Pragmatic transfer in making apology in english by vietnamese learners at hue university

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES, HUE UNIVERSITY TON NU HOANG MINH TAM PRAGMATIC TRANSFER IN MAKING APOLOGY IN ENGLISH BY VIETNAMESE LEARNERS AT HUE UNIVERSITY MA THESIS IN THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Hue University of Foreign Languages HUE, 2020 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES, HUE UNIVERSITY TON NU HOANG MINH TAM PRAGMATIC TRANSFER IN MAKING APOLOGY IN ENGLISH BY VIETNAMESE LEARNERS AT HUE UNIVERSITY MA THESIS IN THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING CODE: 8140111 SUPERVISOR: TRUONG VIEN, Assoc Prof PhD HUE, 2020 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO ĐẠI HỌC HUẾ TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ TÔN NỮ HOÀNG MINH TÂM CHUYỂN DI NGỮ DỤNG TRONG LỜI XIN LỖI BẰNG TIẾNG ANH CỦA SINH VIÊN VIỆT NAM TẠI ĐẠI HỌC HUẾ LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ LÝ LUẬN VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP DẠY HỌC BỘ MÔN TIẾNG ANH MÃ SỐ: 8140111 NGƯỜI HƯỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC: PHÓ GIÁO SƯ, TIẾN SĨ TRƯƠNG VIÊN HUẾ, 2020 Statement of Authorship The work contained in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university I certify that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, my thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself Signed: Tơn Nữ Hồng Minh Tâm Date: 09/11/2020 i Abstract This study aims to investigate pragmatic transfer among Vietnamese learners of English as a foreign language This study examines the speech act of apologizing in American English and Vietnamese focusing on pragmatic transfer A discourse completion task (DCT) was used to elicit apology responses from four groups of participants: 18 native speakers of American English, 20 native speakers of Vietnamese, 20 Vietnamese learners of English (Elementary) and 20 Vietnamese learners of English (Advanced) Pragmatic transfer was operative in the performance of Vietnamese learners The advanced learners employed more positive pragmatic transfer than the elementary learners, especially in Illocutionary Force Indicating Devices (IFIDs) and Explanation strategies, while elementary learners exhibited more negative pragmatic transfer, particularly in Concern and Forbearance strategies Language proficiency is found to affect the operation of pragmatic transfer of Vietnamese learners, i.e the increase in the proficiency level resulted in decrease in pragmalinguistic transfer ii Acknowledgement I am deeply grateful to University of Foreign Languages, Hue University Associate Professor Truong Vien, for invaluable comments and suggestions on my thesis All errors that remain are my own iii Tables of Contents Statement of Authorship i Abstract ii Acknowledgement iii Tables of Contents iv List of Tables vii List of Figures viii List of Abbreviations ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Context of the problem 1.3 A statement of the problem to be investigated 1.4 Research aims 1.5 The scope of the study 1.6 Organization of the thesis CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Pragmatics 2.2 Theories of speech acts 2.3 Theories of politeness 2.3.1 The social-norm view 2.3.2 The conversational contract theory .9 2.3.3 The conversational maxim 2.3.4 The face-saving view 11 2.3.5 Criticism of politeness theories 12 2.4 Interlanguage pragmatics 13 iv 2.4.1 Interlanguage 13 2.4.2 Interlanguage pragmatics 14 2.4.3 Pragmatic transfer .15 2.5 The speech act of apology 17 2.5.1 Apologies in speech act theory 17 2.5.2 Apologies in politeness theory 18 2.5.3 Apology strategies 18 2.5.4 Apologies in ILP research 21 2.5.5 IL studies on Vietnamese apologies 33 2.5.6 Summary of the main features in ILP research on apologies 34 2.6 Conclusion 35 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHOD 36 3.1 Research questions 36 3.2 Participants 36 3.3 Research instruments 37 3.3.1 Rationale for using DCT 37 3.3.2 Description of the DCT questionnaire 38 3.4 Data collection procedure 40 3.5 The coding manual 41 3.6 Data analysis 42 3.6.1 Quantitative analysis 42 3.6.2 Qualitative analysis 43 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 44 4.1 General results 44 4.2 The overall use of apology strategies 45 v 4.3 The overall use of apology sub-strategies 47 4.4 Pragmatic transfer in content of apology strategies and sub-strategies produced by the Vietnamese EFL learners 49 4.5 Discussion 54 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 55 5.1 Summary of the findings 55 5.2 Pedagogical implications 55 5.3 Limitations 56 5.4 Suggestions for further research 57 REFERENCES 58 APPENDIX A: DCT Questionnaire (English Version) 66 APPENDIX B: DCT Questionnaire (Vietnamese Version) 69 APPENDIX C: DCT Questionnaire (VEE & VEA Version) 72 vi List of Tables Table 2.1 IL studies on the speech act of apology 22 Table 3.1 Overview of four groups of participants 36 Table 3.2 The variables underlying the construction of situations 39 Table 4.1 Average number of strategies per situation used by groups 44 Table 4.2 Overall use of apology strategies 45 Table 4.3 Overall use of IFIDs sub-strategies 47 Table 4.4 Overall use of responsibility sub-strategies 48 vii Flowers, C A (2018) Backward Transfer of Apology Strategies from Japanese to English: Do English L1 Speakers Use Japanese-Style Apologies When Speaking English? 