New success at first certificate

www.frenglish.ru 1''0 Oxford University Press www.frenglish.ru NEW SUCCESS at FIRST CERTIFICATE ROBERT O'N EILL Michael Duc kwo rth & Kathy Gud e Oxfo rd University Press www.frenglish.ru Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto with an associated company in Berlin OXFORD and OXFORD ENGLISH are trade marks of Oxford University Press ISBN 194533328 © Oxford University Press 1997 First published 1997 Eighth impression 2002 No unauthorized photocopying All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Oxford University Press This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser Typeset by Oxford University Press Printed in Dubai Acknowledgements The authors and publisher would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: The Daily Telegraph for extracts from the following articles: 'Fear turns crime-free suburb into fortress' by Kathy Marks; 'Pentagon spent £13m on psychic spies, says CIA' by Hugh Davies; 'Head to head with a 3-D world'; 'Child violence is linked to computer games'; 'Bright ideas up for sale'; 'In the swing' all by Christine McGourty; 'Mice put memory drug to maze test' by Roger Highfield; 'Patient says thanks to her flying doctors' by Sean O'Neill and 'Surgery at 33,000 ft with a coat hanger, scissors and brandy' by Michael Smith, © Telegraph Group Limited, London, 1995 Anna Damski for an extract from 'Travels with Sir David Attenborough' First Choice Holidays for extracts from First Choice Holiday brochure, Summer '96, Second Edition The Press On-Line at www.press.co.nz for extracts from 'Hero tells of dramatic rescue at sea' by Diane Keenan Illustrations by: Veronica Bailey, Stefan Chabluk, Alison Everitt, Robin Harris, Stephanie Hawken, Mike Ritchie, Simon Roulstone, Martin Sanders, Technical Graphics Dept., OUP, David Williams Location photography by Bill Osment The publisher would like to thank the following for their permission to use photographs: Ace Photo Library: 148; Allsport: 76 top left; Associated Press: 42 top right, 134; Barnabys Picture Library: 92 bottom left; Catherine Blackie: 59, 74 centre, 92 bottom right, 106, 118; British Tourist Authority: 90 top right; Camera Press: 113, 140 top; Collections: 92 centre right, 101 top left; Dee Conway: 21 bottom; Robert Harding Picture Library: 34 top right; Hulton Getty: 94; Hutchison Library: 76 top right, 76 centre left, 76 bottom right, 97, 157; Image Bank: 5, 10 right; Kobal Collection: 44 top; Magnum: 42 top left (photo Martin Parr), 50 centre left (photo Bruce Davidson), 50 bottom (photo Martin Parr), 74 top (photo Gilles Peress), 138 right (photo Martin Parr), 146 right (photo Misha Erwitt); Panos Pictures: right; Photostage: 49, 66 top; Rex Features: left, 10 left, 34 top left, 58 bottom, 66 centre left, 92 top left, 101 bottom left, 116, 130 left, 130 right, 132, 140 bottom; Science Photo Library: 21 centre; Still Pictures: 15 top right, 101 top right, 129; Tony Stone Images (Cosmo Condina, Simeone Huber); Universal (courtesy Kobal]: 44 top; Werner Forman Archive: 15 top left; Zefa Picture Library: bottom, 15 bottom left, 15 centre, 15 bottom right, 44 bottom, 58 top, 70, 76 centre right, 76 bottom left, 90 bottom left, 92 top right, 92 centre left, 101 bottom right, 138 left The publisher would like to thank the following for their help and assistance: George & Davis's Ice Cream, Oxford www.frenglish.ru ABOUTTHE FIRST CERTICATE EXAM Paper I Reading Paper Listening (I hour 15 minutes) (about 40 minutes) Paper consists of four parts, which are always in the same order Each part contains a text and comprehension task of some kind The type of texts used include newspaper and magazine articles, advertisements, brochures, guides, letters, fiction, messages and reports This paper contains four parts Each part contains one or more recorded texts and accompanying comprehension questions Part Multiple matching: text preceded by multiple matching questions Part Multiple choice: text followed by multiple choice questions Part Gapped text: text from which or sentences or paragraphs have been removed and put in jumbled order The task is to fit the missing text into the gaps Part Multiple matching: as in Part Paper Part Multiple choice: short, unconnected extracts, each about 30 seconds long Part Note taking or blank filling: a monologue or a text with more than one speaker, lasting about minutes Part Multiple matching: short connected extracts, each about 30 seconds long Candidates match extracts with prompts Part Selection from or possible answers: a text lasting about minutes Task types may include yes/no, true/false, option multiple choice, which speaker said what Writing (I hour 30 minutes) Paper Paper consists of two parts (about 15 minutes for candidates) Part Transactional letter (this part is compulsory) This paper - the speaking test - contains four parts Normally there are two examiners and two candidates One examiner only assesses, the other gives instructions and talks to the candidates Candidates should talk mainly to each other Part Candidates can choose one of four questions The writing tasks may include letters, articles, reports, applications, stories and compositions, and questions about the background reading texts Paper Use of English (I hour 15 minutes) This paper consists of five parts, which test the candidate's knowledge of grammar and vocabulary Part Multiple choice vocabulary doze: a text with 15 gaps