Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.Assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam.
TABLE OF CONTENTS MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING STАTEMENT OF ORIGINАL АUTHORSHIP i FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY АCKNOWLEDGMENTS ii TАBLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF АBBREVIАTIONS v LIST OF TАBLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii АBSTRАCT ix INTRODUCTION MASTER THESIS CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION CHAPTER 2: SITUATION OF IMPLEMENTING WTO TFA IN VIET NAM BEFORE “NATIONAL DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION PROGRAM” 21 DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ON CHAPTER 3:ASSESSMENT SITUATION OFOF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ON TRADE FACILITATION IN VIET NAM 30 TRADE FACILITATION IN VIET NAM CHAPTER 4: GLOBAL TRENDING ON DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN TRADE FACILITATION AND RECOMMENDATION TOand VIET Specialization: International Trade Policy LawNAM 52 CONCLUSION … 67 REFRENCES … 69 FULL NAME: LÊ ĐỨC BÌNH Hanoi – 2023 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING STАTEMENT OF ORIGINАL АUTHORSHIP i FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY АCKNOWLEDGMENTS ii TАBLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF АBBREVIАTIONS v LIST OF TАBLES MASTER THESIS ASSESSMENT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ON TRADE FACILITATION IN VIET NAM Major: International Economics Specialization: International Trade Policy and Law Code: 8310106 FULL NAME: LÊ ĐỨC BÌNH Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr TRINH Thi Thu Huong Hanoi – 2023 ii STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP I thus certify that this thesis is my original work, completed with the utmost commitment, effort, and hard labor during the time allotted, and that no information was obtained from an unauthorized data source The research contents on this topic are fully honest and have not been exploited or publicized in any way I guarantee that the master thesis was completed in accordance with the Foreign Trade University's thesis writing regulation and methodology STUDENT: Le Duc Binh iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The process of writing this thesis involves ongoing learning and research, which results in not only the solutions offered in Chapter of the thesis but also a variety of experiences and information for the author The author got recommendations, contributions, and significant assistance in completing this thesis First, it is the author's honor and good fortune to be guided by Assoc Prof Dr TRINH Thi Thu Huong, my supervisor at Foreign Trade University, has extensive knowledge and experience in the disciplines of law and conflict resolution, for which I am grateful I could not have finished this thesis without her advice and recommendations Second, I would like to express my gratitude to the authors of the books and publications cited in this thesis My final thanks go to the Faculty of Graduate Studies at Foreign Trade University for providing us - the postgraduate students - with useful master courses and assistance throughout the learning and thesis writing process Hanoi, July 7th, 2023 Le Duc Binh iii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iiii v LIST OF АBBREVIАTIONS iii LIST OF TABLES vi iv LIST OF FIGURES vi iv ABSTRACT .vii v INTRODUCTION 1 Importance of the study Literature review Research questions and scope Objectives Research methodology Structure of the thesis CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION & TRADE FACILITATION 1.1 Overview of Digital Transformation 1.1.1 Understanding Digital Transformation 1.1.2 Digital Transformation strategy 10 1.1.3 Levels of digital transformation adaptation: 12 1.1.4 Digital transformation measures of success 13 1.1.5 Challenges and success factors of digital transformation 16 1.2 Overview of Trade Facilitation 17 1.2.1 Understanding Trade Facilitation 17 1.2.2 The negotiation process of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) 18 1.2.3 Structure of WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement 20 1.2.4 Meaning of WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement 23 1.3 Digital transformation in Trade facilitation 24 1.3.1 The impact of digitalization on trade: 24 1.3.2 Digital Transformation in Facilitating Trade 25 1.4 Experiences from other countries for digital transformation in Trade Facilitation 28 ii iv 1.4.1 The trend of other countries implementing digital transformation in trade facilitation 28 1.4.2 Experiences from some Asian countries 30 CHAPTER 2: SITUATION OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ON TRADE FACILITATION IN VIET NAM 32 2.1 An overview of trade facilitation in Viet Nam before digital transformation 32 2.1.1 Relative legal principles of digital transformation in Viet Nam 36 2.1.2 Viet Nam’s current state of digital transformation 39 2.1.3 Viet Nam’s level of digital transformation adaptation: 43 2.1.4 Vision and