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Oxford: Oxford University Press 65 APPENDIX A: DCT Questionnaire (English Version) This is NOT A TEST; there is no right or wrong answer Your responses will be CONFIDENTIAL, and participation in this study is voluntary, and the results will be solely used for RESEARCH PURPOSE Your participation will be greatly appreciated and it will contribute to the English language education in Vietnam THANK YOU very much for your participation! Tơn Nữ Hồng Minh Tâm (tnhmtam@hueuni.edu.vn) Your name: Your email/ phone: Your gender: Male/ Female Your age: _ Your major: Your native language: English Vietnamese Bilingual English & Vietnamese Other Read the situations below Will you APOLOGIZE in these situations? If yes, please write down exactly WHAT YOU WOULD SAY in an actual conversation Your mom agreed to let you hang out with your friends and you promised to come home at 9:00 p.m You went out with your friends and didn’t realise the time You came home at 11:00 p.m and saw your mom waiting for you in the living room She looked really angry What would you say? You were having breakfast on your younger sister’s desk You accidentally spilled coffee on her end-of-term assignment It’s got big stains on several pages She must hand it in tomorrow Now you show her the damaged assignment What would you say? 66 You have been absent for a week due to a cold So, yesterday you borrowed lecture notes from a classmate whom you don’t know well You were supposed to return the notes to the classmate today, but you forgot to bring them to school What would you say? You promised to meet your close friend after class, and treat her/him to lunch yesterday However, you could not make it for other matters Today, you ran into her/him at school What would you say? You didn’t attend a class to take the mid-term test due to a bad cold You set up an appointment with the professor at 2:00 P.M in her/his office to take the test It is your first time meeting the professor during her/his office hours, and you don’t know the professor well You arrive in the professor’s office fifteen minutes late What would you say? You borrowed a book from a professor, whom you know well You promised to return the book today in class, but you forgot to bring the book What would you say? 67 You have placed a heavy bag on the luggage rack of a crowded coach When you take the bag down, it accidentally slips out of your hand and hits an elderly passenger What would you say? In a crowded supermarket, when a person suddenly pushed his/her trolley towards you, you stepped back and accidentally stepped on a child’s foot What would you say? THANK YOU FOR YOUR HELP! 68 APPENDIX B: DCT Questionnaire (Vietnamese Version) Đây KHƠNG PHẢI LÀ MỘT BÀI KIỂM TRA; khơng có câu trả lời hay sai Tất câu trả lời BẢO MẬT, việc tham gia vào nghiên cứu tự nguyện, thông tin dùng cho MỤC ĐÍCH NGHIÊN CỨU Tơi biết ơn tham gia bạn việc bạn tham gia vào nghiên cứu góp phần đóng góp vào việc giảng dạy tiếng Anh Việt Nam CÁM ƠN bạn nhiều! Tơn Nữ Hồng Minh Tâm (tnhmtam@hueuni.edu.vn) Tên: _ Email/ số điện thoại: Giới tính: Nam/ Nữ Tuổi: _ Chuyên ngành: _ Tiếng mẹ đẻ: Tiếng Anh Tiếng Việt Song ngữ Anh & Việt Khác _ Ngoại ngữ: Đọc tình sau Bạn có XIN LỖI tình sau khơng? Nếu có xin vui lịng viết xác bạn nói thực tế TIẾNG VIỆT Mẹ đồng ý cho phép bạn chơi với bạn bè bạn hứa nhà lúc 9:00 Bạn chơi quên để ý đồng hồ Bạn nhà lúc 11:00 thấy mẹ ngồi phòng khách đợi bạn Mẹ trơng giận Bạn nói gì? 69 Bạn ăn sáng bàn học em gái Bạn không cẩn thận làm đổ nước cà phê lên tập cuối kỳ em bạn làm cho nhiều trang tập bị vết bẩn nước cà phê to Bạn biết ngày mai em bạn phải nộp tập Bây bạn đưa em bạn xem tập bị bạn làm bẩn Bạn nói gì? Bạn nghỉ học nhà tuần bị cảm Ngày hôm qua bạn học lại bạn mượn người bạn học mà bạn không thân Bạn hứa trả lại cho bạn học vào ngày hôm nay, bạn lại quên mang đến trường Bạn nói gì? Bạn hứa gặp bạn thân bạn sau học đãi bạn ăn trưa Tuy nhiên, bạn gặp bạn lời hứa việc bận khác Hơm nay, bạn gặp bạn trường Bạn nói gì? Bạn không làm kiểm tra kỳ bị cảm nặng Bạn hẹn gặp giáo sư để làm lại kiểm tra vào 2:00 