followed by a choice of answers for each gap Part Grammar doze: a text with 15 gaps; no answers are given Part Key word transformations: a complete sentence followed by a gapped sentence, which must be completed using a given word Part Error correction: a text where most lines contain an extra and unnecessary word Candidates must identify the extra words Part Word formation: a text containing 10 gaps each of which must be filled with a word formed from a given root word Speaking Part Candidates are asked to give information about themselves Part Each candidate is given two pictures to talk about in relation to themselves They also comment on the other candidate's pictures Part Candidates talk to each other in a communication task (for example making plans, solving a problem, making a decision, discussing an order of importance, speculating) Pictures or diagrams help candidates start the discussion Part Candidates exchange opinions with each other Discussion is related to the topic of Part www.frenglish.ru ABOUTTHEBOOK New Success at First Certificate is an integrated course divided into 20 topic-based units Every eightpage unit has five parts, each starting on a new page Each of these five parts is called a 'Focus' I I L. _, , 'L. - l I~-I I~L-J -I ~ Ii' II'" ,.r!!., " III L_ l II" ~II_ ~ Each of Focus 1-3 brings a fresh perspective to the unit topic together with integrated and varied language input and practice The Focus input may be one or more of: USE OF ENGLISH READING LISTENING SPEAKING PASSAGES FOR COMMENT Practice of vocabulary, structure and usage arises naturally from the input of the Focus Practice activities and exercises may be one or more of: VOCABULARY LANGUAGE STUDY USE OF ENGLISH PROBLEM SOLVING WORD FORMATION WRITING : ~ I~ L&_', Focus of each unit concentrates on the writing skill and the writing paper of the exam It provides models, and practice of all the types of writing task (letter, narrative, speech, argument, description etc.) required in this part of the exam Focus contains REVISION AND EXTENSION of key structures and vocabulary Many of the exercises are in the form of the exam and there are cross-references where necessary to the Grammar Summary at the back of the book This Summary provides clear grammatical explanations and examples The Syllabus pages show how each unit practises each of the five papers of the exam as well as listing the language study and vocabulary covered l> www.frenglish.ru SYLLABUS l~ll DOLPHIN AND AN ASTRONOMER FOCUS EXAM PRACTICE (PI = Paper I etc.) Page LANGUAGE STUDY/VOCABULARY Speaking (PS) Reading (PI) say, tell, talk or speak? Form and meaning Questionswith who THREE Listening (P4) Speaking (PS) Conversations FOUR Writing (argument 1) (P2) Advantages and disadvantages; link words FIVE Revision and extension Word building (verb to noun) ONE lWO lui ~RAVEL Page 10 WISELY, TRAVEL WELL Speaking (PS) Use of English (P3) Speaking (PS) travel, journey, voyage or trip? THREE Listening (P4) Speaking (PS) Verb and noun combinations: give and take FOUR Writing (transactional letter 1) (P21 Informal letter FIVE Revision and extension (P31 Listening (P4) Revision of Units and ONE lWO 111 ~HE Page 18 INTERVIEW ONE Speaking (PS) Reading (P1) Phrasal verbs THREE Reading (PI) Word building (apply, applicant, application etc.) Requests and intentions FOUR Writing (letter of application 1) (P2) Formal letter FIVE Revision and extension do/does or am/is/are doing? will or is/are doing? www.frenglish.ru C ~ECRET MESSAGES TO OURSELVES Page 26 FOCUS EXAM PRACTICE LANGUAGE STUDY/VOCABULARY ONE Speaking (PS) Reading (PI) Small words with big meanings (few, little etc.) FOUR Writing (story I) P2) Punctuation and layout of direct speech FIVE Revision and extension (P3) Listening (P4) Revision of Units and I B3 ~EIGHBOURS Page 34 ONE Speaking (PS) Reading (PI) Ways of asking for permision (Is permitted? Do yOll mind ! etc.) FOUR Writing (report 1) (P2) Structure and language for a report FIVE Revision and extension Review of verb forms (do, did or have done?) rI ~OES HONESTY ALWAYS PAY? Page 42 ONE Speaking (PS) Reading (PI) I wish and If only FOUR Writing (transactional letter 2) (P2) Complaining FIVE Revision and extension (P3) Listening (P4) Revision of Units Sand www.frenglish.ru [j] ~ETTERS TO AN ADVICE COLUMN Page 50 FOCUS EXAM PRACTICE LANGUAGE STUDY/VOCABULARY ONE Speaking (PS) Reading (PI) Conditionals THREE Listening lP4) mmel1l:l, advise etc SUgg~st; recP stilZ( he" ~ll~8(1y? More about how;we report what people say FOUR Writing (argument 2) (P2) Expressing an opinion FIVE Revision and extension Conditionals (1 and 2) ~ ~PACE WARRIOR MADNESS Page 58 ONE Speaking (PS) Reading (PI) THREE Listening IIP4) Speaking (PS) Listening 2, (P4) FOUR Writing (informal letter 1)(P2) Adjective order FIVE Revision and extension (P3) Listening (P4) Revision of Units and Three types of past action l-,,) ~HE FACE BEHIND THE MASK Page 66 ONE Speaking (PS) Reading (PI) although and despite THREE Reading (PI) let ormak.e? FOUR Writing (article 1) (P2) Adjectives describing character FIVE Revision and extension Word building (noun GS 5.4 whenever, every time + clause often come before the main clause for added emphasis first, then, later, etc can be used to introduce a cha in of events They robbed a bank as well as a post office As well as being sent to prison, they were fined £2,000 They like Indian food I like Indian food toolas well They aren't