Goal of Digital Transformation in 2023 45 2.2 The Situation of Digital Transformation in Viet Nam Trade Facilitation 47 2.2.1 Achievement in digitalizing trade facilitation of Viet Nam 47 2.2.2 Advantages of Viet Nam in digital transformation of trade facilitation 61 2.2.3 Limitations 62 CHAPTER 3: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VIET NAM IN DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ON TRADE FACILITATION 64 3.1 Key tasks for Viet Nam government and Customs sector 64 3.2 Recommendations: 66 3.2.1 About the digital system of Viet Nam Customs 67 3.2.2 About the quality of human resources 71 3.2.3 Recommend the financial solutions 74 3.2.4 Recommend the Organizational solutions 75 CONCLUSION 76 REFERENCES 79 v iii LIST OF АBBREVIАTIONS TFA Trade Facilitation Agreements WTO World Trade Organization UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade NATF National Single Window and Trade Facilitation VCCI Viet Nam Chamber of Commerce and Industry WCO World Customs Organization VASSCM Viet Nam Automated System for Seaport Customs Management VDCA Viet Nam Digital Communications Association SDT Special and Differential Treatment GVCs Global Value Chains LPI Logistics Performance Index SMEs Small and medium-sized enterprises LDCs Developing and least-developed countries IoT Internet of Things KPI Key Performance Indicator ROI Return on Investment viiv LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Comparing TFA content with the GATT principles 17 Table Index of international trade performance in 2020 47 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Trade Facilitation Performance in Viet Nam (2022) 24 Figure Trading across Borders in Viet Nam – Time and Cost 48 Figure Level of satisfaction of enterprises with methods of finding information about administrative procedures 56 v vii ABSTRACT The thesis research conducted an assessment of the impact of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam, especially about customs operation The study aimed to understand the extent to which digital technologies have influenced and improved trade processes, efficiency, and competitiveness in the country The research employed qualitative data collection methods The data was gathered through research about trade facilitation with stakeholders including government officials, industry representatives, and logistics providers The findings of the study revealed several significant outcomes Firstly, it was evident that digital transformation has had a positive impact on trade facilitation in Viet Nam The adoption of digital technologies, such as e-commerce platforms, digital payment systems, and online documentation processes, has streamlined trade procedures, reduced administrative burdens, and enhanced the overall efficiency of cross-border transactions The research also highlighted the role of digital infrastructure in facilitating trade facilitation The development of robust internet connectivity, widespread adoption of mobile devices, and the expansion of digital platforms have improved access to markets, enhanced communication, and fostered collaboration among businesses engaged in international trade Furthermore, the study identified various challenges and barriers to digital transformation in trade facilitation These included inadequate digital skills among stakeholders, fragmented data systems, cybersecurity concerns, and the need for regulatory reforms to accommodate the changing digital landscape Addressing these challenges will be crucial to ensure the sustained benefits of digital transformation in trade facilitation vi viii Based on the research findings, several recommendations were provided It was suggested that the Vietnamese government should continue investing in digital infrastructure, promote digital literacy and skills development, and strengthen cybersecurity measures to foster a secure and enabling environment for digital trade Collaboration among government agencies, businesses, and industry associations was also emphasized to ensure effective implementation and coordination of digital transformation initiatives In conclusion, the assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation, especially about customs operation in Viet Nam highlighted the positive impact of digital technologies on streamlining trade processes and enhancing competitiveness However, challenges and barriers to digital transformation exist and require attention By addressing these challenges and implementing the recommended strategies, Viet Nam can further leverage digital transformation to boost trade facilitation, contribute to economic growth, and strengthen its position in the global marketplace 68 deployment of cameras, scanners, electronic scales, GPS seals, and other necessary equipment within the Customs IT system This comprehensive approach aims to modernize customs management processes from beginning to end Standardizing processes and implementing integrated tools will be key to effectively monitoring, operating, and tracking the activities of the digital infrastructure This encompasses all