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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THU HIỀN PROVERBS DENOTING FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS AND TEACHING IMPLICATONS CÁC TỤC NGỮ CHỈ MỐI QUAN HỆ GIA ĐÌNH: MỘT PHÂN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU VÀ NHỮNG ỨNG DỤNG TRONG DẠY HỌC M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 HANOI, 2014 z VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THU HIỀN PROVERBS DENOTING FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS AND TEACHING IMPLICATONS CÁC TỤC NGỮ CHỈ MỐI QUAN HỆ GIA ĐÌNH: MỘT PHÂN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU VÀ NHỮNG ỨNG DỤNG TRONG DẠY HỌC M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Dr Nguyễn Huy Kỷ HANOI, 2014 z DECLARATION OF AUTHOR I certify that the minor thesis entitled Proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese: A contrastive analysis and teaching implications is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts is the result of my own work, except where otherwise acknowledge and that this minor thesis or any part of the same had not been submitted for a higher degree to any other universities or institutions Hanoi, August 10th, 2014 Nguyễn Thu Hiền i z ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My study has been completed with the assistance and guidance of my teachers, my friends and my relatives Firstly, I wish to express my deep thanks to my supervisor, Dr Nguyễn Huy Kỷ, for his valuable guidance, helpful suggestions and critical feedback on my study Secondly, I would like to give my gratitude to all my lecturers at the Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies, University of Languages & International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi for their useful lectures which helped me a lot for accomplishment of the study In addition, my thanks also go to my friends from class K21HP for their ideas, materials and enthusiasm Last but not least, I want to give my special thanks to my family, especially to my husband, for their support and encouragement so that I could finish my study ii z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 ABSTRACT Mieder [15: 11] states that the wisdom of proverbs has guided people in their social interactions for thousand years throughout the world They obviously contain a lot of common sense, experience, wisdom and truth, and as such they represent readymade traditional strategies in oral speech acts and writings from high literature to the mass media [15: 4] Proverbs in general and proverbs denoting family relationships in particular are useful for not only old people but also young ones They give us good pieces of advice and precious moral lessons The study on proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese is an attempt to investigate their syntactic features as well as their semantic ones A contrastive analysis has been made for the purpose of finding out the similarities and differences between English proverbs denoting family relationships and Vietnamese ones in terms of syntactic and semantic components The result of the study may make a great contribution to communication as well as writings In addition, it may also provide helpful suggestions for teachers and learners of English in using proverbs Through that, we can develop humanism which is really important and indispensable in any society iii 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration i Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Table of contents iv PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale Objectives of the study Research questions Methods of the study Significance of the study Scope of the study Organization of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 An overview of precious study 1.2 Theoretical background 1.2.1 Definition of proverbs iv 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 1.2.2 Definition of proverbs denoting family relationships 1.2.3 Definition of idioms 1.2.4 Proverbs and idioms 1.3 Summary 10 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1 Restatement of the research questions 11 2.2 Data collection instruments 11 2.3 Procedures of data collection 12 2.4 Procedures of data analysis 12 2.5 Summary 13 CHAPTER 3: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 The syntactic features of English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting family relationships 14 3.1.1 Conciseness 14 3.1.2 Symmetry 15 3.1.3 Sentential structures 16 3.1.4 Phrasal structures 21 3.2 The similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting family relationships in terms of syntactic features 22 3.2.1 Similarities 22 3.2.2 Differences 22 v 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 3.3 Semantic features of English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting family relationships 23 3.3.1 Meanings of proverbs denoting family relationships 23 3.3.2 Stylistic devices of English and Vietnamese denoting family relationships 24 3.3.3 Semantic aspects of proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese 27 3.4 Semantic similarities and differences between the English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting family relationships 31 3.4.1 Similarities 31 3.4.2 Differences 32 3.5 Summary 32 PART C: CONCLUSION Recapitulation 34 Conclusions 35 Teaching implications 36 Limitations of the study 37 Suggestions for further study 37 REFERENCES 39 APPENDIX I APPENDIX III vi 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale When learning a new language, everybody expects to study not only its words but also its culture and customs as well Sapir [22:1] insists that “every cultural pattern and every single act of social behavior involves communication in either an explicit or implicit sense” The tool for this communication is language [13:1] There are many ways to approach a new culture One of them is studying