very generous people They haven't got any friends either, during, all through and throughout are followed by a noun or a noun phrase we get a lot of visitors, It rained heavily throughout the night I don't know whether you have met him or not a They discussed whether they should attend the Games even if, as long as and unless + clause can be used before or after the main clause Notice unless means if nor + clause usually comes after the main clause and is often used in indirect questions w ith or not whether a Certain ve rbs (e.g discuss) can be fo llowed by whether but not if b II depends on whether the government takes any action The organizers wi ll decide whether to impose fines b After prepositions and before to infinitives use whether but not if GS 12.4 Take this umbrella in case it rains In case of emergency, break the glass in case + clause usually comes after the ma in clause Notice in case of + noun (often used in formal written notices) beginning or in the middle of the sentence which gives additional informat ion , 2a not oniy but euo/es well can link two sentences, phrases or words to give add itional information No tice but also are used together when there is no subject pronoun and verb in the second part of the sentence but also are separated when there is a ve rb in the second part of the sentence b Not only can come at the beginning of the first part of the sentence to emphasize what the speaker is saying In this case it is necessary to change the order of the subject and verb In sen tences like these the subject pronoun and verb in the second part of the sentence are usua lly mentioned and but also are separated too, as weli and not either are inform al and usually come at the end of the sentence which gives additional information c- Modals [> p 137 will, shall, would, should, may, might, can, could, must, have (got) to, ought to, need 7.1 will will is used to express It'll be raining tomorrow Nothing on TV I'll go to the cinema instead Will you sit down, please? I won't go with you a prediction about the future GS 13.3 c- a decision made while you are speaking a request or a refusa l I'll take you to the cinema a promise Cou ld you lend me £1? wi llingness Of course I will You will start work at on 'Monday I will not be treated in this way 168 b moreover can be used at the as well as can be fo llowed by a sing le word, a phrase or • ,-ing 6.6 Words expressing condition I> p.153 and GS4 Even if you are born rich, life is still difficult You can borrow the car as long as you're careful with it! You can't corns with me unless you promise to keep quiet 1a besides, in addition (10 that) and furthermore can be used at the beginning of the sentence fo llow ing the first statement made Notice besides is less formal, furthermore is more formal an order determination www.frenglish.ru 7.2 shall 7.6 can shall is used to express We shall send you the information as soon as possible Shall we go out for a meal tonight? Shall I carry that case for you? No pupil shall enter the library without the permission of a teacher the fut ure (in the sa me way as will but only with I and w e) a sug gestion can IS usee 10 express I can ski/drive a car know ing how 10do something I'm free tomorrow I can drive you 10 the airport an offer Can I go now? Notice shall is occ asionally Can you come to the party? a possibility You can't be tiredl You've been an unlikely explanation for used in very forma l (wr itten) orders informally instead of may) asleep al l morning You can't have been pleased when you real ized what he had done! 7.3 would would is used to express I'd like to go now I wish you wouldn't smoke so much a wis h (some times suggesting annoya nce or disapproval) e- GS 14.1 I would move house if I had the money, the 'result' part of a cond itional sentence £> GS 4.2 -4.3 Would you type this for me, please? a po lite req uest I'd rather have tea than coffee being able 10do something asking for permission (used a preference w ith rather t> GS 14.2 Will you ring me? He asked if I would ring him th e reporti ng of will He would sing at the top of his voice in the shower a habit in the pas t cc- GS 12.1.1 GS 13.2.2 something now: It 's impossible for you to be tired (wit h the perfect infinit ive) an unlikely e xp lanation for something in the past : It wesot possible for you to be pleased 7.7 could could is used to express When I was six I could play the plano know ing how to som ething in the past When I was younger I could drive for hours w ithout a break being ab le to something in Could I use your phone? asking for pe rmission (used the p ast informally instead of may but the r more po lite than can ) Could he be right? They couldn't have phoned her sne.teeo't got a phone! a possibi lity (rather less strong than can) (with the pertect infinitive) an 7.4 should unlikely explanation lor something in the past: It wasn·t possible for them to phone her should is used to expre ss t I should really help my mother with the dishes (but I won't) an obl iga tion (which you may not carry out) You should study harder adv ice We should be taking off in a few minutes so meth ing that will almost I/We should be most grateful if you could send us a copy of the agreement I should have told you but I forgot ce rtainly happen as long as not hing unexpected preven ts it conditional senten ces in more forma llwrillen style w ith I and we (with the pertect infi nitive) an obligation which