components, including technical infrastructure, application software, network infrastructure, transmission lines, security measures, and safety protocols Moreover, plans and strategies will be developed to ensure prompt system recovery in the event of incidents or disasters Detailed guidelines will be established to guide the response when IT system issues arise, especially those that impact the customs clearance process for import and export goods Regular simulation exercises will be conducted to test the response and coordination in the face of incidents or disasters Close collaboration with relevant stakeholders such as the Ministry of Finance, software service providers, and the Disaster Recovery Emergency Response Center will be prioritized to ensure effective handling of such situations Lastly, there will be research and proposals for outsourcing the management, support, and operation of the IT application system and technical infrastructure of the Data Center This will aim to optimize operational conditions and ensure the smooth functioning of the IT system in accordance with industry standards 3.2.1.2 Developing Customs digital platform and databases There are initiatives that need to be implemented to strengthen connectivity and data sharing within the Customs sector Firstly, a centralized system will be implemented to facilitate the exchange of information and promote seamless connectivity among different departments and divisions within the Customs IT 69 infrastructure This system will serve as a platform for efficient data sharing, ensuring the timely and accurate transmission of information across the organization Secondly, priority will be given to the development of platform services that support the implementation of e-government initiatives within customs agencies These platforms will provide the necessary technological infrastructure and tools to enable the digitalization of customs operations and services By leveraging these platforms, customs agencies will be able to streamline processes, improve service delivery, and enhance overall efficiency Efforts will also be directed toward enhancing the online public service platform, which will serve as a central portal for accessing customs-related services The platform will be designed to be comprehensive, user-friendly, and secure, offering a range of online services that cater to the needs of various stakeholders, including businesses, individuals, and government entities To facilitate effective data management and analysis, a robust big data integration platform will be established This platform will consolidate and synchronize data from the national customs database and other relevant sources, enabling comprehensive data processing, analytics, and reporting By harnessing the power of big data, customs agencies will gain valuable insights into trends, patterns, and anomalies, which can inform decision-making processes and enhance operational efficiency In order to foster collaboration and interoperability, a data-sharing and integration platform will be developed to facilitate seamless data exchange with other ministries and agencies This platform will serve as a conduit for sharing information and promoting data harmonization across different government entities By establishing a common data framework and standards, customs agencies can effectively integrate their operations with other stakeholders, facilitating improved coordination and cooperation 70 Within the financial sector, a shared repository of common data elements will be established to ensure consistency and standardization in data management and exchange This initiative aims to streamline processes, reduce redundancy, and enhance data accuracy and reliability By adopting a shared data model, customs agencies and financial institutions can align their data practices and promote interoperability, ultimately improving efficiency and effectiveness in financial transactions and regulatory compliance Lastly, when the government wants to promote seamless document exchange between the Customs Department and the Ministry of Finance, a document interoperability framework will be implemented This framework will enable efficient communication and information sharing, ensuring the timely and secure exchange of relevant documents and reports By streamlining document workflows and promoting standardized document formats, this initiative seeks to enhance collaboration, facilitate regulatory compliance, and support effective decision-making processes By leveraging advanced technologies and establishing robust platforms and frameworks, customs agencies aim to optimize their operations, improve service delivery, and contribute to the broader digital transformation of government services 3.2.1.3 Ensuring adequate resources for digital transformation is crucial for the Customs sector Firstly, a Digital Transformation Steering Committee will be established specifically for the Customs sector This committee will provide guidance and oversee the implementation of digital initiatives within Customs Efforts will be made to