(Luận văn) assessment of the arise situation and characteristics of sewage sludge from the wastewater treatment plants in hanoi

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY DANG XUAN HAO TOPIC TITTLE: lu ASSESSMENT OF THE ARISE SITUATION AND CHARACTERISTICS an va OF SEWAGE SLUDGE FROM n tn to THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN HANOI gh p ie BACHELOR THESIS d oa nl w an lu n va Study Mode : Full-time : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : 2011-2015 ll fu Major oi m at nh z z gm @ om l.c an Lu Thai Nguyen, Sept 2015 n va ac th si ABSTRACT Student name DANG XUAN HAO Student ID DTN1153110019 Thesis Title Assessment of the arise situation and characteristics of sewage sludge from the wastewater treatment plants in Hanoi Supervisor (s) Prof Dr Nguyen The Dang lu an Abstract: n va The sewage sludge is an object of most attention today The biological gh tn to sewage sludge has the potential to re-use for various purposes because principal p ie components of sewage sludge is the excess microbial of bioremediation processes oa nl w with high content of organic, nitrogen and phosphorus The volume of sewage sludge of Hanoi city is increasing in both quantity and type The rivers and canals, d v an lu in addition to the role of drainage also receive a portion of municipal and industrial fu an wastewater One member limited liability company of Hanoi Drainage undertake of m ll solid waste gathering, management and treatment of urban sewage sludge volumes n oi of Hanoi but just stop at the level of sludge collected during dredging drainage t ditches system, rivers and lakes Has conducted fact-finding treatment technology, z z gm @ sludge sources generated, sampling location at treatment plants are Kim Lien, m co l Truc Bach and North Thang Long Concurrently, find out the management of sewage sludge in the city of Hanoi to assess the situation arising sludge from an Lu wastewater treatment plants of Hanoi and assess the characteristics of sludge n va components from the wastewater treatment plant of Hanoi The conclusions are ac th i si sludge from sewage treatment plants have high humidity, weak alkaline pH and nutrient contents are high; content of the heavy metal in sludge from water treatment plants are less than the threshold of the EEC (1986) and the threshold for hazardous waste according to QCVN 07: 2009 Key words: Waste treatment, sewage sludge, heavy metal content, management of sewage sludge Number of pages: 51 Date of submission: 30/09/2015 lu an Signature of n va p ie gh tn to supervisor: d oa nl w m ll fu an v an lu t n oi z z gm @ m co l an Lu n va ac th ii si ACKNOWLEDGMENT First, I would like to express profound gratitude to Prof Dr Nguyen The Dang, who has driven research, guidance, help me during the implementation and completion of this thesis I sincerely thank to dean board, teachers of Environment Faculty and International Training and Development Center of Thainguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry has been communicated, to equip for me many knowledge lu an and valuable experience as well as create the most favorable environment to n va learning during four school years tn to I would also like to thank to the staff and workers of three water treatment gh p ie plants Kim Lien, Truc Bach and North Thang Long of Hanoi has help and provide oa nl w for me important documents and create favorable conditions for the me in the process of gathering documents and fieldwork d v an lu Finally, I would like to express deep gratitude to my family and friends, m ll fu an having always encourage and help me about materially and mentally during the study to I can finish this thesis n oi Due to time and capacity is limited so my thesis is inevitable shortcomings I t z would like to receive the instructions, comments of teachers and friends to my z gm @ thesis is more complete m co l Student an Lu n va Dang Xuan Hao ac th iii si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS PART I INTRODUCTION PART II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1.1.The general issues of sewage sludge lu an 1.1.1 Concept and classification of waste sludge n va 1.1.2 Origin, nature and characteristics of sludge gh tn to 1.1.3 Regulations and standards on sludge 13 p ie 1.1.4 The impact of the sludge on the environment and human health 18 oa nl w 1.2 The sludge treatment method 21 1.2.1 Handling by incineration 21 d v an lu 1.2.2 Handling by landfilling method 21 fu an 1.2.3 Handling by composting biological method 22 m ll 1.2.4 Handling by recycling method 23 n oi 1.3 Management situation of urban sludge in the world and in vietnam 23 t 1.3.1 Sludge management in the world 23 z z gm @ 1.3.2 Sludge management in Vietnam 25 m co l 1.4 An overview of the wastewater treatment technology and generated sludge at three treatment plants 26 Lu 1.4.1 Waste water input 26 an n va iv ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 1.4.2 Waste water treatment technology general at three wastewater treatment stations: 30 1.4.3 Residue sludge product (sewage sludge) 34 PART III OBJECT, CONTENT AND METHODS 35 2.1 Research subjects 35 2.2 Research Content 