Industrial Safety and Health for Goods and Materials Services ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Handbook of Safety and Health for the Service Industry Industrial Safety and Health for Goods and Materials Services Industrial Safety and Health for Infrastructure Services Industrial Safety and Health for Administrative Services Industrial Safety and Health for People-Oriented Services ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC HANDBOOK OF SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR THE SERVICE INDUSTRY Industrial Safety and Health for Goods and Materials Services Charles D Reese ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-5378-4 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Reese, Charles D Industrial safety and health for goods and materials services / Charles D Reese p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4200-5378-4 (alk paper) Service industries United States Safety measures Service industries Employees Health and hygiene United States Retail trade Employees Health and hygiene United States Wholesale trade Employees Health and hygiene United States Materials handling United States Safety measures I Title HD7269.S452U6742 2009 658.3’82 dc22 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 2008013268 Contents Preface Author Chapter Introduction to the Service Industry 1.1 NAICS 1.2 Employment in the Service Industry 1.3 Safety 1.4 Why Trauma Prevention? 1.5 Accidents or Incidents 1.6 Comprehensive Accident Prevention 1.7 Fatality and Injury Profile for the Service Industry 1.8 Occupational Illnesses in the Service Industry References Chapter Wholesale Trade Profile of Retail Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses 2.1.1 Deaths 2.1.2 Injuries 2.1.3 Illnesses 2.2 Hazards Faced by Wholesale Workers 2.3 Occupations 2.4 Applicable OSHA Regulations References 2.1 Chapter 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Retail Trade Retail Trade 3.1.1 Motor Vehicle and Part Dealers 3.1.2 Clothing, Accessory, and General Merchandise Stores 3.1.3 Grocery Stores Profile of Retail Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses 3.2.1 Deaths 3.2.2 Injuries 3.2.3 Illnesses Hazards Faced by Retail Workers Occupations 3.4.1 Motor Vehicle and Part Dealers 3.4.2 Clothing, Accessory, and General Merchandise Stores ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 3.4.3 Grocery Stores 3.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations References Chapter Warehousing Profile of Warehousing Workers’ Death, Injuries, and Illnesses 4.1.1 Deaths 4.1.2 Injuries 4.1.3 Illnesses 4.2 Hazards Faced by Warehousing Workers 4.3 Occupations 4.4 Applicable OSHA Regulations References 4.1 Chapter 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 OSHA and Its Regulations Federal Laws OSHACT Content of the OSHACT Regulation Process Federal Register Purpose of OSHA Code of Federal Regulations CFR Numbering System OSHA Standards Cover Copies of the OSHA Standards Relief (Variance) from an OSHA Standard OSHACT Protects National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s Role Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission’s Role Employers Are Responsible for Workers’ Safety and Health Workers’ Rights Workers’ Responsibilities under the Law Right to Not Be Discriminated Against Right to Know Environmental Monitoring Results Personal Protective Clothing OSHA Inspections OSHA Receives a Complaint Citations Types of Violations Challenging Citations, Penalties, and Other Enforcement Measures Workers Get the Results of an Inspection Determining Penalties State Programs ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 Workers’ Training Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Medical and Exposure Records Posting Summary Chapter 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Safety and Health Management 6.1.1 Safety and Health Policy 6.1.2 Goals and Objectives 6.1.3 Visible Top Management Leadership 6.1.4 Assignment of Responsibility 6.1.5 Provision of Authority 6.1.6 Accountability 6.1.7 Program Evaluation Safety and Health Programs Reasons for a Comprehensive Safety Program Building a Safety and Health Program 6.4.1 Management Commitment and Employee Involvement 6.4.2 Hazard Identification and Assessment 6.4.3 Hazard Prevention and Control 6.4.4 Information and Training 6.4.5 Evaluation of Program Effectiveness 6.4.6 Multiemployer Workplaces Characteristics of an Occupational Safety and Health Program 6.5.1 Factors Affecting Safety and Health Summary Chapter 7.1 7.2 7.3 Safety Hazards Emphasis on Hazards Accident Causes 7.2.1 Direct Causes 7.2.2 Indirect Causes 7.2.3 Basic Causes Summary Chapter 8.1 8.2 8.3 Safety and Health Management Health Hazards Occupational Illnesses Identifying Health Hazards Health Hazards 8.3.1 Acute