was no t carri ed 0", He may/might be late this evening May/Mig ht I ask a question? They may/mig ht have been held up in the traffic c- pp 13, 133 must is used to exp ress I must wash my hair ton ight The work must be done befo re tomorrow You must not smoke in here You must be exhausted after all that work You must have been surprised when she said she was gelling married 7.5 may and might He may/might be the new teacher 7.8 must a pe rsonal ob ligation wh at you consider to be someone else's obl igatio n (with not) what is not allowed a reasonable conc lusion made about something now (with the perfect infinitive) a reasonable co nc lusion about something in the past m ay and mig ht are used to express a possibi lity now a possibility in th e future Notice might is rather less certain than may in meaning asking for permission Notice may is more common than might here an d can is ofte n us ed i nstead of may 7.9 have (got) to have (got) to is used to ex press rve got to/have t o be on time tomorrow We haven't got to/don 't have to it if we don 't want to w hat is or isn' t necessary c- GS 15.1.1 (w ith the pertect infin itive) a poss ible exp lanation for somethin g in the past 169 www.frenglish.ru 7.10 oughtto A description of the gunman was Issued by the police ought to is used to express I reallyoughtto goand see her A charity record has been made an obligation (which you mayor may not carry out) I ought to have gone 10see her but! was busy by many famous names in the world of pop music (with the perfect infinitive) an when the description of the agent is very long (many famous names in the world of pop music) obligation which you did not carry out Notice ought to is rather stronger than should 7.11 need to make the object of the active verb more important (atlention is drawn to the description of the gunman rather than who Issued It) 8.3 Points to remember You needn't shout I can hear needn't is usedhereas a modal you verb You needn't bring anything to the party The pa inting should be finished by next week There is also a question form, The decorating would have constructed in the same way as been finished but I ran out of paint questions with can, must and Need I take anything to the other models party? Need you ask that question? Mother Teresa was awarded needn '( with the perfect infinitive You needn't have phoned I the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Mother Teresa expresses the idea that something in the past was not necessarybut it was done already knew you were coming I got stuck In a trattlc jam Compare the ordinary verb need: You don't need to shout I can hear you Do I need to take anything to the party? You didn't need to phone J already knew you were coming e- The passive She Is getting married next month Sa It Is thought that he started the fire deliberately b He Is thought to have started the fire deliberately 6a He had/got his hair cut yesterday, p 131 h " as been will be was C> GS Use been + past participle after would have, should have, etc C> GS7 Verbs with two objects which can form two types of active sentence can also form two types of passive sentence + past participle is sometimes used instead of be with passive meaning Expressions with get are often used in informal English get The passive is used in constructions with verbs like think , believe, say, consider, feel, find, know, understand b He had his car stolen, a after the introductory it This job needs/wants doing b before an infinitive have/get something done expresses the idea of 8.1 Most common forms It Use be + past participle after should and other modals a arranging for or paying for somebody to something for you Notice get is more informal C> GS 15.1.1 done seen reported b experiencing something This toy Is made in Japan A strange object has been seen in the night sky Further information will be given in our next news bulletin This report was prepared by a team of experts The passive is formed by using a form of be (is, has been, will be, was, etc.) + the past participle of the verb (made, seen, given , prepared) Notice when the person or thing responsible for the action (the agent) Is mentioned, use the preposition by After need, want the -ing form can be used w ith passive meaning C> GS 5.3 Phrasal verbs 9.1 What is a phrasal verb? 8.2 Use A phrasal verb cons ists of a verb plus one or two words like The passive is used Five policemen have been killed in Northern Ireland The water was heated and a solution of chemicals was prepared 170 when the agent is unknown (we may not know who ki lled the policemen) or not important Notice the passive is often used in newspaper reports and in scientific experiments or processes on, up, into, etc The words which come after the verb are usually adverbs, although sometimes a phrasal verb can consist of verb + adverb + preposition When an ordinary verb is followed by a preposition, the meaning of the verb will usually be clear from the meanings of the individual parts of the verb In the case of a phrasal verb, however, the parts of the phrasal verb together have one basic meaning which may be comp letely diNerent from their ind ividual meanings, www.frenglish.ru Ordi nary ver b s + preposition s I looked in to the mirror Phra sa l v ertls Call The police are /ooIdng into tM cal l , •• off ca ll up murder She ran out of the room crying We ranout of money on holiday No tice these verbs ch ange thei r meaning when adverbs