its proverbs and sayings Bank [3:1] claims that “Proverbs are condensed culture” Furthermore, Mieder [15:11] states that “The wisdom of proverbs has guided people in their social interactions for thousand years throughout the world.” We can say, therefore, proverbs are a very precious heritage of every nation, every ethnic group that should be respected and preserved Vietnamese proverbs are not known for sure of the origin in term of their inception and authors They are orally transmitted and incessantly edited throughout generations [10:5] The content of Vietnamese proverbs are various, often reflect human experiences about labor and production, about family and social relationships in which proverbs denoting family relationships account for relatively large numbers in Vietnamese folk songs store Proverbs about the relationship between husbands and wives, parents and children, brothers and sisters have been in company with us during our whole lives From the cradle, I was familiar with some proverbs: “Chị ngã em nâng” [24:43], “Anh em thể tay chân” [8:26] or “Một giọt máu đào ao nước lã” [18:276] We were taught not only to love our brothers and sisters but also to respect spiritual family sentiment Furthermore, some other proverbs gave us the lessons of respecting and being grateful to our parents such as: “Công cha núi Thái Sơn, nghĩa mẹ nước nguồn chảy ra” [18:274] And there are still a lot of valuable proverbs which provide us with many precious lessons in the treasure of Vietnamese proverbs It is clear that family proverbs have carved deeply into everyone’s mind Therefore, they play an 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 important role in educating people to respect ancestors, history and traditional cultures From the above reasons, I was attracted to study the thesis: Proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese: A contrastive analysis and some teaching implications Objectives of the study The objectives of the study are: - to identify and analyze syntactic and semantic features of some proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese - to compare and contrast syntactic and semantic features of some proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese - to give some suggestions in teaching English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting family relationships Research questions Based on the above objectives, this study is going to give answers to the following questions: What are syntactic and semantic features of English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting family relationships? What are the similarities and differences in syntactic and semantic features of English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting family relationships? What are the implications of teaching English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting family relationships? Methods of the study The research methods to be applied in this study include: 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 (18) My son is my son till he gets him a wife, but my daughter’s my daughter all the days of her life [14: 194] (19) Praise the child, you make love to the mother [14: 226] (20) A wise son heeds his father’s instruction [20] (21) It is a wise child that knows its own father [11: 354] (22) Con chẳng chê cha mẹ khó, chó chẳng chê chủ nghèo [10: 135] Either English proverbs or Vietnamese ones provide two viewpoints about children’s attitudes to their parents Proverbs (19), (20), (21) and (22) refer to sacred feelings between parents and children Those are children’s love, respect, gratefulness and obedience to their parents whereas proverbs (17) and (18) provide bad behavior to their fathers and mothers Sometimes, sons change their minds after they get married They become worse because of his wives Moreover, some people treat without care and love to their parents when they are old 3.3.3.3 Relationships of siblings Most of people in the world have siblings Therefore, this subject has been an universal theme in literature for thousands of years However, there are not many proverbs about siblings in English Let’s see the example for illustration: (1) A friend loves at all the time, and a brother is born for adversity [11] This proverb expresses that a true friend never fails and a true brother is always ready to help in time of need In the treasure of Vietnamese folklore, there are a large number of proverbs denoting the relationships between brothers and sisters Most of them praise the good sentiment among siblings Here are some examples: (2) Chị ngã em nâng [24: 43] (3) Anh em thuận hịa nhà có phúc [24: 43] (4) Chị dại có em khơn [10: 102] (5) Anh em hạt máu sẻ đôi [10: 13] (6) Anh em tay với chân [10: 13] 30 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 The above proverbs present the solidarity, union, harmony and love among siblings They should support to each other, sympathize and share experiences all the time The power of love and the strength of union enable a family to overcome all difficulties and challenges In contrary to good relationships, jealousness, envy and disagreement have been raised in the Vietnamese proverbs (7) Con em đè lên chị [10: 137] (8) Anh ngủ em thức, em chực anh nằm [24: 43] (9) Chị em nấm nem ba đồng [10: 102] 3.3.3.4 Other family relationships Besides the relationships between husbands and wives, parents and children, brothers and sisters, relative relationships are also mentioned in proverbs but more often in Vietnamese than English Let us examine these examples below: (1) Blood is thicker than water [14: 30] (2) Một giọt máu đào ao nước lã [10: 22] (3) Máu lỗng cịn nước lã [10: 336] (4) Khác máu lịng [10: 22] (5) Mơi hở lạnh [10: 354] In total five stated examples above, there is only one English proverb and others are Vietnamese ones that completely convey the idea that family members or relatives are more important than outsiders It means bonds of loyalty