strengthen collaboration and cooperation with relevant agencies, specialized units, and experts in the fields of information 71 technology and information security This collaboration aims to leverage their expertise and ensure effective implementation of digital transformation projects Besides, there will be a strong emphasis on training and improving the skills of IT professionals within Customs This includes targeted training programs for different groups such as IT management leaders, IT specialists with in-depth knowledge in areas like system analysis, design, development, and maintenance, as well as staff directly involved in utilizing application systems To address the shortage of skilled IT professionals, recruitment processes will be enhanced, and strategies will be developed for identifying, training, planning, appointing, and deploying IT personnel This will ensure that qualified individuals are assigned to relevant positions based on their expertise and qualifications Moreover, special incentives and priority will be given to personnel engaged in IT application and digital transformation within the Customs General Department This recognition aims to attract and retain talent in the IT field, creating a skilled workforce to drive ongoing digital initiatives 3.2.2 About the quality of human resources 3.2.2.1 Promoting digital literacy and engagement Efforts will be intensified to enhance communication and elevate the digital literacy of customs officials across all levels, while also fostering increased interaction with citizens and businesses This will be accomplished through comprehensive campaigns and training programs that target customs officers and utilize various communication channels, including the Customs sector's electronic portals and the Electronic Customs Journal To promote greater engagement, customs officers will be encouraged to utilize digital technologies such as mobile devices, social media platforms, and other non-traditional channels to interact with the public and businesses This will enable them to establish stronger connections and facilitate better understanding and cooperation 72 In addition, a targeted communication campaign will be launched to encourage citizens and businesses to make use of the Customs IT system provided by the General Department of Customs Through mass media outlets, email communications, and online mobile applications, efforts will be made to reach and engage users effectively The heads of each unit will assume direct responsibility for ensuring the quality and efficacy of IT applications, as well as driving the digital transformation agenda within their respective departments They will be held accountable for cultivating a culture of reform, fostering positive working relationships, and establishing a safe and constructive digital environment These initiatives underscore the commitment of the Customs sector to enhance communication, augment digital skills, and foster collaboration among customs officials, citizens, and businesses By embracing digital technologies and adopting a proactive approach, the aim is to facilitate a seamless transition from conventional work practices to a secure and conducive digital environment 3.2.2.2 Prioritize enhancing research and mastering key technologies in the Fourth Industrial Revolution To achieve this, proactive efforts will be made to conduct research and explore the application of crucial technologies in customs management, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, Business Intelligence (BI), Mobility, Blockchain, Cloud Computing, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Furthermore, fostering collaboration with businesses, organizations, universities, and research centers specializing in Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies will be emphasized This collaboration aims to leverage the expertise and resources of these entities in advancing customs management within the framework of state governance 73 By actively engaging in research and collaboration, the Customs sector demonstrates its commitment to staying at the forefront of technological advancements, thus ensuring the effective integration of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies in customs administration 3.2.2.3 Encourage cooperation, exchange ideas, and strengthen global cooperation To enhance the application of technological solutions in the development and implementation of Customs information technology systems, a strong emphasis will be placed on cooperation and learning from advanced Customs administrations in other countries This collaboration aims to leverage the experiences and best practices of these countries Efforts will be made to establish partnerships and engage in knowledgesharing initiatives with Customs administrations of advanced nations This includes actively participating in international conferences, workshops, and forums focused on Customs and technology-related topics Through these platforms, opportunities for exchanging experiences, lessons learned, and successful practices in the field of Customs