HEAT ANALYSIS AND THERMODYNAMIC EFFECTS Edited by Amimul Ahsan Heat Analysis and Thermodynamic Effects Edited by Amimul Ahsan Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marija Radja Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright 2happy, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Heat Analysis and Thermodynamic Effects, Edited by Amimul Ahsan p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-585-3 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Thermodynamic and Thermal Stress 1 Chapter 1 Enhancing Spontaneous Heat Flow 3 Karen V. Hovhannisyan and Armen E. Allahverdyan Chapter 2 The Thermodynamic Effect of Shallow Groundwater on Temperature and Energy Balance at Bare Land Surface 19 F. Alkhaier, G. N. Flerchinger and Z. Su Chapter 3 Stress of Vertical Cylindrical Vessel for Thermal Stratification of Contained Fluid 39 Ichiro Furuhashi Chapter 4 Axi-Symmetrical Transient Temperature Fields and Quasi-Static Thermal Stresses Initiated by a Laser Pulse in a Homogeneous Massive Body 57 Aleksander Yevtushenko, Kazimierz Rozniakowski and Malgorzata Rozniakowska-Klosinska Chapter 5 Principles of Direct Thermoelectric Conversion 93 José Rui Camargo and Maria Claudia Costa de Oliveira Chapter 6 On the Thermal Transformer Performances 107 Ali Fellah and Ammar Ben Brahim Part 2 Heat Pipe and Exchanger 127 Chapter 7 Optimal Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Design 129 Mauro A. S. S. Ravagnani, Aline P. Silva and Jose A. Caballero Chapter 8 Enhancement of Heat Transfer in the Bundles of Transversely-Finned Tubes 159 E.N. Pis’mennyi, A.M. Terekh and V.G. Razumovskiy VI Contents Chapter 9 On the Optimal Allocation of the Heat Exchangers of Irreversible Power Cycles 187 G. Aragón-González, A. León-Galicia and J. R. Morales-Gómez Part 3 Gas Flow and Oxidation 209 Chapter 10 Gas-Solid Flow Applications for Powder Handling in Industrial Furnaces Operations 211 Paulo Douglas Santos de Vasconcelos and André Luiz Amarante Mesquita Chapter 11 Equivalent Oxidation Exposure - Time for Low Temperature Spontaneous Combustion of Coal 235 Kyuro Sasaki and Yuichi Sugai Part 4 Heat Analysis 255 Chapter 12 Integral Transform Method Versus Green Function Method in Electron, Hadron or Laser Beam - Water Phantom Interaction 257 Mihai Oane, Natalia Serban and Ion N. Mihailescu Chapter 13 Micro Capillary Pumped Loop for Electronic Cooling 271 Seok-Hwan Moon and Gunn Hwang Chapter 14 The Investigation of Influence Polyisobutilene Additions to Kerosene at the Efficiency of Combustion 295 V.D. Gaponov, V.K. Chvanov, I.Y. Fatuev, I.N. Borovik, A.G. Vorobiev, A.A. Kozlov, I.A. Lepeshinsky, Istomin E.A. and Reshetnikov V.A Chapter 15 Synthesis of Novel Materials by Laser Rapid Solidification 313 E. J. Liang, J. Zhang and M. J. Chao Chapter 16 Problem of Materials for Electromagnetic Launchers 321 Gennady Shvetsov and Sergey Stankevich Chapter 17 Selective Catalytic Reduction NO by Ammonia Over Ceramic and Active Carbon Based Catalysts 351 Marek Kułażyński Preface The heat transfer and analysis on heat pipe and exchanger, and thermal stress are significant issues in a design of wide range of industrial processes and devices. This book introduces advanced processes and modeling of heat transfer, gas flow, oxidation, and of heat pipe and exchanger to the international community. It includes 17 advanced and revised contributions, and it covers mainly (1) thermodynamic effects and thermal stress, (2) heat pipe and exchanger, (3) gas flow and oxidation, and (4) heat analysis. The first section introduces spontaneous heat flow, thermodynamic effect of groundwater, stress on vertical cylindrical vessel, transient