and affection between members of the same family are much stronger than any other relationships 3.4 Semantic similarities and differences between the English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting family relationships 3.4.1 Similarities Through the examples and their analysis, it cannot be denied that English and Vietnamese proverbs have a great importance to and influence on our daily life 31 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Moreover, one of the most characteristic properties of proverbs denoting family relationships in the two languages is that some of them have a literal meaning and a figurative meaning Some of proverbs have both a literal meaning and figurative meaning, either of which makes perfect sense; but more often they have but one of the two [15: 2] In addition, both English proverb denoting family relationships and Vietnamese ones are marked by the use of many similar stylistic devices such as simile, metaphor, metonymy and hyperbole Thanks to these powerful figures of speech, we can create proverbs with new nuances of meaning; that is figurative meaning This also proves a fact that English as well as Vietnamese people like to use figurative images to make their speech more persuasive Finally, the contents of proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese turn around the same topics such as the relationships between husbands and wives, the relationships between parents and children, the relationships among sibling and other bloody relationships These relationships could be reflected positively and negatively 3.4.2 Differences In spite of the fact that the English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting family relationships share a lot of similarities in terms of semantic features, there have been some differences Basing on analyzing the contents of proverbs, we can see that the numbers of English proverbs about relationships among siblings are less than those of Vietnamese proverbs Moreover, the English proverbs denote the relationships in extend family also account for few numbers Traditionally, there are normally three or four generations that live together under the same roof in Vietnam That is different form in England where there is two generations live together in a family Therefore, the reflection of family relationships in Vietnamese proverbs is more complex than that in English Furthermore, the frequency of using stylistic devices in English proverbs is less than that in Vietnamese ones especially in using simile and hyperbole 32 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 3.5 Summary This chapter has discussed the syntactic and semantic features of English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting family relationships Firstly, some phrasal structures and sentential structures of proverbs denoting family relationships in both languages are analyzed in turn to draw some typical features of proverbs in terms of syntax in the two languages Secondly, this chapter also illustrates semantic aspects of proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese and stylistic devices are handled to help us understand more about the meaning transfer of natural language like proverbs Finally, the similarities and differences of the proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese have been drawn to provide an overall understanding about the proverbs of the two languages 33 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 PART C: CONCLUSION Recapitulation In this study, proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese are analyzed in terms of syntactic and semantic features Both English proverbs denoting family relationships and Vietnamese ones have shortness and conciseness Some proverbs consist of four word like the proverbs “máu chảy ruột mềm” [10] in Vietnamese and “like father like son” [11] in English Proverbs denoting family relationships in two languages are structured symmetrically The structural components of the proverbs conform to two symmetrical parts which has similar parts of speech and an equal number of words in each part In English as well as in Vietnamese, the structure of proverbs denoting family relationships can be identified in sentences The sentence heading is sub-divided into three types: simple, compound and complex Basing on the analysis, we can see that English proverbs denoting family relationships have three types of sentence whereas Vietnamese ones just own two types: simple and compound However, some proverbs take the form of phrases which are recognized as the kernels of the proverbs Proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese are realized in comparative patterns Our investigation reveals that Vietnamese shows a remarkably high rate of comparative proverbs (16%) while English displays a much lower rate (6%) Most of the proverbs denoting family relationships have both a literal meaning and figurative meaning In the process of analyzing the collected data, the author discovered that the figurative meanings of the proverbs are presented due to the use of stylistic devices which are simile, metaphor, metonymy and hyperbole The contents of both English proverbs denoting family relationships and Vietnamese ones mainly reflect the relationships between husbands and wives, the relationships between parents and children and the relationship among siblings It is 34 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 not always true that all proverbs which contain family words such as parents, mother, father, brother or sister …denote family relationships and sometimes some proverbs which not consist of family words extremely express family relationships Proverb “Poverty is the mother of crime” [20: 67] is one of the example The proverb suggests the poverty is the root or the origin of crime Another English proverb “The apple never falls far from the tree” [14: 10] does not use any family words to implies that