and prepo sitions ere added e.g look into (a murd er) • invest igate; f un out of (mone y) = have none left Have - cercet - take~ e into the army Ca"., carry • ou t - finish , perform a duty - present your tickeVluggage er an airport 9.2 Phrasal verbs which can be separated 9.2.1 Verb + adverb + object He looked a word up in the dictionary He looked up a word in the dictionary, If the objecl is a pronoun (e.g, it) it mu st co me before the ad verb He loo ked it up, check ouV - make sute over eve rything is as it shOuld be C lear II the object is a noun it can co me before or afte r the adverb 9.3 Phrasal verbs which cannot be separated clea r up - make tidy Co unt co unt, in co un t, • out coun t up Hold hold hold back up - control keep , • in - inc lude - not inclu de -add up L.ea ve cross cot LeI -put a line throug h CuI out cut • • up - disconnect (00 the phone) -make unavailable - rem ov e w ith scissors - divide into leI down let • • in let • ollloot + adverb + preposit ion + object Even when the Object is a pronoun it must come atter the adverb + prepo sition 9.4 Ordinary verbs + prepositions The boy ran over the bridg e He stepped over l he puddle He steeped ove r It loo k over look, • , up Th e object mus l come atter the verb + preposition , ev en when it is a pronoun 9.5.1 Verbs which can be separated back• up Break break off break , • up - bring to an end (talks, engagement) - smash to pieces bring • • , erect - ca use bring back - return bring off - succeed in oo;ng bring bring out make up - ma ke clear rouod- help to rega in consciousness bring • • up - raise (a lamily , a poin t) pass • off (as) - see dearty - wri te in certai n details - invent in order 10 deceive - Iorget your differences! anger Pick give , • aw ay - betray , revea l - not ta ke mo ney pick give , , back give , • out give • up Pull -return -distribute -Slop doing 'P pu ll " • down pu ll off Hand - present something official hand , , • out -distribute h and • over - give up - pretend to be Pay pay back G Ive hand , , • in -exam ine close ly - sea rch lo r and find in a book or lisl Pass get , • across - explain what you mean get back - rega in possession 01 get • , • down - write down - depress , make unhappy ,,, Br ing - support make out - l ake mon ey (00101 the bank ) Gel 9.5 Verb check- list Back - cheal, stop from having Draw draw out - nOIkeep a promi se - allow to come in - allow 10go Iree Make Do • out 01 We dropped In on the Smiths We dr opped In o n mem - om it Look part, 9.3.2 Verb - not allow out knock •• - make fall wn/ove r knock ou t - make lose consciousness Cross cut., - res train - delay - rob (a bank) keep back -not tell (Irom) something keepsecrel keep down - retain in the stomach lea ve • oct 9.3.1 Verb + adverb (no object) You can not sepa rate the two pa rts 01 the verb You cannot say 'T hey called to se e us in' - receiv e as guests Knock cu t oft They ca lle d In to see us The plans le l l th rough They turned up unexpec tedly "'und Kaa p Ch eck check in hav e in! - return something borrowed - go and collect - take hold of and lift - de molish - succeed in ing Put put off - net da something al Ihe proper lime delay 171 www.frenglish.ru put 00 - switch on - dress in put · out - sw itch off put · throu gh -connect people an the tel ephone - raise the price put · up 01 la ke · bac k l ake · in - absorb, take •• on Ring ring · back ring · up - phone aga in - phone Rub take •• over take up understand - accept responsibility 10' - gain control ol - start a hobby catch up with - make disa ppear Ruo run • •• ov er - hit and knock dowo see see · off - sa y goodbye to seod In - present som ething.' sonecoe sene off send on official - po st - forward by pos1 set se t • • back se t •• up - lt prog ress - organize , es tabl ish Show ' how · in show · off - bri ng in - display - boast aboul - pul upwilh Take 00""" Clear cle ar o ff eccoeot - pa get off/on comedown - be reduced in T"f on - check clothes by · out for siz e see if it WOI1 pp 5, 86 These claus es are necessary in order to compl ete t he mea ning of a sentence They ident ify somebody or something No commas are used 11 1 Relative pronouns in defining clauses 2a The problem about which we had so much discussion has been so lved The preposition comes at the end of the clause in informal speech and writing with I've just met Mr Watts, who wants to buy your car 11 Defining relative clauses I> pp 5, 99 c The person to whom 1was addressing my comments does not seem to be listening have difficulty 11 Relative clauses 1a The relative pronoun can be left out when it refe rs to the object at the verb in the Clause Notice the relative pronoun cannot be left out when lt refers to the subject o f the verb in the clause e.g The man who came to meet me was an important Th ese relative p ronou ns are us ed for people 11 2.1 Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses 1a b a wholthat- as the s u bject of th e verb in the clause b whol whom lthat - as the o bject o f the verb in the clause (whom is mo re formal) c c whose - mean ing 'belonging 10' far thing s a whichlthat -as s u b jector o bject of the verb in the clause Notice what can be used to express 'the th ing w hichlthaf (e q It was difficult to believe what you to ld me.) These clauses give further information, which could be left out , about the sentence Commas are used 2a b The members of the expedition, who had been away from home for six months, said they