technology will be explored Additionally, bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements will be pursued to facilitate the exchange of expertise, technical assistance, and capacity building in the area of Customs technology These agreements will promote collaboration in the development and deployment of information technology systems, enabling the adoption of innovative solutions from advanced Customs administrations The organization of study tours and benchmarking exercises will also make it easier for people to directly learn about and observe the procedures and systems used by sophisticated Customs administrations This will make it possible to 74 comprehend their technological methods better, allowing for the adaptation and application of pertinent solutions within the context of the local Customs By actively engaging and learning from advanced Customs administrations, the Customs sector aims to enhance its technological capabilities and accelerate the effective application of technology solutions in the construction and deployment of Customs information technology systems 3.2.3 Recommend the financial solutions Besides all of these solutions to enhance human and infrastructure, ensuring the effective utilization of state budget funds and timely disbursement rates is crucial for projects, initiatives, and key tasks that involve extensive IT applications It is essential to adhere to legal regulations governing financial management to maintain transparency and accountability in the allocation and utilization of funds It is important to leverage the support and assistance from various sources, including countries, international organizations, and domestic and international partners, throughout the implementation of IT applications Collaborating with these entities can provide valuable expertise, resources, and knowledge-sharing opportunities, contributing to the successful adoption and integration of IT solutions within the Customs General Department To support the implementation of IT-related projects and initiatives, it is necessary to mobilize resources effectively Recognizing that IT application serves as a fundamental pillar for the realization of the Customs General Department's development strategy, adequate resources should be allocated to ensure the smooth execution and sustainability of these IT-driven initiatives This may involve allocating financial resources, human capital, technological infrastructure, and other necessary assets to facilitate the implementation and long-term success of IT projects 75 3.2.4 Recommend the Organizational solutions The leadership of the Customs General Department assumes direct responsibility for overseeing, directing, and managing the implementation of the approved digital transformation plan This ensures a focused and efficient approach to the organization's transition toward digitalization By assuming this role, the leadership provides strategic guidance and ensures the alignment of efforts with the established plan To effectively implement IT applications in the customs field, it is crucial to strengthen coordination with state management agencies and relevant organizations Collaboration and coordination with these entities foster a cohesive and integrated approach to IT implementation, allowing for efficient sharing of resources, knowledge, and expertise By leveraging these partnerships, the Customs General Department can benefit from the collective wisdom and experience of other stakeholders involved in IT applications Regular inspections and evaluations play a vital role in monitoring the progress of digital transformation efforts By conducting systematic assessments, the organization can identify any existing issues or bottlenecks that hinder the successful implementation of IT initiatives These evaluations provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of strategies and actions taken, enabling the organization to make informed decisions and implement timely corrective measures when necessary This iterative process helps optimize the digital transformation journey and ensures continuous improvement 76 CONCLUSION In conclusion, the assessment of digital transformation on trade facilitation in Viet Nam provides valuable insights into the impact and implications of adopting digital technologies in the country's trade processes Through the Secondary data analysis, the data collected from research and document, several key findings have emerged Firstly, digital transformation initiatives have demonstrated positive effects on trade facilitation in Viet Nam The implementation of digital technologies has streamlined trade processes, reduced paperwork, and expedited customs clearance, resulting in significant time and cost savings Enhanced connectivity and data sharing among trade stakeholders have improved coordination and collaboration, leading to increased transparency and efficiency throughout the supply chain Specifically, the research highlighted that the adoption of digital technologies, such as e-commerce platforms, electronic documentation systems, and online