temperature fields, principles of thermoelectric conversion, and transformer performances. The second section covers thermosyphon heat pipe, shell and tube heat exchangers, heat transfer in bundles of transversly-finned tubes, fired heaters for petroleum refineries, and heat exchangers of irreversible power cycles. The third section includes gas flow over a cylinder, gas-solid flow applications, oxidation exposure, effects of buoyancy, and application of energy and thermal performance (EETP) index on energy efficiency. The forth section presents integral transform and green function methods, micro capillary pumped loop, influence of polyisobutylene additions, synthesis of novel materials, and materials for electromagnetic launchers. The readers of this book will appreciate the current issues of modeling on thermodynamic effects, thermal stress, heat exchanger, heat transfer, gas flow and oxidation in different aspects. The approaches would be applicable in various industrial purposes as well. The advanced idea and information described here will be fruitful for the readers to find a sustainable solution in an industrialized society. The editor of this book would like to express sincere thanks to all authors for their high quality contributions and in particular to the reviewers for reviewing the chapters. Acknowledgments All praise be to Almighty Allah, the Creator and the Sustainer of the world, the Most Beneficent, Most Benevolent, Most Merciful, and Master of the Day of Judgment. He is X Preface Omnipresent and Omnipotent. He is the King of all kings of the world. In His hand is all good. Certainly, over all things Allah has power. The editor would like to express appreciation to all who have helped to prepare this book. The editor expresses his gratefulness to Ms. Ivana Lorkovic, Publishing Process Manager at InTech Publisher, for her continued cooperation. In addition, the editor appreciatively remembers the assistance of all authors and reviewers of this book. Gratitude is expressed to Mrs. Ahsan, Ibrahim Bin Ahsan, Mother, Father, Mother-in- Law, Father-in-Law, and Brothers and Sisters for their endless inspiration, mental support and also necessary help whenever any difficulty occurred. Dr. Amimul Ahsan Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering University Putra Malaysia Malaysia [...]... L 11 , L22 and L12 = L 21 The temperatures Tc and Th are held fixed; see also ( 41) Write J1 as J1 = L 11 X1 + X2 W − L22 2 TX1 X1 (45) During the maximization we should keep L 11 confined by some upper limit L 11 ; otherwise J1 will not be finite Eq (44), which should hold for arbitrary X1 and X2 , implies L22 ≥ 0 Recaling that also X1 > 0, we see that J1 is maximized for L 11 = L 11 and L22 = 0: J1 = L 11. .. Chichester, 2000) [10 ] Gemmer, J.; Michel, M and Mahler, G., Quantum Thermodynamics (Springer, 2004) [11 ] Lepri,S ; Livi,R and Politi,A , Phys Rep 377, 1 (2003) [12 ] Segal, D and Nitzan, A., Phys Rev E 73, 02 610 9 (2006) [13 ] Marathe,R.; Jayannavar,A M and Dhar,A., Phys Rev E 75, 03 010 3 (R) (2007) [14 ] Segal,D., Phys Rev Lett 10 1, 2606 01 (2008) [15 ] Ren,J and Li,B., Phys Rev E 81, 0 211 11 (2 010 ) [16 ] Henrich,M... E) [ 21] Parrondo, J.M.R., Phys Rev E 57, 7297 (19 98) Usmani, O.; Lutz, E and Buttiker, M., Phys Rev E 66, 0 211 11 (2002) Astumian, R D., PNAS 10 4, 19 715 (2007) [22] Rahav, S.; Horowitz, J and Jarzynski, C., Phys Rev Lett 10 1, 14 0602 (2008) Chernyak, V Y and Sinitsyn, N A., Phys Rev Lett 10 1, 16 06 01 (2008) [23] Parrondo, J.M.R and de Cisneros, B.J., Appl Phys A 75, 17 9 (2002) [24] Marshall, A.W and Olkin,... matrices of the following form [compare with (19 , 20)] ⎛ ⎞ 10 0 0 