Luận văn thạc sĩ an investigation into teachers’ and students’ attitudes towards the use of visual aids in teaching and learning vocabulary at le quy don gifted high school, dien bien

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN HẠNH TUYẾT AN INVESTIGATION INTO TEACHERS’ AND STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE USE OF VISUAL AIDS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING VOCABULARY AT LE QUY DON GIFTED HIGH SCHOOL, DIEN BIEN NGHIÊN CỨU THÁI ĐỘ CỦA GIÁO VIÊN VÀ HỌC SINH ĐỐI VỚI VIỆC SỬ DỤNG GIÁO CỤ TRỰC QUAN ĐỂ DẠY VÀ HỌC TỪ VỰNG Ở TRƯỜNG THPT CHUYÊN LÊ QUÝ ĐÔN – ĐIỆN BIÊN M.A MINOR THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60 14 10 Hanoi, 2011 z VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN HẠNH TUYẾT AN INVESTIGATION INTO TEACHERS’ AND STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE USE OF VISUAL AIDS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING VOCABULARY AT LE QUY DON GIFTED HIGH SCHOOL, DIEN BIEN NGHIÊN CỨU THÁI ĐỘ CỦA GIÁO VIÊN VÀ HỌC SINH ĐỐI VỚI VIỆC SỬ DỤNG GIÁO CỤ TRỰC QUAN ĐỂ DẠY VÀ HỌC TỪ VỰNG Ở TRƯỜNG THPT CHUYÊN LÊ QUÝ ĐÔN – ĐIỆN BIÊN M.A MINOR THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60 14 10 Supervisor: Nguyễn Thị Vượng, M.A Hanoi, 2011 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 iii ABSTRACT This study aims at finding out the attitudes of the teachers and students at Le Quy Don gifted high school in Dien Dien towards the use of visual aids in teaching and leaning English vocabulary In the study, the quantitative and qualitative methods are employed The instruments to collect data for the study are survey questionnaires and interview After gathering and analyzing the collected data, some major findings have been revealed The first finding is that most of the teachers and students at LQD gifted high school in Dien Bien have positive attitudes towards the use of visual aids in teaching and learning vocabulary The second finding shows that most of the teachers tend to use different types of visual aids in teaching vocabulary Nevertheless, they still restrict themselves to some visual types only Moreover, their ways of exploiting visual aids to teach vocabulary is limited They just mainly focus on using visual aids to present new words This means that the teachers have not made use of visual aids to their fullest potential to aid their students or arouse their interest in leaning vocabulary The third finding is that both the teachers and students still encounter certain challenges when using visual aids in teaching and learning vocabulary It is hopeful that this study can be of some help to the teachers at LQD gifted high school and the school itself about their teachers’ and students’ attitudes towards the use of visual aid in teaching vocabulary or other teachers and schools interested in the subject matter z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 iv LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS LQD Le Quy Don (gifted high school) No Number of informants RO Real objects z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 v LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES List of figures Pages Figure 1: Data collected from question of the teachers’ questionnaire 19 Figure 2: Teachers’ interest in using visual aids to teach vocabulary 20 Figure 3: Teachers’ evaluation of the visual aids in general 20 Figure 4: Data collected from question of the teachers’ questionnaire 21 Figure 5: Data collected from question of the teachers’ questionnaire 24 Figure 6: Data collected from question 12 of the teachers’ questionnaire 26 Figure 7: Students’ interest in learning vocabulary through visual aids 28 Figure 8: Students’ evaluation on the usefulness of visual aids in vocabulary teaching 28 Figure 9: Data collected from question of the students’ questionnaire 28 Figure 10: Students’ preference of the sources of the pictures 30 Figure 11: Students’ preference of the sources of real objects 30 Figure 12: Data collected from question 10 of the students’ questionnaire 32 Figure 13: Teachers’ attitudes towards the importance of vocabulary in language teaching 33 Figure 14: Data collected from question of the interview for the teachers 33 List of tables pages Table 1: The teachers’ evaluation of the specific visual aids 21 Table 2: The teachers’ frequency of visual aids use in teaching vocabulary 22 Table 3: The teachers’ ways of using of visual aids to teach vocabulary and the 23 frequency of the teachers using these ways to teach vocabulary Table 4: The types of visual aids and their impressions on the students 23 Table 5: The teachers’ frequent sources of getting visual aids 24 Table 6: The teachers’ reasons for using visual aids in teaching vocabulary 25 Table 7: The challenges faced by teachers when using visual aids to teach vocabulary 26 Table 8: The students’ evaluation of visual aids in facilitating their vocabulary learning 29 Table 9: The students’ evaluation on their teachers’ frequency of using visual aids to 30 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 vii TABLES OF CONTENT Page number DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii ABSTRACT iii LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS iv LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES v TABLE OF CONTENT vii PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale of the study Aims of the study Research questions Scope of the study Methods of the study Design of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Vocabulary 1.1.1 What is vocabulary? 