payment solutions, has greatly improved the efficiency of trade facilitation in Viet Nam These digital tools have streamlined trade processes, reduced paperwork, and accelerated transaction times, leading to more efficient and smoother cross-border trade operations Also, digital transformation has expanded market access for businesses in Viet Nam Digital platforms and online marketplaces have enabled local enterprises to reach a broader customer base, including international markets This increased connectivity has facilitated trade interactions and fostered stronger global partnerships, enhancing Viet Nam's presence in the international trade arena Furthermore, the assessment revealed that digital transformation initiatives have resulted in cost reduction for businesses engaged in trade facilitation By leveraging digital technologies and automating processes, companies have experienced lower administrative costs, optimized resource allocation, and 77 increased operational efficiency These cost-saving benefits have enhanced the competitiveness of Vietnamese businesses, allowing them to offer more competitive pricing and better compete in the global market The research also found that digital transformation has improved transparency and trust in trade facilitation Real-time access to trade-related information through digital platforms and systems has enhanced transparency throughout the trade process This increased transparency has strengthened trust among trade partners, minimized the risk of fraudulent activities, and fostered more secure and reliable trade interactions However, despite these positive findings, the assessment also identified challenges and barriers to the successful implementation of digital transformation in trade facilitation Limited digital skills among stakeholders, fragmented data systems, cybersecurity concerns, and the need for regulatory reforms were highlighted as areas that require attention Addressing these challenges through initiatives such as skill development programs, data integration efforts, robust cybersecurity measures, and supportive regulatory frameworks will be crucial to unlocking the full potential of digital transformation in trade facilitation in Viet Nam The assessment identified key success factors in the implementation of digital transformation initiatives Government policies and strategies, publicprivate partnerships, and collaboration among stakeholders played a significant role in driving digital transformation in trade facilitation Best practices and lessons learned from successful case studies provide valuable insights for future initiatives Overall, the assessment underscores the importance of continued efforts to promote and advance digital transformation in trade facilitation in Viet Nam It highlights the potential for further improvements in trade processes, supply chain visibility, compliance, and market access Recommendations include the 78 development of robust digital infrastructure, capacity-building programs, and the establishment of supportive regulatory frameworks The findings of this assessment contribute to the existing knowledge on the topic and offer guidance for policymakers, government agencies, businesses, and other stakeholders involved in trade facilitation in Viet Nam By embracing digital transformation and addressing the identified challenges, Viet Nam can position itself as a digitally advanced trading nation, fostering economic growth, enhancing competitiveness, and promoting inclusive and sustainable trade practices 79 REFERENCES WTO, World Trade Organization Trade Facilitation Agreement - TFA Former Prime Minister Nguyen Tuan Dung, Decision No.1969/QD-TTg, Hanoi 2015 Trinh Thi Thu Huong, Phan Thi Thu Hien, World Trade Organization Trade Facilitation Agreement: Opportunities and Challenges to Viet Nam, Economics and Integration, Hanoi 2015 Tran Huu Huynh, WTO Facilitation Agreement, what businesses get? What needs to be done, 2014 Jan Hoffman, Trade Facilitation and Development, UNCTAD, 2016 Ha, D.T.T and L.Q Lan (2021), ‘Viet Nam Report’, in ERIA (eds.), Towards Seamless Trade Facilitation in ASEAN: Results from the ASTFI Baseline Study ERIA Research Project Report FY2021 No 08, Jakarta: ERIA, p.142-154 Former Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc, Decision No 749/QD-TTg (June 3, 2020) approving the "National digital transformation program to 2025, orientation to 2030”, Hanoi 2020 The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), What is digital transformation?, at https://www.ibm.com/topics/digital-transformation, Accessed on 13/4/2023 AWS Amazon, What is digital transformation?, at https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/digital-transformation/?nc1=h_ls, Accessed on 13/4/2023 10 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Why trade facilitation is key to the operation of global supply chains?, at https://www.oecd.org/trade/topics/trade-facilitation/, 2018, Accessed on 15/4/2023 11 Ministry of Information and Communications - National Digital Transformation Program, How digital transformation changed