Health Effects 8.3.2 Chronic Health Effects 8.3.3 Chronic Disease 8.3.4 Birth Defects=Infertility ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 8.4 Biological Monitoring 8.4.1 Medical Questionnaire 8.4.2 Pulmonary Function Tests 8.4.3 Electrocardiogram 8.4.4 Chest X-Ray 8.5 Hazardous Chemicals 8.5.1 Carcinogens 8.6 Ionizing Radiation 8.7 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss 8.8 Nonionizing Radiation 8.9 Temperature Extremes 8.9.1 Cold Stress 8.9.2 Heat Stress 8.10 Vibration Reference Chapter 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Chemical Hazards Chemicals Routes of Entry and Modes of Action 9.2.1 Eyes 9.2.2 Lungs and Inhalation 9.2.2.1 Respiration 9.2.3 Skin Absorption 9.2.4 Ingestion 9.2.5 Personal Exposure Guides Chemical Exposure Guidelines 9.3.1 Time-Weighted Average 9.3.2 Short-Term Exposure Limits 9.3.3 Ceiling Limit 9.3.4 Skin Absorption Notation Types of Airborne Contaminants 9.4.1 Dusts 9.4.2 Fumes 9.4.3 Gases 9.4.4 Mists 9.4.5 Vapors Typical Hazardous Chemicals 9.5.1 Solvents 9.5.2 Cleaners 9.5.3 Acids and Bases 9.5.4 Adhesives and Sealants 9.5.5 Paints 9.5.6 Fuels Exposure Monitoring Biological Monitoring ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 9.8 9.9 9.10 Cancer-Causing Chemicals Hazard Communications (1910.1200) 9.9.1 Written HAZCOM Program 9.9.2 Information Provided by the Employer 9.9.3 Training Provided by the Employer 9.9.4 Multiple Employer Sites 9.9.5 Conclusions Summary Chapter 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Compressed Gases Corrosive and Toxic Gases 10.1.1 Poisonous Gases Preventing Compressed Gas Cylinder Accidents 10.2.1 Cylinder Use 10.2.2 Handling 10.2.3 Storage 10.2.3.1 Outside Storage 10.2.3.2 Inside Storage 10.2.4 Moving Cylinders 10.2.5 Transportation of Cylinders 10.2.6 Empty Cylinders 10.2.7 Identification and Color Coding 10.2.8 Adequately Securing Cylinders 10.2.9 Cylinder Storage Sheds 10.2.10 Compatibility Hoses and Regulators 10.3.1 Inspection 10.3.2 General Precautions 10.3.3 Operation 10.3.4 Safe Handling and Usage Guidelines Compressed Air Safety Guidelines Cryogenic Safety 10.5.1 General Precautions 10.5.2 Storage 10.5.3 Hazards 10.5.4 Hazards to Personnel 10.5.4.1 Frostbite=Burns and Skin Lesions 10.5.4.2 Asphyxiation 10.5.4.3 Obscured Vision 10.5.5 Hazards to Equipment 10.5.6 Hazards of Cryogens 10.5.6.1 Extreme Cold 10.5.6.2 Asphyxiation 10.5.6.3 Toxic Hazards 10.5.6.4 Obscured Vision ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.5.6.5 High Pressure 10.5.6.6 Dewars in High Magnetic Fields 10.5.6.7 Liquid Oxygen Preventing Cryogenic Accidents 10.6.1 Dos 10.6.2 Don’ts Compressed Gases in the Service Industry OSHA Compressed Gas Regulations: Summary 10.8.1 Compressed Gas Cylinders (29 CFR 1910.101 and 253) 10.8.2 Acetylene (29 CFR 1910.253) 10.8.3 Hydrogen (29 CFR 1910.103) 10.8.4 Nitrous Oxide (29 CFR 1910.105) 10.8.5 Oxygen (29 CFR 1910.253) 10.8.6 Compressed Air (29 CFR 1910.242 and 29 CFR 1926.302) Compressed Gas and Cylinder Checklist Summary 10.10.1 Basic Safety 10.10.2 Things Not to Do Chapter 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 Controls and PPE Hazard Prevention and Controls Engineering Controls Awareness Devices Work Practices Administrative Controls 11.5.1 Management Controls Personal Protective Equipment 11.6.1 Hazard Assessment 11.6.2 Establishing a PPE Program Ranking Hazard Controls PPE Policies 11.8.1 Safety Clothing 11.8.2 Special Protective Clothing 11.8.3 Safety and Hair Protection 11.8.4 Protecting the Head 11.8.5 Protecting the Eyes and Face 11.8.6 Ear Protection 11.8.7 Protecting Your Hands 11.8.8 Protecting the Feet and Legs 11.8.9 Respiratory Protection Summary ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Author For 30 years, Charles D Reese, PhD, has been involved with occupational safety and health as an educator, manager, and consultant In his early career, Dr Reese was an industrial hygienist at the National Mine Health and Safety Academy He later became manager for the nation’s occupational trauma research initiative at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s Division of Safety Research Dr Reese has played an integral role in trying to ensure workplace safety and health As the managing director for the Laborers’ Health and Safety Fund of North America, he was responsible for the welfare of the 650,000 members of the laborers’ union in the United States and Canada Dr Reese has developed many occupational safety and health training programs, which range from radioactive waste remediation to confined space entry He has also written numerous articles, pamphlets, and books on related issues Dr Reese, professor emeritus, was a member of the graduate and undergraduate faculty at the University of Connecticut, where he taught courses on Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations, safety and health management, accident-prevention techniques, industrial hygiene, and ergonomics As professor of environmental=occupational safety and health, he was instrumental in coordinating the safety and health efforts at the University of Connecticut He is often invited to consult with industry on safety and health issues and is asked for expert consultation in legal cases Dr Reese is also the principal author of the Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety and Health (Second Edition); Material Handling Systems: Designing for Safety and Health; Annotated Dictionary of Construction Safety and Health; Occupational Health and Safety Management: A Practical Approach; and Office Building Safety and Health and Accident=Incident Prevention Techniques ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Introduction to the Service Industry Retail stores sell many of the goods and materials provided by the goods and materials services sector The service industry consists of many different places of work, called establishments Establishments are physical locations in which people work, such as a branch office of a bank, a gasoline station, a school, a department store, or an electricity generation facility Establishments can range from large retail operations with corporate office complexes employing thousands of workers to small community stores, restaurants, professional offices, and service businesses employing only a few workers Establishments should not be confused with companies or corporations that are legal entities Thus, a company or corporation may have a single establishment or more than one establishment Establishments that use and provide the same services are organized together into industries Industries are in turn organized together into industry sectors These are further organized into subsectors Each of the industry groups requires workers with varying skills and employs unique service techniques An example of this is found in utilities, which employs workers in establishments that provide electricity, natural gas, and water The service industry is broken down into the following supersectors: Trade Retail trade (44 and 45) Wholesale trade (42) ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Transportation and utilities Transportation (48) Warehousing (49) Utilities (22) Information services (51) Financial activities Financial and insurance sector (52) Real estate and rental and leasing sector (53) Professional and business services Professional, scientific, and technical services (54) Management of companies and enterprises (55) Administrative and support and waste management and remediation (56) Education and health services Educational services sector (61) Health care and social assistance sector (62) Leisure and hospitality Arts, entertainment, and recreation sector (71) Accommodation and food sector (72) Other services (81) The service industry is the fastest growing industrial sector in the United States and has seen growth in the international arena The service industry accounts for approximately 70% of the total economic activity in the United States according to the U.S Bureau of Census This non-goods-producing industry, which includes retail trade, wholesale trade, and other service-related industries as previously mentioned, has a very diverse grouping 1.1 NAICS With the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), it became apparent that the long employed standard industrial classification (SIC) was no longer very useful when dealing with industries found in Canada and Mexico Consequently, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has developed a new system entitled the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) NAICS uses a six-digit hierarchical coding system to classify all economic activity into 20 industry sectors Five sectors are mainly goods-producing sectors and 15 are entirely services-producing sectors 1.2 EMPLOYMENT IN THE SERVICE INDUSTRY To have some idea of the numbers of employees addressed when speaking of the service industry, the worker population in each of the service industry sector is provided The fast growing service industry as well as the number and variety of ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC TABLE 1.1 Employment in the Service Industry (2004) Service Industry Sectors Wholesale trade Retail trade Warehousing Transportation Utilities Administrative and support and waste management and remediation Information Finance and insurance Real estate Management of companies and enterprises Professional, scientific, and technical services Education services Health and social services Art, entertainment, and recreation Accommodation and food services Other services Employment Percentage of Service