children are in many regards like their parents It is similar to Vietnamese proverbs Proverb “Một giọt máu đào ao nước lã.” [9: 22] strongly expresses family relationships without any related family words while proverb “Vợ chồng tuổi, ngồi duỗi mà ăn.” [24: 34] which conveys the experience of getting married at the same age will be happy are not concerned to family relationships In short, the contents of proverbs denoting relationships not depend on the related family words which make them up Conclusions of the study In the study, we have established a common theory of structural components of proverbs denoting family relationships in both English and Vietnamese Basing on the finding of their conciseness and succinctness, we can conclude that the words which are used in proverbs denoting family relationships are sharp, figurative and close to everyone They create a great effectiveness in communication There’s no need to talk much but the purpose of communication still achieves successfully Thanks to the symmetrical structure, proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese are easy to learn and remember They will go deeply into our minds in a short time This helps people be active in communication as well as in writing due to the available number of proverbs Based on the data analysis, proverbs denoting family relationships in English are normally more complex than those in Vietnamese in terms of sentential patterns Proverbs denoting family relationships in English exist in three types of sentences: simple sentences, compound sentences and complex ones meanwhile Vietnamese 35 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 proverbs own two types of them: simple sentences and compound sentences However, comparative sentences in Vietnamese are more popular than those in English because of their different distribution Most of proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese carry figurative meanings Therefore, in order to understand the meaning of any proverbs we must get the knowledge of stylistic devices such as simile, metaphor, metonymy or hyperbole and so on This will not only create great effects on interaction between the senders and the receivers but also make the works of art be more valuable So the meaning of any proverb must be analyzed in its unique context Proverbs denoting relationships in English and Vietnamese which consist of family words sometimes not express the family relationships and vice versa Therefore, it is not simply to correctly understand and effectively use proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese We need to have a certain level of knowledge to apply the proverbs in right situations If we employ the proverbs denoting family relationships appropriately we will create the power of communication Teaching implications Teaching and learning English as well as Vietnamese, to some people, is an easy task, but to some others, it is really a hard-solving problem The reason for any difficulties facing these people can be various: maybe they lack a “natural ability” or they not have suitable methods of teaching and learning [Giang: 153] However, apart from linguistic competence, the most important factor that affects the effectiveness of teaching and learning English and Vietnamese in general and proverbs in particular, as far as the author is concerned, is their cultural awareness and quick-minded and active ability in applying language knowledge to conversational contexts Thus, teachers and students must make themselves master their mother tongue and their country’s culture 36 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Teachers should bear in mind that people use language in general and proverbs in particular as means of communication to express their own ideas in certain contexts Therefore, one of the most effective strategies is that teachers should provide students with some certain contexts in which students have chances to practice proverbs Teachers can give students some suggestions of using proverbs in speaking lessons Students should be encouraged to infer the meanings of proverbs by using contextual clues or background knowledge After presenting proverbs in context, teachers should revise the proverbs that have been studied Next, another significant way is that teachers also provide learners with strategies for dealing with figurative language Through a greater awareness of proverbs, their literal meaning and underlying conceptual metaphors, learners will be better equipped with figurative language and make sense of it without teachers’ guidance Teachers could integrate proverbs into grammar lessons through giving some examples to identify sentence patterns On the other hand, our viewpoint is that more emphasis should be put on the teaching of proverbs denoting family relationships and their Vietnamese equivalents to the learners of English in order to raise their awareness in translation Limitations of the study Due to the restriction of this kind of proverbs – proverbs denoting family relationships, only 100 samples in the two languages are collected from different sources Moreover, because of limited time, knowledge and reference, the study can only examine some certain characteristics of English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting family relationships such as structural syntactic classes, kinds of meanings and semantic types so it has not reached the expected depth as it should Suggestions for further research This study has focused only on proverbs denoting family relationships in English and Vietnamese in terms of syntactic and semantic features to find out the 37 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 similarities and differences for proverbs in the two languages Therefore, there will still be some topics related to this problem left for further researches The next research might be an investigation into the cultural features of