1.1.2 Classification of vocabulary 1.1.2.1 Vocabulary classified according to the concept of morpheme 1.1.2.2 Vocabulary classified according to the meaning 1.1.2.3 Vocabulary classified according to the functions 1.1.2.4 Vocabulary classified according to the frequency of use 1.2 Vocabulary and its significant role in language teaching and learning 1.3 Visual aids 1.3.1 Definitions of visual aids 1.3.2 Types of visual aids 1.3.2.1 Chalkboards 1.3.2.2 Real objects and presentational objects 1.3.2.3 Mime (Gesture and Facial expressions) z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 viii 1.3.2.4 Pictures 10 1.3.2.4.1 Wall pictures and wall charts 11 1.3.2.4.2 Flash cards 12 1.3.2.4.2.1 Word flash cards 12 1.3.2.4.2.2 Picture flash cards 12 1.4 Benefits of using visual aids to teach vocabulary 14 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 16 2.1 Research question 16 2.2 Subjects of the study 16 2.2.1 The students 16 2.2.2 The teachers 16 2.3 The instruments 17 2.3.1 The questionnaires 17 2.3.1.1 The teachers’ questionnaire 17 2.3.1.2 The students’ questionnaire 17 2.3.2 The interview for the teachers 18 CHAPTER 3: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 19 3.1 Data analysis 19 3.1.1 Results from the survey questionnaires 19 3.1.1.1 Results from the teachers’ survey questionnaire 19 3.1.1.2 Results from the students’ survey questionnaire 28 3.1.2 Results from the interviews for the teachers 33 3.2 Findings and discussion 36 PART C: CONCLUSION 38 4.1 Summary of the study 38 4.2 Recommendations 38 4.3 Limitations and suggestions for further study 40 REFERENCES 41 APPENDIX I APPENDIX IV APPENDIX VIII z 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale of the study Wilkin (1972: 110) states that “Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed” This means that to be a competent English communicator, one must acquire a good knowledge of English grammar and have a rich amount of English vocabulary as well Vocabulary is an essential element of language Whether in speaking or writing, learners need vocabulary to communicate and understand others However, for many students at Le Quy Don gifted high school in Dien Bien, learning vocabulary is really a hard job As a result, many students often ask their teachers the same question about how they can learn vocabulary effectively As a matter of fact, what students are wondering is also a big question that always bare in the teachers’ mind which urges them try to find a suitable solution to better facilitate both the teachers’ and students’ vocabulary teaching and learning process The idea of using visual aids to better aid students learn vocabulary has been conducted at LQD gifted school by many teachers including the researcher and all agree that visual aids are of great use to aid both the teachers and their students in teaching and learning vocabulary Many students admit that they can remember new words more easily by both listening to their teachers and looking at the visuals They also get involved to the lesson more actively by guessing the words’ meaning through the visuals, describing the visuals, asking and answering questions related to the visuals, etc Therefore, students gradually retain more words and can better communicate in the target language For teachers, many agree that they can reduce their talking time of explaining new words in stead of introducing words directly through different types of visual aids From what the teachers and students have mentioned about some of benefits of visual aids, the researcher can partly know about their attitudes towards the use of visual aids in teaching and learning vocabulary This inspires the researcher to conduct the study entitled “An Investigation into Teachers’ and Students’ Attitudes towards the Use of Visual Aids in Teaching and Learning Vocabulary at Le Quy Don Gifted High School, Dien Bien.” with hope of understanding more about not only the teachers’ and students’ attitude towards the use of visual aids but also the overall problems faced by them in teaching and learning vocabulary through visual aids Hopefully, this study will be of some values to those who want to improve their vocabulary teaching, especially by means of visual aids z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 2 Aims of the study: The study aims at: - Investigating the