Industry (84,896,300) Percentage of All Private Industries (107,551,800) 5,642,500 15,060,700 555,800 3,450,400 583,900 7,829,400 6.6 17.7 0.65 4.1 0.69 9.2 5.2 14.0 0.52 3.2 0.54 7.3 3,099,600 5,813,300 2,077,500 1,696,500 6,768,900 2,079,200 14,005,700 1,852,900 10,614,700 3,785,200 3.7 6.8 2.4 2.0 8.0 2.4 16.5 2.2 12.5 4.5 2.9 5.4 1.9 1.6 6.3 1.9 13.0 1.7 9.9 3.5 Source: From Bureau of Labor Statistics United States Department of Labor Available at http:= =www bls.gov, Washington 2007 occupations within each sector provides a window into the safety and health hazards that need to be addressed within each sector of the service industry’s workforce (Table 1.1) 1.3 SAFETY One of the most telling indicators of working condition is an industry’s injury and illness rates Overexertion, being struck by an object, and falls on the same level are among the most common incidents causing work-related injuries The service industry is a large umbrella that encompasses many types of businesses, each of which has its own safety and health issues Some of the service industries’ businesses are more hazardous than others This book does not address each sector independently, but provides the tools and information needed to address the hazards and safety and health issues within each sector of the service industry The service industry is made up of a large number of widely dissimilar industry sectors Each sector has its own unique functions that result in each sector having its own set of unique hazards that the individual workforces must face and that their employers must address ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The functioning of each sector results in different types of energy being released, and therefore the differences in the types of accidents, incidents, injuries, and illnesses that occur Thus, the hazards and energy sources dictate the specific Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations that each sector is compelled to be in compliance with For these reasons, it is not possible to describe or address the service industry in the same manner as construction, shipyard, or office building industries, where workforces perform similar tasks and thus face similar hazards Each hazard is discussed based upon the type of energy released, and its ability to cause specific accidents or incidents In each section that describes hazards, the best practices for intervention and prevention of the release of the specific energy are emphasized This approach will allow for the identification and prevention of hazards, and for framing regulations by any service industry sector It will allow for a similar approach to address areas where the service industry sectors are alike and can be addressed as a collective industry rather than as individual sectors, for example, the same sectors will need to address areas such as compliance with OSHA regulations, conducting training, and effective management of safety and health The intent of this book is to provide a source for the identification and prevention of most of the injuries and illnesses occurring in the service industry Also, it summarizes applicable safety standards that impact the service industry as well as address how to work with and around OSHA to comply with its regulations The book covers safety hazards involved with confined spaces, electrical equipment, falls, forklifts, highway vehicles, preventive maintenance activities, handling chemicals, radiation, welding, etc The content describes the safety hazard as applied to the type of energy released or to the unique event that occurs from exposure to the hazard The question that we should be asking, ‘‘is the kind of safety being practiced preventing the destruction that we see in the American workforce?’’ Maybe we ought to ask how we define safety for a start Here are some definitions of safety that may be useful: Doing things in a manner so that no one will get hurt and so the equipment and product will not get damaged Implementation of good engineering design, personnel training, and the common sense to avoid bodily harm or material damage Systematic planning and execution of all tasks so as to produce safe products and services with relative safety to people and property Protection of persons and equipment from hazards that exceed normal risk Application of techniques and controls to minimize the hazards involved in a particular event or operation, considering both potential personal injury and property damage Employing processes to prevent accidents both by conditioning the environment as well as conditioning the person toward safe behavior Function with minimum risk to personal well-being and to property Controlling exposure to hazards that could cause personal injury and property damage ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC FIGURE 1.1 Safety should be an integral part of goods and material handling Controlling people, machines, and the environment that could cause personal injury or property damage (Figure 1.1) 10 Performing your daily tasks in the manner that they should be done, or when you not know, seek the necessary knowledge 11 Elimination of foreseen hazards and the necessary training to prevent accidents or to provide limited acceptable risk to personnel and facilities Do any of these definitions match the safety guidelines practiced in workplaces where you have responsibility? If so, have you had any deaths or injuries to any of your workforce? When injuries and illnesses are not occurring anymore then the ultimate goals have been reached Now comes the task of maintaining what has been gained As one can see, safety can be defined in many different ways Nearly all of these definitions include property damage as well as personal injury It shows that the thinking is in the right direction and that safety consists of a total loss-control activity The book’s content contains only one facet of a comprehensive safety effort, which is a never ending journey ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 1.4 WHY TRAUMA PREVENTION? There are very real advantages when addressing trauma prevention, which not exist when addressing illness prevention The advantages are Trauma occurs in real time with no latency period (an immediate sequence of events) Accident=incident outcomes are readily observable (only have to reconstruct a few minutes to a few hours) Root or basic causes are more clearly identified It is easy to detect cause and effect relationships Traumas are not difficult to diagnose Trauma is highly preventable 1.5 ACCIDENTS OR INCIDENTS The debate over the use of the term ‘‘accidents’’ versus ‘‘incidents’’ has been long and continual Although these terms are used virtually interchangeably in the context of this book, you should be aware of the distinction between the two Accidents are usually defined as an unexpected, unplanned, or uncontrollable event or mishap This undesired event results in personal injury and property damage or both and may also lead to equipment failure An incident is all of the above as well as the adverse effects on production This definition for an accident underlies the basic foundation of this book The philosophy behind this book is that we can control these types of events or mishaps by addressing the existence of hazards and taking steps to remove or mitigate them as part of the safety effort This is why we spend time identifying hazards and determining risk Thus, the striving for a safe workplace, where the associated risks are judged to be acceptable, is the goal of safety This will result in freedom from those circumstances that can cause injury or death to workers, and damage to or loss of equipment or property The essence of this book’s approach is that we can control those factors, which are the causing agents of accidents Hazard prevention described in this book is addressed both from practical and regulatory approaches 1.6 COMPREHENSIVE ACCIDENT PREVENTION Accident prevention is very complex because of interactions that transpire within the workplace These interactions are between Workers Management Equipment=machines Environment The interaction between workers, management, equipment=machinery, and the workplace environment have enough complexity themselves as they try to blend ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC together in the physical workplace environment However, this physical environment is not the only environment that has an impact upon the accident prevention effort in companies The social environment is also an interactive factor that encompasses our lives at work and beyond Government entities that establish rules and regulations leave their mark upon the workplace But others in the social arena such as unions, family, peer pressure, friends, and associates also exert pressure on the workplace environment The extent of the interactions that must be attended to for having a successful accident prevention effort is paramount Many workplaces have high accident incidence rates because they are hazardous Hazards are dangerous situations or conditions that can lead to accidents The more hazards present, the greater the chance of accidents Unless safety procedures are followed, there will be a direct relationship between the number of hazards in the workplace and the number of accidents that will occur there In most industries, people work together with machines in an environment that causes employees to face hazards that can lead to injury, disability, or even death To prevent industrial accidents, the people, machines, and other factors, which can cause accidents, including the