36 2.2.1 The status of municipal sludge generated from the water treatment plant 36 2.2.2 Characteristics of sludge from the wastewater treatment plant 36 lu an 2.3 Research Methods 36 n va 2.3.1 Collection method, synthetic material 36 tn to 2.3.2 Survey method, fieldwork 36 ie gh p 2.3.3 Analytical method 37 oa nl w 2.3.4 Methods of data processing 39 PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 40 d v an lu 3.1 The status of urban sludge generated from the water treatment plant 40 m ll fu an 3.2 Physical and chemical characterization of sludge from wastewater treatment plant 41 n oi PART V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 48 t z Conclusion 48 z @ Recommendation 48 gm m co l REFERENCES 50 an Lu n va v ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Nutrient contents in sewage sludge 12 Table 1.2 Regulations of US - EPA for some heavy metals in the sludge according to intended use 13 Table 1.3 The content of organic compounds for sludge applied to agriculture of some countries 14 Table 1.4 Heavy metal content to apply sewage sludge in agriculture in lu some countries 15 an Table 1.5 Limit values of some microorganisms in sludge as standard in n va tn to some countries in the world 15 p ie gh Table 1.6 Basis absolute content (H) and hazard threshold calculated according leaching concentration (Ctc) of the parameters in the sludge 17 oa nl w Table 1.7 Method of sludge management in some countries 24 d Table 2.1 The sampling locations and sample symbols 35 v an lu Table 2.2 The targets and methods of analysis 37 fu an Table 3.1 Parameters of the wastewater treatment plants 40 m ll Table 3.2: Physical and chemical characterization of sludge at wastewater n oi t treatment plants 41 z z Table 3.3: Heavy metal (HM) content in the sludge of plants 43 @ gm Table 3.4 Some regulations on permissible limits of heavy metal in soil 43 m co l an Lu n va ac th 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Sampling locations 36 Figure 3.1 Some of nutritional components in sludge 41 Figure 3.2 Cu content in sewage sludge 45 Figure 3.4 Pb content in sewage sludge 46 Figure 3.5 Pb content in sewage sludge 47 Figure 3.6 Cr content in sewage sludge 47 lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w m ll fu an v an lu t n oi z z gm @ m co l an Lu n va ac th 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS lu an n va : Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment BXD : Ministry of Construction OM : Organic matter NXB : Publishing house TCVN : Vietnam standard TCXD : Construction Standard TNHH : Limited liability QCVN : Regulation of Vietnam URENCO : Hanoi Urban Environment Company US-EPA : United States Environmental Protection Agency p ie gh tn to BTNMT d oa nl w m ll fu an v an lu t n oi z z gm @ m co l an Lu n va ac th 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 PART I INTRODUCTION Today, the economy - society of Vietnam is on track to grow strongly, accompanied the process of industrialization and modernization, urban is gradually expansion lead to pollution, especially the emergence of various types waste In particular, the sewage sludge is also an object of most attention today, become a burden for businesses, not only in Vietnam, but even in other countries with economy, science and technology developed in the world The collection, lu transportation, treatment, recycling and reuse of waste particularly sewage sludge an from drainage systems and sanitation facilities in urban centers, is becoming a n va tn to difficult problem for the managers most in countries of the world, particularly in ie gh countries with developing economies, including Vietnam p According to US-EPA, sewage sludge disposal costs accounted for 50% of oa nl w operating costs of the treatment system The disposal and burial of sewage sludge has been causing serious environmental pollution Production of sewage sludge in d v an lu the United Kingdom now is up to about 1.2 million tons dry solids and in the EU fu an generally has about 6.5 million tons of dry solids are produced annually According m ll to recent studies, the biological sewage sludge has the potential to re-use for various n oi purposes because principal components of sewage sludge is the excess microbial of t bioremediation processes with high content of organic, nitrogen and phosphorus z z gm @ In Vietnam, solve the environmental pollution due solid waste, hazardous waste, especially sewage sludge is a major challenge to society, with the relevant authorities l m co and the State Also sludge of canals, drains, sewage sludge generated from factories, the environment an Lu industrial zones, industrial facilities, etc contains many pollutants and is discharged into n va ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Analysis Targets Method Summary of methods equipment Nitrogen Kjeldahl Decompose sludge sample to convert Digestion total nitrogen into ammonium sulfate cabinets, form by boiling H2SO4 combined distillation catalyst HClO4 Distilling and titrate machine and ammonium form, which calculate the burette titrator total amount of nitrogen in sludge samples lu an n va Phosphorus Kjeldahl