teachers’ and students’ attitudes towards the use of visual aids in teaching and learning vocabulary - Exploring the extent to which visual aids have been used in vocabulary teaching and learning - Finding out the possible problems faced by the teachers and students in teaching and learning vocabulary through visual aids Research questions: In order to achieve the above-stated goals, the study was carried out to seek answers to the following questions: What are the teachers’ and students’ attitudes towards the use of visual aids in teaching and learning vocabulary? To what extent have visual aids been used in teaching and learning vocabulary? What are the problems faced by the teachers and students when teaching and learning vocabulary through visual aids? Scope of the study In fact, there are many different types of visuals that can be used to help the students better learn vocabulary However, due to the minor scope of this thesis, the research only aims at several types of visual aids such as pictures, chalkboards, real objects, mime-facial expressions which are available in class or can be easily made and applied by the teachers The study has not dealt with students of all levels but just 11th form students who have been familiar with their teachers’ method of teaching vocabulary through visual aids since they were in grade ten Methods of the study In the study, data was collected by two methods: survey and interview The survey consists of two questionnaires, one for the teachers and the other for the students Besides, the researcher conducted informal interviews with the teachers in order to supplement the survey questionnaires Design of the study: This study is divided into three main parts: Part A: INTRODUCTION: In this part the rationale, the aims, the research questions, the scope, the methods and the design of the study are presented Part B: DEVELPOMENT: This part consists of three chapters: the “Literature Review”, “Methodology” and “Data Analysis and Discussion” Part C: CONCLUSION: This part offers a summary of the study and some suggestions for further study z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Vocabulary 1.1.1 What is vocabulary? According to The Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, vocabulary is defined as “a set of lexemes, including single words, compound words and idioms” Otherwise, in the Oxford Advanced learner’s Dictionary, vocabulary is defined quite simple as “all the words that a person knows or uses.” In Stahl’s view, vocabulary is the knowledge of words and word meanings then he offered a clear and specific definition of vocabulary by saying that “vocabulary knowledge is knowledge; the knowledge of a word not only implies a definition, but also implies how that word fits into world.” (Stahl, S.A 2005) The author emphasizes that when learning vocabulary, learners must acquire the knowledge of words or word meanings and understand how the word they have learnt can be used appropriately in the real-world situations 1.1.2 Classification of vocabulary 1.1.2.1 Vocabulary classified according to the concept of morpheme McCarthy (1990: 5) divides words into three kinds: simple, derived and compound + Simple word : A simple word is one that consists of only a root morpheme, which can not be further subdivided such as eat, do, learn, live + Compound word: Compound words are items that consist of more than one root but have a single identity in that they name a single thing or concept such as sewing machine, campground, electric fan + Derived word: A derived word is one that consists of a root and one or more derivational morphemes such as teacher, worker, helpful 1.1.2.2 Vocabulary classified according to the meanings Read (2000: 18) states that vocabulary can be divided into notional words and functional words + Notional words are words with clear lexical meaning They address objects, actions, qualities, etc, and they have meaning in themselves Notional words form a great number of each speaker's vocabulary For example, a boy, a ball, to make, to go z 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 + Functional words are words which only have meaning in relation to the other words with which they are used Functional words are particles, articles, prepositions, auxiliaries, conjunctions, etc For instance, on, for, at, the, and, because 1.1.2.3 Vocabulary classified according to the functions In a sentence, word can possess many different functions Therefore, English words can be classified into different items basing on functions as different parts of speech These parts of speech can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and pronouns (Quirk, 1987: 18) Each part of speech has its own position, complying with certain grammatical rules and relating to others So that when learning English words, learners need to be aware of the parts of speech of that word in sentence in order to understand the word clearly 1.1.2.4 Vocabulary