we re proud of their achievements The candidates, who/whom we met for the first time yeste rday, are all preparing their speeches for the debate tomorrow A car manufacturer, whose name I have forgotten, has invented an electric car Th e report, which was drawn up by a special committee, states that more needs 10be done in the inner city areas He had been in prison, which was a fact nobody had 'reenzed These relative pronouns are used for people a who - as the subject of the verb in the clause b wholwhom - as the object of the verb in the Clause c whose - meaning ' belonging to' for things a which - as the subject or ob ject of the verb in the clause b which - to give further information about the whole main sentence Notice t he relative pronoun cannot be left out in non -defin ing clauses and that can not be used to replace the relative pronoun www.frenglish.ru 11 2,2 Prepositions used with relative pronouns in non-defining clauses Prepo sitions usua lly come at the beginn ing the clause as the use is raltler 1000000l , The organization , to which w e owe so much, has announced a further COI'ltnbulion to our appeal 12.1 No changes Some verb tenses used in direct speech n o t change in reported speech The 'reporting ' ve rb is often in the present tense Direct s peech Reported speech The verbs not f1OfTT1ally change wh en reporting a present state of a t tairs e.g 'T he cost of living here is h '9h ' 11.3 Participle phrases In participle phrases the relat ive pronouns and t he auxiliary verb(s) are left out These p hra ses can be The boy (who is) sitting in that corner has been there all morning The bricks (which have been) used to build this church we re specially made Simone de Beauvoir, (who was) defining non-de fin ing well known for her fight for women 's rights, died in 1986 12 The reporter says.'S3ld that the cost of living here is h'9h Reported speech a.m [> pp 29, 37, 54 12 midday reporting things which are always tru e e.q Mary says it's always cold at this time of year ' II's always cold at this lime of year.' reporting something wh ich we believe (or som eone be lieves) w ill happen e.g 'They're going to sac k 300 work ers next week.' they are the modal structures would , could, might, oug ht and should, e.g 'You might be metaken,' The umon representative said they are going to sack 300 workers next week She said (that) he m ight be mistaken 12.2 Reporting statements 12.2.1 Verb (+ that) (e.q say , claim , admit, explain, insis t, agree, complain , deny , reply) 'I'm an art student ' 'I don't know you ' " w as lying.' ' I'm ho t.' Notice admit and de ny can also be fo llo wed by the -ing form 12.1 Tenses 12.1.1 Changes Verbs used in direct speech et ten change the ir tense in reported speech, especia lly wh en the 'reporting ' verb is in the past (e.g said) 12.2.2 Verb + pronoun/noun (+ that) (e.g •ell ) 'I'm an art student.' Direct speec h '11Iputthe lettersin thepost.' 'I worlc fOf will He said he would put the letters in the post - insurance company _ed a can 't bOrrOw any to morelrom couldn 't house.' 'lmus/pay thegas bill.' (e.g offer, refuse, agree, promise ) 'I'll take you to the dance.' a They said they couldn 't borrow any more money from the ban~ They said they had moved to ? bigger house 12.2.4 Verb lhebank: 'We'vemoved lo a bigger have moved 10 hadmoved must to had to She told him (that) she w as an art student 12.2.3 Verb + infinilive She said she woril.ed loran to c::ompany.' 'WeC81l~ Reported s peech would annsurance Ch an g e 10 She said (that) she was an art student He claims he d oesn't know her She a dm itt ed she d been ly ing He exp lai ned (thai) he was hot + for + -ing form (e.g apologize, thank ) 'I'm sorry I trod on you r foot ' She said she had to pay the gas bill He offered t o ta ke her to the dance "T han k you for doi ng the shopping ' She apologized for tr eading on his loo t He thanked her for d oing the shopp ing 177 www.frenglish.ru 12.3 Reporting requests and orders 'Close the door , please : ' Please don'l shout.' 'Sit , Rover.' ' Don't move ' 'Attack: 13 Tense fo rms He asked meto close the door She asked them not to shout The boy told his g to sit The po liceman ordered the burglar not to move The Captain o rdered his soldiers to attack report ed question to sub;ect He asked what time It was She asked how much mon ey I ee Remember to use if or whe ther if there is no questionword 'Al e you tired ?' 'Do you wa nt the ca r or not?' 13.1.1 Present simple U" We go out every Saturd ay night He ne ver gives me presents He lives in Greece The ea rth travela round the sun 12.4 Reporting questions ~ 13.1 Present forms He asked if I was tired She woodered whether I Jane: I don't like big cities They smell o f cars Peter: I know wha t you mean Fi rst you check the gears and handbrake theoyou switch on the engine S A gorilla goes into a bar and asks lor a drink The Pope visits Tokyo today wanted 1M car or I10l 12.5 Reporting suggestions [> for som ething wh ich happens regularly or which is a habit (often w ith adverbs of time e.a always , usually , etc ) lor something which rema ins true lor a long time or for a scientific fact wit h verbs not normally used in any of the prog ressive forms (bel ieve understand, imagine suppose, hear, see, taste Jove hate need, wan t p refer, seem appear, belon g, des erve ) Notice feel ca n be used either in the simple or progressive forms e.g I feel ilf/am feeling ill to give instnJctions (mo