everything?, 80 at https://dx.mic.gov.vn/docs/chuyen-doi-so-da-thay-doi-moi-thu-nhu-thenao/, 2023, Accessed on 11/5/2023 12 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), The impact of digitalisation on trade, at https://www.oecd.org/trade/topics/digital-trade/, Accessed on 11/5/2023 13 World Bank, Trade Facilitation, Value creation, and Competitiveness: Policy Implications for Viet Nam’s Economic Growth - Summary report, July 15, 2013 14 Hanh T Vu, Hien T B Tran & Tuan S Vu, Viet Nam's commitment to implementing TFA: Perspectives in customs law, 2022 15 Phan Thi Thu Hien, Does Trade Facilitation challenge the domestic logistics enterprises in Viet Nam?, Research on Economic and Integration, 2019 16 WTO Center VCCI, Viet Nam Legal Review Report with WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), at https://trungtamwto.vn/file/17939/Ra%20soat%20PLVN%20thuc%20thi% 20TFA%20-%20VCCI%20full%20final.pdf, Accessed on 30/5/2023 17 Huong Thanh Vu & Dai Duc Tang, Trade facilitation and its impacts on Viet Nam’s trade, VNU-University of Economics and Business, Viet Nam National University, 2020 18 World Bank, World Development Indicators, Trade (% of GDP) [data file], 2017, at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ne.trd.gnfs.zs, Accessed on 15/6/2023 19 World Bank, Connecting to Compete 2018: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy – The Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators Washington, DC: World Bank, 2018a, at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/29971/LPI2 018.pdf, Accessed on 15/6/2023 (World Bank 2018a) 20 World Bank, Doing Business 2018: Reforming to Create Jobs Washington, DC: World Bank, 2018b, at 81 https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/reports/global-reports/doingbusiness2018 Accessed on 16/6/2023 (World Bank 2018b) 21 Thoi bao tai chinh Viet Nam Online, Evaluation on Regulatory Reform in Customs: Satisfactory Indicators of Traders in 2016, 2017, at http://thoibaotaichinhViet Nam.vn/pages/thue-voi-cuoc-song/2017-0427/doanhnghiep-da-hai-long-hon-voi-cai-cach-hanh-chinh-hai-quan42829.aspx, Accessed on 16/6/2023 22 World Bank, Doing Business 2017: Equal Opportunity for All, World Bank: Washington D.C., the United States, 2017a (World Bank 2017a) 23 World Bank, New trade information portal improves transparency in Viet Nam, 2017b, at http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2017/07/26/new-tradeinformation-portalimproves-transparency-in-Viet Nam, Accessed on 18/6/2023 (World Bank 2017b) 24 Giai, T, Customs makes a breakthrough in applying information technology, Nhan Dan online, 2018, at https://www.nhandan.com.vn/kinhte/item/38462202-haiquan-dot-phatrong-ung-dung-cong-nghe-thong-tin.html, Accessed on 19/6/2023 (Giai 2018) 25 Viet Nam News, Việt Nam to connect to ASEAN Single Window, 2018, at http://Viet Namnews.vn/economy/420928/viet-nam-to-connect-toaseansingle-window.html#7a5YFe1032u7rpVC.99, Accessed on 18/6/2023 (Viet Nam News 2018) 26 Viet Nam News, Customs reforms and modernization help boost cross border trade, 2019, at https://Viet Namnews.vn/opinion/483109/customsreforms-and-modernisation-help-boostcross-bordertrade.html#ztGi7RElGFP8z58e.97, Accessed on 18/6/2023 (Viet Nam News 2019) 27 VNNSW, National Single Window Mechanism took an outstanding step at the end of 2018, Viet Nam National Single Window, 2019, at 82 https://vnsw.gov.vn/profile/detailNews.aspx?id=172, Accessed on 19/6/2023 (VNNSW 2019) 28 Schwab, Klaus, The global competitiveness report 2015-2016, World Economic Forum: Geneva, Swiss, 2015 29 Schwab, Klaus, The global competitiveness report 2016-2017, World Economic Forum: Geneva, Swiss, 2016 30 Schwab, Klaus, The global competitiveness report 2017-2018, World Economic Forum: Geneva, Swiss, 2017 31 WEF, GAFTF, The Global Enabling Trade Report 2016, World Economic Forum and Global Alliance for Trade Facilitation: Geneva, Swiss, 2016 32 Nguyen, T.P, Transparency in Viet Nam’s contemporary state administrative management, National Political Publishing House: Hanoi, Viet Nam, 2016 (Nguyen 2016) 33 OECD, Compare Your Country Trade Facilitation Indicators in 2022, at http://compareyourcountry.org/tradefacilitation, Accessed on 6/6/2023 34 Nguyen Thi Trang, Legal basis for digital transformation and raising awareness about the digital environment and digital culture for civil servants and public employees of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Research Institute of Administrative Sciences, National Academy of Public Administration, at tcnn.vn, 2023 35 World Bank, Doing Business 2020: Economy Profile: Viet Nam, 2020, at https://archive.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/country/v/Vie t Nam/VNM.pdf, Accessed on 15/6/2023 36 World Bank, Doing Business Archive: Trading Across Borders [data file], 2020, Accessed on 15/6/2023 37 VCCI, General Department of Customs and USAID, Research Institute of Administrative Sciences, National Academy of Public Administration, 2021, at https://s3-north1.viettelidc.com.vn/vntf/files/02bb9be9-9003-46ac-96ff241e95750c39.pdf, Accessed on 20/6/2023