energies associated with them, must be controlled This can be done through education and training, good safety engineering, and enforcement Many accidents can be prevented One study showed that 88% were caused by human failure (unsafe acts), 10% by mechanical failure (unsafe conditions), and only 2% were beyond human control (acts of God) If workers are aware of what hazards are, and what can be done to eradicate them, many accidents can be prevented For a situation to be called an accident, it must have certain characteristics The personal injury may be considered minor when it requires no treatment or only first aid Personal injury is considered serious if it results in a fatality or in a permanent, partial, or temporary total disability (lost-time injuries) Property damage may also be minor or serious 1.7 FATALITY AND INJURY PROFILE FOR THE SERVICE INDUSTRY In 2005, there were 5702 occupationally related deaths in all of private industry, while the service industry had 2736 (48%) of these fatalities the goods-producing industry had 42% fatalities In Table 1.2, the major contributors to these fatalities are depicted TABLE 1.2 Occupational Death Cause in Percent Cause Highway Homicides Falls Struck-by Service Industry (%) All Private Industries (%) 34 16 25 10 13 11 Source: From Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2005 Available at http:= =bls.gov ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Injuries are examined somewhat differently and the statistical data are presented usually in four different ways These are as follows: Nature of injury or illness names the principal physical characteristic of a disabling condition, such as sprain=strain, cut=laceration, or carpal tunnel syndrome Part of body affected is directly linked to the nature of injury or illness cited, for example, back sprain, finger cut, or wrist and carpal tunnel syndrome Source of injury or illness is the object, substance, exposure, or bodily motion that directly produced or inflicted the disabling condition cited Examples are a heavy box, a toxic substance, fire=flame, and bodily motion of injured=ill worker Event or exposure (type of accident) signifies the manner in which the injury or illness was produced or inflicted, for example, overexertion while lifting or fall from a ladder (see Appendix A) Tables 1.3 through 1.6 allow us to start identifying the most common facets of an injury profile The total employment for the service industry in 2004 was 84,896,300 and the total number of injuries was 850,930 The data in the tables denote the most frequently occurring factor resulting in the injury=incident or resulting from the injury=incident It would appear from a rough observation of Tables 1.3 through 1.6 that a service industry employee would suffer a sprain or strain to the trunk and in most cases the back or possibly the lower or upper extremities because of one of the three causes: worker motion=position; floors, walkways, or ground surfaces; or containers that TABLE 1.3 Nature of Injury by Number and Percent for the Service Industry Nature of Injury a Sprains=strains Fracturesa Cuts=puncturesa Bruisesa Heat burns Chemical burns Amputations Carpal tunnel syndrome Tendonitis Multiple traumaa Back pain (only) Number Percent 377,760 55,450 63,220 82,610 12,780 4,330 2,710 10,810 3,950 34,450 28,600 44 6.5 10 1.5 0.5 0.3 1.3 0.4 Source: From Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2004 Available at http:= =bls.gov a Five most frequently occurring conditions ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC TABLE 1.4 Body Part Injured by Number and Percent for the Service Industry Body Part Injured Number Percent Head Eyes Neck Trunka Backa Shoulder Upper extremitiesa Finger Hand Wrist Lower extremitiesa Knee Foot and toe Body systems Multiple body partsa 51,500 19,070 15,960 314,190 204,240 56,350 173,260 58,080 30,810 38,000 183,780 69,250 39,050 10,940 95,490 1.8 37 24 20 6.8 3.6 4.5 22 4.6 1.3 11 Source: From Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2004 Available at http:= =bls.gov a Five most frequently injured body parts TABLE 1.5 Source of Injury by Number and Percent for the Service Industry Sources of Injuries Number Percent Parts and materials Worker motion=positiona Floor, walkways, or ground surfacesa Hand tools Vehiclesa Health care patienta Chemicals and chemical products Containersa Furniture and fixtures Machinery 51,680 119,340 168,620 29,420 88,830 57,220 11,070 124,700 36,700 40,940 14 20 3.5 10 6.7 1.3 15 4.8 Source: From Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2004 Available at http:= =bls.gov a Five most frequent sources of injury ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC TABLE 1.6 Exposure=Accident Type by Number and Percent for the Service Industry Type of Accidents Number