re friendly and pe rsona l than the im per ativ e Check, switch on p.117 .j suggest can be followed by an ';ng form or that + should + infinitive 't ers go home ' to describe eve nts in joke s stories or news items 10 ma ke them sea m more c remate r> GS 13.3 for the future use o f the prese nt Simple He suggested going home He auggested that they should go home 12.6 Other points to notice about reported speech Direct sp eech Th e prono un often changes e.g 'tve washed the dishes.' Words like tomorrow change to words not directly related to Reported speech She said she had washed the dishes He said he would it the fo ll owin g daylthe ne xt day presen t time e.g 'I'll it tomorro w.' a 'rocay' a th e same day lthat day b 'yesterday' e th e day beforelthe previou s d y c 'next weelclyear ' etc c t he f o ll o wi ng weeklyear etc d tesr weeklyear ' etc d t he pre v ious weeklyea r etc e 'oow ' ·here · g 'this ' (in tim e expres sions ) e.g ·thls w eek ' e t he n t ther e g tha t (e.g th at week) Oth er changes are a ·this, these that, thos e ' (as aa the adjecti ves) b ·thlS, these that,those · (as b It, theytthem pronouns) Some words like please and no w disappear e.g 'Please com e in: 'Now what you want to talk to me about ?· 178 He asked her 10come in Sheasked him what he wa nted to talk to her about 13.1.2 Present progressive U" Look they're com i ng out of the cinema now The standard 01living in this country Is slowly ri sing She's alwa ys b o rrowin g money from me It's always rainin g here A man is standing on the pavement when SUddenly a spaceship lands for an ev ent in progress at the present time w ith always to snow surprise or disap prov al wh en an action is repeated to set the sce ne in a joke or a story and describe events which have already begun but w hich are not complete t> GS 13.3 for the future use of the present progressive www.frenglish.ru 13.1 Present perfect I> pp.41,53 U" I've seen that film I've just seen him I haven't fini shed yet I've never been there She' s been a widow for about six months/since last year 3a I can' t write because I've broken myarm b look altha mess you've made This is the third time he's mhn his driving test This is the worst film I've eve r oeeo 'Or an event which happened at an indefinite time in th e pa st Co m pare I saw thai film last week where the time re ference is definite Not ice adveros which express indefini te limes are often used: already, jus t, yet, often, never, so far, stiN, etc lor an even t which began in the past and is still going on now NotIce we use forto talk about the length of lime r> GS 10.7; we use since to talk about when the event started GS 10 15 c- lor an event which a is finished but wh ich still affects the present (e g compare The President di ed and The Presi dent has died (so we must ma ke various arra llgemenls l b has a result which can be seen in the presen t (e.g compare Wha thave I drawn? and What did I draw?) aft er expressons like first, second Thi, ) Tha t best, worst , is the mos t interesting II only " , 13.1.4 Present perfect progressi ve 13.2 Past forms 13.2.1 Past simpl e U" Last nighll we nt to a concert T he last time I saw Maria was three years ago Jane: Did you h ave a nice time in Paris? Peler: Yes , we did The thief wen t into the bank, b We' ve been slandlng al this bus slop for hall an hour in the pounng rain I've been stayin g with my cousin for the test week When I was at school, I g ot up look at the mess you're in! wnet on earth have yo u been doing? t can see that you've bee n decorallng The house looks lovely! does not mention for a n um ber of e vents which took p lace ooe alle r ano the r in the past 10 describe a pa st habit c- GS 132 13.2.2 used toand would ~ us ed to only ex is ts in the pas t form Use it to expr ess 1a I u sed t o S/TIOke Cigars but now I prefer cigarettes He used 10 be very fat but he 's lost a 101 of weight b I didn't use t o go 10 the theatre but I try and go about once a month now I n ev er u sed t o like him but I row c Did you u se t o sport a t school? Didn 't you use t o be much thinner? ta - ~- a habit or a slal eln the ~t [> ?~y b something which did not happen in the past but which has now becom e a habit or sta le Not ice t he neg alive fo rm (e.g I used not to go to the theatre ) is becoming less common in speech b ut is sliil foun d in formal o r written English - p p 41, 53 Use wou ld He would keep lelling me wh at to do! fo r bit or repeated event in th e p ast whi ch is no w finis hed a nd whic h Shows the speake r's atti tud e to the even t (a ng er , irrita t ion , etc.] GS e- 17 www.frenglish.ru 13.2.3 Past progressive Use be going to for U" 1a I was driving along the motorway when I had a puncture b It wassix o'clock and darkness was failing 1was digging the garden while John was painting the kitchen He was coming 10dinner but he had to go away on business a for an event wh ich was in progress when another event happened b to set the scene and provide the background for a story tor two (or more) events which were in p rogress at the same time in the past for an event which had been arranged but wh ich did not happen U" forgotten my keys I was sure I hadn't seen him before By 1986 Bob Geldot had raised millions of pounds for charily I had scarcely/hardly put the phone down when the bell rang No sooner had I teft the house than it started 10rain b Look at those black clouds I think n'e going to rain, The work is