Destroy the samples to convert Digestion total phosphorus into P2O5 forms by cabinets, tn to mixed of H2SO4 and HClO4 boiling colorimetric ie gh Use colorimetric method of blue photovoltaic p molybdenum to quantify total Kjeldahl Destroy the sludge sample by mixed Digestion oa nl w Potassium machines of H2SO4 and HClO4 to convert cabinets flame d into K + form photometer, Quantification of potassium by flame meter fu an v an lu potassium photometer method m ll Heavy Extract Extract in turn the forms of metal by Shaker, n oi the appropriate extract Then bring centrifuges, Zn, Pb, Cd, heavy the extract obtained for analysis to digestion Cr) determine the amount of heavy cabinets t metal (Cu, analyzing z z of metals in sludge samples atomic m co l improved Tessier gm form and @ metals absorption spectrometry Lu an machine AAS n va 38 ac th 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 2.3.4 Methods of data processing The data were presented in the study results are the average results of the experiments are repeated after statistical processing, calculating average values The graph shows the data plotted by the Excel software lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w m ll fu an v an lu t n oi z z gm @ m co l an Lu n va 39 ac th 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plants is n va shown in Table 3.1 below (Hai, 2007): tn to p ie gh Table 3.1 Parameters of the wastewater treatment plants oa nl w Wattage (m3/day) The amount The collection Treatment Plant Design Operate v an lu 3,700 Truc Bach 2,500 2,500 North Thang Long 42,000 3,700 m ll fu an n oi 7,000 of sludge process generated * system d Kim Lien Technology (kg/day) General A2O 925 General A2O 625 General A2O 1,750 t z Thus, the estimated average domestic waste sludge from three wastewater z @ gm treatment plants in Hanoi after the wastewater treatment generated about 3,300 l kg/day or about 1.205 tons of sludge generated annually from three wastewater m co treatment plants an Lu n va 40 ac th 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57.72 3.70 3798.62 5.30 4832.00 6.02 5602.11 7.43 7.64 85.17 63.18 3.37 3634.51 5.80 4801.30 6.50 5012.01 7.79 87.05 53.04 3.49 2947.11 6.35 5462.00 6.05 5901.79 p ie Bach OM North 7.69 d oa nl w TL m ll fu an v an lu t n oi z z gm @ m co l an Lu Figure 3.1 Some of nutritional components in sludge n va 41 ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 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(reaching 63.18%), and lowest in North Thang Long plant (53.04%) Mostly organic substances from lu an waste, vegetable oil and animal fat, vegetable carcasses, excreta usually in sludge n va However, due to the retention time in the works and sewer network are long, most tn to of the organic matter in the sludge deposition are decomposed p ie gh - Nitrogen total (Nts), phosphorus total (Pts) and potassium total (Kts) in the oa nl w sludge are high and not much difference between the wastewater treatment plants In which, Kim Lien treatment plant with the highest concentration of Nts is 3.7%, in d v an lu North Thang Long treatment plant have Pts concentrations about 6.35% and Truc remaining treatment plants m ll fu an Bach treatment plant have Kts concentrations about 6.50 % is greater than the two n oi - Concentration of Nts and Kts in plants are very high compared to the rating t z scale N, K in the soil This is a potential source of nutritional supplements for the z gm @ soil if the sludge used for agricultural purposes Pts content in sludge at plants are m co l also quite high However, the amount of P digestible small proportion compared with P total This is explained by the P total are rich but neutral pH so the content of an Lu Fe, Al,etc lead to P exists mainly in the form of precipitates n va 42 ac th 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 si 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1,500 lu an To assess the level of heavy metal pollution of sewage sludge we compare n va with some standards in Table 3.4 gh tn to Table 3.4 Some regulations on permissible limits of heavy metal in soil CCME, Italia, p ie EEC* HM pH < pH > DPR oa nl w 1982** QCVN:03/2008/BTNMT 2005*** QCVN Type Type Agricultural Industrial A B land land 400 757 50 100 - 07:2009 Cu 1,000 1,750 Zn 2,500 4,000 2,500 700 1,850 200 300 5,000 Pb 750 1,200 500 150 500 70 300 300 Cd 20 40 20 10 10 Cr 1,000 1,500 210 1,060 - - 100 d 600 fu an v an lu 10 m ll - n oi t Note: QCVN:07/2009/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation of Vietnam on Hazardous Waste Threshold QCVN:03/2008/BTNMT: National Technical Regulations of Vietnam on permissible limits of heavy metal in the soil (***)Regulations on the maximum levels of heavy metal allows for the compost of the Canada Department of Environment Canada, CCME 2005 Type A: Use unlimited Type B: Do not use in agriculture, are permitted for use in forestry, green city park (**)Italian regulations on the maximum levels of heavy metal allows for the compost Use unlimited for agriculture (*)Directive 86/278/EEC (European Community 1986), the allowed limit of heavy metal in sewage sludge can be added to soil with pH>7 or pH