English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting family It may also be an investigation into pragmatics of English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting family 38 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 REFERENCES [1] Adward, H (2013) Proverb lore London: Elliot stock, 62 Paternoster Row, E.C [2] Alexander, L.G (1990) Longman English Grammar Practice Longman Group UK Limited [3] Bank, S B (2010) Native proverbs as condensed culture & keys to mentality: An approach toward understanding one’s Korean counterpart Global Business Language: vol 3, article [4] Charles, A (2013) Proverbs as Circumstantial speech acts Research on Humanities & Social Sciences: vol 3, no.7 [5] Giang, Đặng Nguyên (2014) A study on structural and semantic components of idioms in English and Vietnamese Unplished Doctoral Dissertation [6] Hạo, Cao Xuân (1991) Tiếng Việt – Sơ thảo ngữ pháp chức năng, NXB Khoa Học Xã Hội [7] Hùng, Nguyễn Đình (2007) Tuyển tập Thành ngữ, Tục ngữ ,Ca dao Việt – Anh thơng dụng NXB Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh [8] Kerschen, L (2012) American proverbs about women The USA: BookLock.com.Inc [9] Lân, Mã Giang (2012) Tục ngữ, Ca dao Việt Nam NXB Văn Học [10] Lân, Nguyễn (2014) Từ điển Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Việt Nam NXB Văn Học [11] Oxford concise dictionary of proverbs (2003) Oxford University Press [12] Oxford dictionary of English (2008) Oxford University Press [13] Mahahi, T & Jafari, S (2012) Language and Culture International Journal of Humanities & Social Science: Vol 3, No 17 [14] Martin, H M (2002) The Facts on File Dictionary of Proverbs The USA: An Imprint of Infobase Publishing [15] Mieder, W (2004) Proverbs - A Handbook: The United States of America: Greenwood Press 39 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 [16] Michael, M & Felicity, O (2010) English idioms in use Cambridge University Press [17] Norrick, R N (1985) How proverbs mean: Semantic studies in English proverbs Mouton Arthur Collignon GmbH, Berlin [18] Phan, Vũ Ngọc (2010) Tục ngữ, Ca dao, Dân ca Việt Nam NXB Thời Đại [19] Quirk, R & Greenbaum, S (1990) A University Grammar of English NXB Giao Thông Vận Tải [20] Rosaline, F (1983) The Penguin dictionary of English Proverbs [21] Richard, T C (1861) Proverbs and their lessons London: G Routledge [22] Sa, Võ Hồng (2010) So sánh tu từ tục ngữ Việt tục ngữ Anh The unpublished thesis [23] Sapir, E (1951) Encyclopedia of Social Sciences: Communication New York: The Macmillan [24] Thu, Phương (2010) Ca dao, Tục ngữ Việt Nam NXB Thời Đại 40 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 APPENDIX Proverbs denoting family relationships in English A bad husband makes a bad wife A good Jack makes a good Jill A blind man’s wife needs no paint A deep husband and a blind wife are always a happy couple Men make house, women make home Men are from Mars, women are from Venus The husband eats hamburgers, the wife eats spring rolls All chili is hot, all women are jealous When the husband earns well, the wife spins well 10 Better be an old man’s darling than a young man’s slave 11 The grey mare is the better horse 12 He that will thrive must first ask his wife 13 A husband is always the last to know 14 A man without a wife is but half a man 15 A good wife and health is a man’s best wealth 16 A good husband makes a good wife 17 The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree 18 There’s only one pretty child in the world and every mother has it 19 As is the father, so is the son 20 Birth is much but breeding more 21 Children are certain cares, but uncertain comforts 22 He that has a wife and children has given hostage to fortune 23 A mother can take care of 10 children but sometimes 10 children can’t take care of one mother 24 My son is my son till he gets him a wife, but my daughter’s my daughter all the days of her life I 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 25 Parents are patterns 26 Praise the child, and you make love to the mother 27 Like father like son 28 Like mother like daughter 29 Spare the rod, spoil the child 30 The shoemarker’s son always goes barefoot 31 Walnut and pears you plant for your heirs 32 It is a wise child that knows its own father 33 He has no children know not what is love 34 Mother’s darlings are but milksop heroes 35 A wise son heeds his father’s instruction 36 A child without parents is like a ship without a rudder 37 Happy is he that is happy in his children 38 Many a good father has but a good son 39 Mother scratches child’s back, child scratches mother’s 40 A friend loves at all the time, and a brother is born for adversity 41 Blood is thicker than water 42 Blood will tell 43 A family that prays together stays together 44 When the blood sheds, the heart aches 45 Do no business with a kinsman 46 There is no place like home 47 Home is where the heart is 48 Mother in law and daughter in law are a tempest and hailstorm 49 Poverty is the mother of crime 50 Don’t put all your eggs in one basket II 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 APPENDIX Proverbs denoting family relationships in Vietnamese Đạo vợ, nghĩa chồng Chồng đó, vợ hom Chồng tới vợ lui, chồng hòa vợ thuận Thuận vợ thuận chồng tát bể đông cạn Vợ chồng đầu gối tay ấp Vợ chồng đũa có đơi Gái có cơng, chồng chẳng phụ Chồng em áo rách em thương, Chồng người áo gấm xông hương mặc người Vợ chồng mặt trăng, mặt trời 10 Chông ăn chả, vợ ăn nem 11 Cha 12 Con dại mang 13 Con biết lẫy bố biết bị 14 Con có mẹ măng ấp bẹ 15 Con lên ba lịng mẹ Con biết lẫy bố biết bị 16 Con người xót 17 Trẻ cậy cha, già cậy 18 Cha hổ mang đẻ liu diu 19 Con lên ba mẹ sa xương sườn 20 Con hư mẹ, cháu hư bà 21 Cha mẹ giàu có, cha mẹ khó khơng 22 Con chẳng chê cha mẹ khó, chó khơng chê nhà chủ nghèo 23 Mẹ đánh trăm không cha ngăm tiếng 24 Mẹ ngoảnh đi, dại; mẹ ngoảnh lại, khôn III 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 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