michael dine supersymmetry and string theory beyond the standard model 2007

[...]... tests of the weak-interaction part of the theory Detailed measurements in deep inelastic scattering and in jets provided precise confirmation of the logarithmic scaling violations predicted by QCD The Standard Model passed every test So why write a book about physics beyond the Standard Model? For all of its simplicity and success in reproducing the interactions of elementary particles, the Standard Model. .. particle accounted for both the short range and the strength of the weak force Because of the very short range of the force, one could describe it in terms of four fields interacting at a point In the early days of the theory, these were the proton, neutron, electron and neutrino 3 4 1 Before the Standard Model Viewed as a theory of four-fermion interactions, Fermi’s theory was very successful, accounting... superspace, there is a study of the supersymmetry currents, which are important for understanding dynamics, and also for understanding the BPS conditions which play an important role in field theory and string theory dualities The MSSM is developed in detail, as well as the basics of supergravity and supersymmetry breaking Several chapters deal with supersymmetry dynamics, including dynamical supersymmetry. .. field theory The most primitive exercise we can do with the Yang–Mills Lagrangian is set g = 0 and examine the equations of motion for the fields Aµ If we choose the gauge ∂µ Aµa = 0, all of the gauge fields obey ∂ 2 Aa = 0 µ (2.20) So, like the photon, all of the gauge fields, Aa , of the Yang–Mills theory are µ massless At first sight, there is no obvious place for these fields in either the strong or the. .. physics and inflation 19.1 Inflation 19.2 The axion as dark matter 19.3 The LSP as the dark matter 19.4 The moduli problem 19.5 Baryogenesis 19.6 Flat directions and baryogenesis 19.7 Supersymmetry breaking in the early universe 19.8 The fate of the condensate 19.9 Dark energy Suggested reading Exercises Part 3 String theory 20 Introduction 20.1 The peculiar history of string theory Suggested reading 21 The. .. Seiberg dualities and Seiberg–Witten theory The goal is to introduce phenomenological issues (such as dynamical supersymmetry breaking in hidden sectors and its possible consequences), and also to illustrate the control that supersymmetry provides over dynamics I then turn to another critical element of beyond the Standard Model physics: general relativity, cosmology and astrophysics The chapter on general... bosonic string 21.1 The light cone gauge in string theory 21.2 Closed strings 21.3 String interactions 21.4 Conformal invariance 21.5 Vertex operators and the S-matrix 21.6 The S-matrix vs the effective action 21.7 Loop amplitudes Suggested reading Exercises 22 The superstring 22.1 Open superstrings 22.2 Quantization in the Ramond sector: the appearance of space-time fermions 22.3 Type II theory 22.4... convincingly measure them But there was another critical experimental development which clinched the picture The existence of a heavy quark beyond the u, d and s, had been predicted by Glashow, Iliopoulos and Maiani, and was a crucial part of the developing Standard Model The mass of this charm quark had been estimated by Gaillard and Lee Appelquist and Politzer predicted, almost immediately after the discovery... annihilation, the J/ψ particle, which was quickly identified as a bound state of a charmed quark and its antiparticle Over the next 25 years, this Standard Model was subjected to more and more refined tests One feature absent from the original Standard Model was CP (T) violation Kobiyashi and Maskawa pointed out that, if there were a third generation of quarks and leptons, the theory could accommodate the observed... and speculating on possible final formulations of the laws of nature This ambition has been fueled by string theory, which seems to provide a complete framework for the quantum mechanics of gauge theory and gravity Such a structure is necessary to give a framework to many speculations about beyond the Standard Model physics Most models of supersymmetry breaking, theories of large extra dimensions, and . xx Part 1 Effective field theory: the Standard Model, supersymmetry, unification 1 1 Before the Standard Model 3 Suggested reading 7 2 The Standard Model 9 2.1 Yang–Mills theory 9 2.2 Realizations. big bang theory, and the basic issues in inflationary cos- mologies. The section on string theory discusses the spectra of known string theo- ries, and the features of their interactions. The compactification. blank SUPERSYMMETRY AND STRING THEORY Beyond the Standard Model The past decade has witnessed some dramatic developments in the field of theoret- ical physics, including advancements in supersymmetry