a Struck by an object Struck against an object Caught in or compressed or crushed Fall to lower level Fall on same levela Slips or trips without a fall Overexertiona Liftinga Repetitive motion Exposure to harmful substance or environment Transportation accidentsa Fires and explosions Assaults=violent acts Percent 101,390 51,670 25,290 46,820 130,260 27,400 227,350 126,380 27,180 36,070 12 5.5 15 27 15 3.2 51,070 1,100 22,790 0.1 2.7 Source: From Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2004 Available at http:= =bls.gov a Five most frequent exposures or type of accidents that led to an injury resulted in an overexertion=lifting or fall on the same level As it can be seen, these data give us some information to start our search for the hazards that contributed to these injuries 1.8 OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESSES IN THE SERVICE INDUSTRY Occupational illnesses have always been underreported For this reason, they not seem to get the same attention as injuries since their numbers or causes are not of epidemic proportions The reasons why illnesses are not reported include the following: Not occurring in real time and usually having a latency period before signs and symptoms occur Not readily observable and have been linked to personal habits and exposure from hobbies There is the question of multiple exposures and synergistic effects on-the-job and off-the-job Not always easy to detect cause and effect relationships Often difficult to diagnose since many exhibit flu or cold symptoms These are not excuses for not pursuing preventive strategies, but an explanation of why occupational illnesses are more difficult to accurately describe and identify their ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC TABLE 1.7 Occupational Illnesses by Number of Cases and Percent for the Service Industry Illness Type Skin diseases and disorders Respiratory conditions Poisoning Hearing loss All others Number Percent 24,900 13,000 2,000 4,000 87,400 19 10 1.5 66.5 Source: From Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2004 Available at http:= =bls.gov root cause The 84,896,300 employees experienced 131,500 (53%) cases of illness during 2004 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics This compares to the total number of illnesses reported by all of industry that equaled 249,000 of which 53% was attributed to the service industry The most common reported types of occupational illnesses for this period are found in Table 1.7 The remainder of this book is directed toward managing, preventing, and controlling hazards that occur within the goods and material service sector of the service industry This includes the wholesale trade, retail trade, and warehousing sectors It is important to keep in mind that because of the complexity and diversity within the industry sectors of the service industry, no cookie cutter approach could be used nor is a one-size-fits-all approach possible There has to be a mixing of information and data from diverse sources such as the NAICS and the outdated SIC, since all agencies have not changed to the new system Also, even within the supersectors and the sectors themselves there is not a common approach to the management of safety and health, identification of hazards compatible, or the same approach for each varied sector, nor should we expect there to be This is the reason that by consulting the table of contents of this book and Industrial Safety and Health for Infrastructure Services, Industrial Safety and Health for Administrative Services, and Industrial Safety and Health for People-Oriented Services, decisions can be made regarding which book would be most useful to your particular business In some cases, one book will fulfill a company’s safety and health needs while in other cases all the four books will be most beneficial REFERENCES Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor Available at http:= =www.bls gov, Washington, 2007 Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2005 Available at http:= =bls.gov Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2004 Available at http:= =bls.gov ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ... 19 10.253) 10 .8.6 Compressed Air (29 CFR 19 10.242 and 29 CFR 19 26.302) Compressed Gas and Cylinder Checklist Summary 10 .10 .1 Basic Safety 10 .10 .2 Things Not to Do Chapter 11 11 .1 11. 2 11 .3 11 .4 11 .5 11 .6... LLC Chapter 12 12 .1 12.2 12 .3 12 .4 12 .5 12 .6 12 .7 12 .8 12 .9 12 .10 12 .11 12 .12 12 .13 Identification of Hazards Emergency Action Plans 12 .2 .1 Elements of an EAP Alarm System Evacuation Plan and. ..Handbook of Safety and Health for the Service Industry Industrial Safety and Health for Goods and Materials Services Industrial Safety and Health for Infrastructure Services Industrial Safety