classified according to the frequency of use It is impossible for teachers to teach students every new word they come across instead of making them be aware of words with high frequency in use and those with low frequency Therefore students can save more time and energy to learn words they can use more frequently 1.3 Visual aids 1.3.1 Definitions of visual aids In the Dictionary of English Language and Culture, visual aids are defined as “something that people can look at to help them understand, learn, remember, etc such as a picture, map, photograph, or film Visual aids are often used as materials in education” (1998: 1490) Andrew and Safia (1991) define visual aids as “anything learners can see used for different purposes in a language class 1.3.2 Types of visual aids 2.3.2.1 Chalkboards Chalkboards are commonly found in most classes They are usually black or green, cheap to install, easy and cheap to use and very adaptable Teachers can use them whenever they like to teach a lesson Hence, chalkboards are said to be the most common and helpful visual aids for every teacher 1.3.2.2 Real objects and presentational objects According to Allen (1983: 4), real objects are of great value to show the meaning of a new word, especially when the objects are available in the classroom She reinforced that “in most cases, a picture of something is less helpful than the thing itself” She also gives the general recommendation “for showing the meaning of an English noun, use the real object whenever z 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person's face, resulting from specific use of the facial muscles 1.3.2.4 Pictures In Look Here! Visual Aids in Language Teaching, Bowen (1982) introduces some kinds of pictures such as flash cards, sequence pictures, wall pictures and wall charts, etc In fact, pictures of all kinds are considered useful visual aids in language teaching, especially in teaching vocabulary They can be used to illustrate very large objects which are not easily brought into the classroom, for example: an airplane, a car, a washing machine, a typewriter, etc They are also of great help for teachers to stimulate students’ imagination and memory of new words Teachers can use pictures to clarify the denotation meaning of vocabulary without much explanation 1.3.2.4.1 Wall pictures and wall charts According to Bowen (1982: 13): A wall chart is a large diagram or picture display card Most wall charts consist of combinations of visual and verbal material Their aim is to give information on topic A wall picture, on the other hand, is simply a large illustration of a scene or event, or a set of scenes or events In Visuals for the Language Classroom, Wright and Haleem (1991: 44) also offer a very simple bur clear definition of wall picture as “Wall pictures illustrate scenes, people or objects and are large enough to be seen by all the students” 1.3.2.4.2 Flash cards 1.3.2.4.2.1 Word flash cards According to Bowen (1982: 25), “Word flash cards are cards on which words have been printed and can be held up rapidly, or ‘flash’ by the teacher before the class” He also suggests that “a good width for flash cards is 10 cm (4inches) but the length vary according to the number of letters in the word to be printed on the card.” 1.3.2.4.2.2 Picture flash cards In Wight and Haleem’s view, “picture flash cards are pictures mounted or drawn on cards appropriately 15cm by 20cm.” (p50) They also emphasize that as for classroom use, “Picture z 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 flash cards are more suitable for the presentation of a single concept, such as an object or an action” So that picture cards are considered very useful visual aids that teachers need to employ in teaching new words during the vocabulary teaching process CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1 Subjects of the study 2.1.1 The students The participants for the study consist of 116 eleventh form students aged from seventeen to eighteen from three classes 11B1, 11B5, 11B7 at LQD gifted high school in Dien Bien 2.1.2 The teachers All seven female teachers and one male at LQD gifted high school are chosen as informants of the study All these teachers aged from 27 to 37 have been teaching English for at least three years 2.2 The instruments 2.2.1 The questionnaires 2.2.1.1 The teachers’ questionnaire The survey questionnaire for the teachers, consisting of 14 questions, was administered to all eight teachers at LQD gifted high school at the beginning of March 2011 The survey was divided into three main parts The first five questions focus on finding out the teachers’ attitudes towards the use of visual aids in teaching vocabulary The second part with questions from to aims at exploring the extent to which visual aids have been used in teaching vocabulary The five following questions are raised to investigate the teachers’ problems when applying visual aids to vocabulary teaching 2.2.1.2 The students’ questionnaire