nv a lu r_composting_STsludge [-] r_landfill_ST an ratio of septage to r_river_STsludge ratio of septage to river [-] 0,20 Song Cong survey result r_biogas_STsludge ratio of septage to biogas [-] 0,00 Song Cong survey result m ll fu landfill sludge tz n oi anaerobic treatment sludge Cong survey result, gm @ ratio of septage to z r_anaerobic_ST Assumption based on Song [-] 0,50 observations and director and chairman at TEUC [-] Assumption based on observations an ratio of WWTP sludge Lu to landfill [-] om r_WWTPsludge_river ratio of WWTP sludge l.c r_WWTPsludge_landfill Assumption based on n va ac th 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