0 0 0 00 ⎜0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 0 0 c 11 0 c12 0 c13 0 0 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0⎟ ⎜ ⎟ (37) C = ⎜ 0 0 c 21 0 c22 0 c23 0 0 ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ ⎜0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 0 0 c 31 0 c32 0 c33 0 0 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0⎠ 00 0 0 0 0 0 01 16 Heat Analysis and Thermodynamic Effects Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH 14 It is not difficult to see that for fixed energy... n − 1 fold degenerate, i.e ε ≡ ε 2 = = ε n Denoting u = e− β h ε ∝ r2 = = rn (16 ) we obtain for Qh = Q h (∞ ) Q h (∞) = Th ln 1 u 1 1 1 + ( n − 1) u (17 ) where u is to be found from maximizing the RHS of (17 ) over u, i.e., u is determined via 1 + (n − 1) u + ln u = 0 Note that in this case W = + ∞ In the n Qh = Th ln n 1 + O ln ln n ln n 1 limit we have u = (18 ) ln n n [1 + o (1) ] from (18 ) and. .. Michel,M and Mahler,G., Europhys Lett., 76, 10 57 (2006) Henrich,M J.; Mahler, G and Michel,M., Phys Rev E 75, 0 511 18 (2007) [17 ] Feldman, T and Kosloff, R., Phys Rev E, 61, 4774 (2000) [18 ] Allahverdyan, A.E.; Balian, R and Nieuwenhuizen, Th.M., J Mod Opt 51, 2703 (2004) [19 ] Allahverdyan, A.E.; Johal, R.S and Mahler, G., Phys Rev E 77, 0 411 18 (2008) [20] Allahverdyan, A.E.; Hovhannisyan, K.V and Mahler,... Topics in Bioenergetics, 15 , 3 31 (19 87) [6] Lerch,H.-P ; Mikhailov,A S and Hess,B , PNAS 26, 15 410 (2002) [7] Vancelow, D G., Biophysical Journal, 82, 2293 (2002) 18 16 Heat Analysis and Thermodynamic Effects Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH [8] Hovhannisyan, K and Allahverdyan, A E., J Stat Mech (2 010 ) P06 010 [9] Berry,R.S.; Kazakov, V.A.; Sieniutycz, S.; Szwast, Z and Tsvilin, A.M., Thermodynamic Optimization... Majorization and its Applications, (Academic Press, New York, 19 79) [25] Partovi, H M., Phys Lett A 13 7, 440 (19 89) [26] Mityugov, V V., Phys Usp 17 0, 6 81 (2000) Brailovskii, A B.; Vaks, V.L and Mityugov, V.V., Phys Usp 16 6, 795 (19 96) [27] Janzing, D.; Wocjan, P.; Zeier, R.; Geiss, R and Beth, R., Int Jour Theor Phys 39, 2 217 (2000) [28] Kedem, O and Kaplan S R., Trans Faraday Soc 61, 18 97 (19 65) [29]... optimal heat transferred under condition that the consumed work is not [sp] larger than W > 0, while Q h is the optimal spontaneous heat; see (24, 29) Note that the 12 Heat Analysis and Thermodynamic Effects Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH 10 1. 0 0.8 0.6 Χ 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0 .1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 W Fig 3 The efficiency χ versus work W for θ ≡ Tc /Th = 0.5 and n = 2 (normal curve), n = 10 (dashed curve) and n =... Th − Tc and f , one can substitute T in ( 41) by Tc or Th ; the choice of T is conventional In essence, linearity means that the state which supports the currents is not far from equilibrium (29) The basic postulate of this formalism is linear relations between currents and forces (29): J1 = L 11 X1 + L12 X2 , J2 = L 21 X1 + L22 X2 (42) 17 15 Enhancing Spontaneous Heat Flow Enhancing Spontaneous Heat Flow . mainly (1) thermodynamic effects and thermal stress, (2) heat pipe and exchanger, (3) gas flow and oxidation, and (4) heat analysis. The first section introduces spontaneous heat flow, thermodynamic. initial and final density matrices will be diagonal in the energy 4 Heat Analysis and Thermodynamic Effects Enhancing Spontaneous Heat Flow 3 T c T h Q h Q c V(t) W H C Ε 1 Ε 2 Μ 1 Μ 2 Fig. 1. The heat. HEAT ANALYSIS AND THERMODYNAMIC EFFECTS Edited by Amimul Ahsan Heat Analysis and Thermodynamic Effects Edited by Amimul Ahsan