The students’ questionnaire, comprising of 11 questions, was delivered to 116 students at the same time of the teacher questionnaire Similarly, the survey for the students covered three main points 2.2.2 The interview for the teachers The researcher conducts informal interviews with all teachers in order to get more insightful information to supplement the result of the teachers’ questionnaires or to interpret responses to questionnaires z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 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vocabulary Of the teachers, most of them (62.5%) said that they were very interested in using visual aids to teach vocabulary 37% felt interested Teachers' evaluation of the visual aids in general Very useful 25% Very useful Useful Useful 75% Figure Figure shows the teachers’ evaluation on the role of visual aids in vocabulary teaching in general Three quarters of the teachers (75%) thought that visual aids were useful and a fourth of the teachers (25%) highly appreciated visual aids very useful in teaching vocabulary None of the teachers thought that visual aids were not useful at all The extent to which visual aids have been used in teaching vocabulary present new vocabulary help students practise and retain always 50% often 37.5% sometimes 12.5% hardly ever 0% never 0% 0% 0% 50% 25% 25% the new words z 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the new words This fact reveals a problem that visual aids have not been exploited to their fullest potential to aid the students in their vocabulary learning Challenges faced by the teachers when using visual aids to teach vocabulary No 12.5% Yes No Yes 87.5% Figure 6: Data collected from question 12 (Have you encountered any problems when using visual aids to teach vocabulary?) When being asked “Have you encountered any problems when using visual aids to teach vocabulary?” most of the teachers (87.5%) admitted they have faced problems This is not surprising because teaching vocabulary through visual aids is a very complicated process that acquires the teachers’ much time, efforts and creativeness as well Therefore, it is inescapable that the teachers might face certain problems in using visual aids to teach vocabulary Options No of informants Percentage Time-consuming to prepare 87.5% Money consuming 50% Difficulties to prepare 37.5% The lack of time when using 65.5% Difficulties in finding suitable visual materials 62.5% Difficulties in class management 0% Table 7: The challenges faced by teachers when using visual aids to teach vocabulary As shown in table the possible problems faced by the teachers when using visual aids to teach vocabulary In fact, the teachers found some challenges that hindered them from using z 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use of visual aids in learning vocabulary Students' evaluation on the usefulness of visual aids in vocabulary learning Students' interest in learning vocabulary through visual aids Very interested 50.0% Interested 40.0% 30.0% 20.7% 21.6% 20.0% 10.0% Very useful, 35% 53.4% 60.0% 4.30% Very useful Useful, 65% Neutral Useful Uninterested 0.0% Figure Figure As can be seen from figure 7, the percentage of the students who felt interested and very interested in learning vocabulary through visual aids is much higher than that of those who had neutral and uninterested attitudes (74.1% as compared to 25.9%) This fact once again confirms that visual aids really interest the students Accordingly, all of the students highly appreciated the usefulness of visual aids in helping them learn vocabulary 65% and 35% respectively evaluated visual aids useful and very useful (Figure 8) As a result, most of the students (97.4%) said they can learn vocabulary easier and faster thanks to visual aids (Figure 9) The extent to which visual aids have been used in vocabulary learning Types of visual aids 01 Pictures in the textbooks 02 Pictures on power-point slides 03 Chalkboard drawings 04 Wall pictures 05 Posters 06 Wall charts 07 Word flash cards 08 Picture flash cards 09.Real objects & presentational objects 10 Mime-facial expressions always often sometimes hardly ever 64.7% 14.7% 0% 20.7% 19.8% 17.2% 10.3% 50.9% 43.1% 4.3% 7.6% 25% 0% 6.9% 14.7% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6.9% 21.6% 20.7% 16.4% 23.5% 30.2% 19% 18.1% 31.9% 31% 27.6% 41.4% 54.3% 44% 41.4% 22.4% 33.6% 25% 19.8% 15.5% 37% 33.6% 24.1% 14.7% 31% 15.6% z 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 10 Table 9: The students’ evaluation on their teachers’ frequency of using visual aids to teach vocabulary The data shown in table are quite consistent with what collected from the teachers’ survey questionnaire The students also found that pictures in the textbooks and ones on powerpoint slides were mostly used by their teachers Mime-facial expressions and chalkboard drawings ranked in the middle Picture and word flash cards were frequently used by more than half