chiều văn phòng giáo sư Đây lần bạn gặp giáo sư bạn không thân với giáo sư Bạn đến văn phòng giáo sư trễ 15 phút Bạn nói gì? 70 Bạn mượn sách từ vị giáo sư mà bạn thân Bạn hứa trả lại sách vào ngày hôm lớp học, bạn quên mang theo sách Bạn nói gì? Bạn đặt túi hành lý nặng lên khoang hành lý xe đò Khi bạn lấy túi hành lý xuống, tuột khỏi tay bạn rơi vào người hành khách lớn tuổi Bạn nói gì? Trong siêu thị đông đúc, người đẩy xe kéo phía bạn, bạn lùi lại vơ tình dẫm vào chân đứa bé Bạn nói gì? CÁM ƠN SỰ GIÚP ĐỠ CỦA BẠN! 71 APPENDIX C: DCT Questionnaire (VEE & VEA Version) This is NOT A TEST; there is no right or wrong answer Your responses will be CONFIDENTIAL, and participation in this study is voluntary, and the results will be solely used for RESEARCH PURPOSE Your participation will be greatly appreciated and it will contribute to the English language education in Vietnam THANK YOU very much for your participation! Tơn Nữ Hồng Minh Tâm (tnhmtam@hueuni.edu.vn) Name: Email/ phone: Gender: Male/ Female Age: _ Major: _ Native language: English Vietnamese Bilingual English & Vietnamese Other Rate your speaking ability in English excellent good fair poor Time spent in English speaking countries year(s) month(s) day(s) Interaction in English with native speakers of English in the past frequent occasional rare no interaction Read the situations below Will you APOLOGIZE in these situations? If yes, please write a response in the blank after “you” Please write down exactly what you would say in an actual conversation in ENGLISH Đọc tình sau Bạn có XIN LỖI tình sau khơng? Nếu có xin vui lịng viết xác bạn nói thực tế TIẾNG ANH Your mom agreed to let you hang out with your friends and you promised to come home at 9:00 p.m You went out with your friends and didn’t realise the time You came home at 11:00 p.m and saw your mom waiting for you in the living room She looked really angry What would you say? 72 Mẹ đồng ý cho phép bạn chơi với bạn bè bạn hứa nhà lúc 9:00 Bạn chơi quên để ý đồng hồ Bạn nhà lúc 11:00 thấy mẹ ngồi phòng khách đợi bạn Mẹ trơng giận Bạn nói gì? You were having breakfast on your younger sister’s desk You accidentally spilled coffee on her end-of-term assignment It’s got big stains on several pages She must hand in it tomorrow Now you show her the damaged assignment What would you say? Bạn ăn sáng bàn học em gái Bạn không cẩn thận làm đổ nước cà phê lên tập cuối kỳ em bạn làm cho nhiều trang tập bị vết bẩn nước cà phê to Bạn biết ngày mai em bạn phải nộp tập Bây bạn đưa em bạn xem tập bị bạn làm bẩn Bạn nói gì? You have been absent for a week due to a cold So, yesterday you borrowed lecture notes from a classmate whom you don’t know well You were supposed to return the notes to the classmate today, but you forgot to bring them to school What would you say? Bạn nghỉ học nhà tuần bị cảm Ngày hơm qua bạn học lại bạn mượn người bạn học mà bạn không thân Bạn hứa trả lại cho bạn học vào ngày hơm nay, bạn lại quên mang đến trường Bạn nói gì? 73 You promised to meet your close friend after class, and treat her/him to lunch yesterday However, you could not make it for other matters Today, you ran into her/him at school What would you say? Bạn hứa gặp bạn thân bạn sau học đãi bạn ăn trưa Tuy nhiên, bạn khơng thể gặp bạn lời hứa việc bận khác Hôm nay, bạn gặp bạn trường Bạn nói gì? You didn’t attend a class to take the mid-term test due to a bad cold You set up an appointment with the professor at 2:00 P.M in her/his office to take the test It is your first time meeting the professor during her/his office hours, and you don’t know the professor well You arrive in the professor’s office fifteen minutes late What would you say? Bạn không làm kiểm tra kỳ bị cảm nặng Bạn hẹn gặp giáo sư để làm lại kiểm tra vào 2:00 chiều văn phòng giáo sư Đây lần bạn gặp giáo sư bạn không thân với giáo sư Bạn đến văn phòng giáo sư trễ 15 phút Bạn nói gì? You borrowed a book from a professor, whom you know well You promised to return the book today in class, but you forgot to bring the book What would you say? Bạn mượn sách từ vị giáo sư mà bạn thân Bạn hứa trả lại sách vào ngày hôm lớp học, bạn quên mang theo sách Bạn nói gì? 74 You have placed a heavy bag on the luggage rack of a crowded coach When you take the bag down, it accidentally slips out of your hand and hits an elderly passenger What would you say? Bạn đặt túi hành lý nặng lên khoang hành lý xe đò Khi bạn lấy túi hành lý xuống, tuột khỏi tay bạn rơi vào người hành khách lớn tuổi Bạn nói gì? In a crowded supermarket, when a person suddenly pushed his/her trolley towards you, you stepped back and accidentally stepped on a child’s foot What would you say? Trong siêu thị đông đúc, người đẩy xe kéo phía bạn, bạn lùi lại vơ tình dẫm vào chân đứa bé Bạn nói gì? THANK YOU FOR YOUR HELP! 75