of their teachers Real and presentational objects, wall pictures, wall charts and posters tended to be rarely used by their teachers The students’ problems in learning vocabulary through visual aids Options No of Percentage informants Learning vocabulary through visual aids is boring 0% Learning vocabulary through visual aids is difficult to understand 6% Learning vocabulary through visual aids is distracting 21 18.1% Learning vocabulary through visual aids is confusing 26 22.4% Table 12: The problems faced by the students when learning vocabulary through visual aids Considering the problems faced by the students when learning vocabulary through visual aids (Table 12), 22.4% of the students said that learning vocabulary through visual aids was confusing 18.1% stated that it was distracting and 6% admitted it was difficult to understand Surprisingly, no one felt bored when the teachers used the visual aids These percentages are not very high, they are still worth considering by the teachers in order to make visual aids really something that aids the students’ vocabulary learning process 3.3 Results from the interviews for the teachers Ways of teaching vocabulary Verbal technique (illustrative situations (oral/written), definition, synonym/antonym, gradable items, examples of type, etc.) Visual aids Translation No of informants Table 13: Teachers’ favorite ways of teaching vocabulary Percentage 50% 87.5% 37.5% Table 13 illustrates the teachers’ favorite ways of teaching vocabulary As can be seen from the table, 87.5% of the teachers felt interested in teaching vocabulary through visual aids When being asked the question (Question 4: “What type(s) of visual aids you like most in teaching vocabulary?”, most of the teachers instantly told me that among many different types of visual aids they enjoyed using pictures most, both pictures in the textbooks and collected ones because pictures are not only available but also attractive to students Question 5: What typical problem(s) you meet when teaching vocabulary through visual aids? z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 11 Most of the teacher admitted that their typical problem in applying visual aids to teach vocabulary was their lack of time to find suitable visual material and prepare for the necessary visual aids before each lesson Moreover, many said that they lack time to use visual aids in class “We have no separate vocabulary lessons to spend much time to vocabulary teaching instead of having to teach vocabulary together with other skills,” said Trang Question 6: Generally your students have positive attitudes towards learning vocabulary through visual aids Is it true? When being asked to support for this statement, all of the teachers agreed that most of their students have quite positive attitudes towards their teachers’ applying of visual aids in vocabulary teaching 3.4 Findings and discussion Basing on the data collected from the survey questionnaire for both of the teachers and students and the informal interviews with the teachers, the results show that: Both of the teachers and students at LQD gifted high school have positive attitudes towards the use of visual aids in teaching and learning English vocabulary The teachers at LQD gifted high school tend to use different types of visual aids that are tested However, they still restrict themselves to some types of visual aids only Another finding is that the ways the teachers exploit visual aids in teaching vocabulary are rather limited As mentioned previously, the teachers mainly employ visual aids to present new words during their vocabulary teaching, whereas they rarely use visual materials to help their students practise and retain the new words Regarding the last question aiming at finding out the possible problems faced by both the teachers and the students while teaching and learning vocabulary though visual aids It can be concluded that despite their numerous benefits brought to the teachers’ and the students’, visual aids still bring their users some challenges For the teachers, they faced such problem as the lack of time to prepare, the lack of time when using, difficulties in finding suitable visual materials, money consuming and difficulties in preparing as well For the students, a number of the students still find learning vocabulary though visual aids confusing, distracting or difficult to understand, which require the teachers to re-examine if they exploit visual aids properly or not z 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teachers and students at the school However, they have not been used to their fullest potential as the teachers are rather limited in the types of visual aids and the ways they employ them Additionally, the teachers and students face certain challenges when teaching and learning vocabulary through visual aids It is hopeful that these problems can be solved if the teachers keep improving themselves and consults the solutions or suggestions in the recommendations of the research 4.2 Recommendations According to the results of the survey questionnaires and the interview, visual aids are actually exploited in teaching vocabulary for the 11th form students at LQD gifted high school, but they are not exploited to their fullest potentials It is recommended that the teachers should vary the types of visual aids when teaching vocabulary and also increase their frequency of using visual aids, collect visual aids from different sources and vary their ways of using visual aids as well Moreover, owing to the data collected from the questionnaires and interview, both the teachers and the students still faced certain difficulties For the teachers, the lack of time to prepare and use in class and difficulties in finding suitable visual materials seem to be the most prominent problems How to tackle these problems really involves in the teachers’ preparation To save time for preparing visual aids, the teachers should know how to choose and make visual aids quickly and economically The best way is to collect visual aids from available sources such as real or presentational objects and pictures from the internet, textbooks, magazines, newspapers, etc Moreover, it must be time-economical if the teachers can create visual aids themselves To use visual aids effectively with rather limited time in class, the teachers should try to prepare all visual aids carefully in advance and schedual time for using the pre-prepared visuals appropriately It is much better if the teachers have good techniques and experience in applying visual aids In order to find suitable visual materials, it is advisable that the teachers should specify the aim of using visual aids and what types of visuals they are going to use then z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 13 try to collect the most suitable ones from different sources or some mentioned above However, all these above recommendations for solving the teachers’ difficulties in using visual aids just come from the teachers’ own efforts It would be better if the teachers should be financed to take part in more training programs to enhance their ability of exploiting visual aids by the managing board of the school or they should be given more budgets to make more effective visual aids For the students, many still feel confused, distract and difficult when their teachers employ visual aids in class to teach vocabulary, This problem, probably, is owing to the low effectiveness of the teachers’ using visual aids, their unvaried types of visual aids applied In order to solve these problems, the teachers should keep improving their visual aids to become more attractive, creative and varied in types They should always keep in mind two key words: creativity and imagination because “the teacher must be creative and imaginative in order to develop techniques for exploiting aids” (Chamberlain: 1980: 9) 4.3 Limitations and suggestions for further study Firstly, the author's practical experience of using visual aids in teaching vocabulary is limited Therefore, the recommendations in the last part are likely to be subjective Secondly, the researcher did not have access to all 11th form students at LQD gifted high school Therefore, the conclusion on the students’ attitudes towards the use of visual aids in learning vocabulary may not be well generalized for the rest of the 11th form students at the school In conclusion, despite some inevitable limitations, the researcher has, to a certain extent, succeeded in answering the research questioned stated at the beginning Hopefully, in further studies, the teacher’s and students’ attitudes towards the use of visual aids will be focused on not only vocabulary teaching and learning process but also grammar or other language kill teaching and learning processes such as writing, reading, listening or speaking z 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(1997) Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 18 Stahl, S.A (2005) Four Problems with Teaching Word Meaning (and what to to make vocabulary an integral part of instruction) In E.H Hiebert and M.L Kamil (eds.) Teaching and learning vocabulary: Bringing research to practice Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum 19 Ur, P (1996) A Course in Language Teaching: Practice & Theory (pp 184-187) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 15 20 Wilkins, D.A (1972) Linguistics in Language Teaching London Oxford: Oxford University Press 21 Wright, A (1989) Pictures for Language Learning Cambridge University Press 22 Wright, A (1987) Principles of Teaching Cambridge University Press 23 Wright, A & Haleem, S (1991) Visual for the Language Classroom Longman Keys to Language Teaching Longman 24 http://www.slideshare.net/jaanrod/tutorial-draw-and-teach-with stick-figures 25 http://www.mes-english.com/flashcards/dailyroutines.php z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99