not going to be easy a an intention b an indication that something is probable Use future simple (will/shalf) to make a precicnon about the f ut ure c> GS 7,1 Notice shall is on ly used for I and we GS 7.2 Tomorrow will be fine and sunny We shall expect you next week Easter is early this year e- Use present simple fo r future The match begins at 3.30 When he comes, 1'1I1eli you events on a timetable or a fixed programme Not ice when can be used with the present simple for an event in the future We're flying to Spain next week I'm taking my driving test tomorrow Use present progressive for a definite arrangement, plan or appointmen t This time next week I'll be 13.2.4 Past perfect I went back home because I'd t a I'm going to write some letters for an event which happened before another in the past (first I forgot my keys, later I went back home) with scarcelyfhardly + when or no sooner + than Notice these words (scarcely, hardly, no sooner) are often put at the beg inning of the se nte nce to emphasize that one eve nt happened almost immediately afte r the other (notice the word order) swimming in the Mediterranean Use future progressive for an event which wi ll be in progress at a certa in time in the future They'll have done their homework by tomorrow Use future perfect for an event wh ich will be ove r not later than a certain time in the future He'll have been working for lhe bank for 30 years next summer The plane is on the point of Use futu re perfect progressive for something sti ll in progress but which will be complete not later than a certain time in the fut ure (often used to emphas ize t he length of time involved) taking off Nick was Just about to put the money in his pocket Use be about to or be on the point offor an event which is or was just going 10ta ke place 13.2.5 Past perfect progressive u" They'd been studyIng for hours when they suddenly realized it was midnight He knew they hadn't been paying attention during the lesson to emphasize the continuous nat ure of an action or activity wh ich happened befo re ano ther in the past 13.3 Talking about the future I'm going to wash my hair It's going to snow be going to I'll see you tomorrow future simp le Term starts on Monday present simple I'm meeting the boss at 10 p resent prog ress ive This time tomorrow I'll be sitting my exam futu re p rogressive I'll have finished it by o'clock futu re perfect We'll have been living here for ten years next spring futu re perfect progressive They're about to announce the election results He's on the point of changing his job be about to or be on the point of 180 14 Wishes, regrets and preferences 14.1 Wishes and regrets I wish I were rich! If only we could see each other more often! I wish we didn't live in this terrible place I wish you wouldn't make so much noise! If only they would stop that terrible noise! J wish it would stop raining! I wish I had never married him If only I had studied harder at SChool I wish you hadn't told me your secret [> pp 43, 47 These examples express wishes (o ften suggesting that the spea ker is sorry about something - I'm sorty/'m not rich) Notice the 'past' form of the verbs (were, could see, didn't iive) alter / wish and if only as t- GS 4,2 with conditional 2 These examples exp ress wishes for a change in the future and often suggest that the speaker is angry or dissatisfied about (or tired of) the present situation, C> GS 7.3 , The se e xamples exp ress wishes or regrets about the pas t (I wish I had studied harder but I didn't!) Notice the past perfect is used in the same way as cond itio nal sentences C> GS www.frenglish.ru «2 -Preferenc~ 1a ~ the summer better than the winter, b • 15.1.2 Other expressions using have 1a like b prefer 2a 1'Q.rathet.haYe.a snaclU!ll!n a take-away meal b I'd rather not go to the football match, if you don't mind I would rather you stayed at home tonight I think it's going to snow I'd rather you didn't ~hirn again to express general preferences .!Jllif.ir sott drink~alcohOI 2a have in these exam ples me ans belter than and 'd rather + infinitive withou t to than expresses either a general preference or a preference for a particular occas ion ('this is what I usually prefer' or 'this is what I wou ld like now') Notice 'd prefer expresses a pr eference for a particular occasion (e.g I'd prefer (to I'll have the chicken/some tea , please He's having a shower/bath/rest 'eat' or 'd rink ' 't ake' 'g ive birth to' She's just had a litlle gir l 'wea r' She had an enormous hat on 'experience ' We've had a marvellous In these examp les and others holiday We didn't have any trouble with the car like the m, hav e means the same as the wo rd il is used with (e.q 't ry', 'quarrel') Have a try! Did they have a quarrel? have) a glass of wine now) b 'd rather not + in~nitive without to expresses the tact that you would p refer not to something which has been suggested + (you etc.] + past te nse suggests that you would be hap pier if someone d id or didn't something NotIce the 'unreal' present is expressed by a 'pa st' form of the verbs stayed, didn 't see , I> GS 4.2 would rather 15 Words that cause difficulties have, make and 15.1 have 15.1.3 had better You had better decide quickly You'd better not have any more to drink! had be tter is used to give strong a dvice (= ought I> GS ,10) 15.2 and make 15.2.1 Meanings of and make What are you doing? I'm doing a puzzle 2a I'm making a cake This firm makes TV sets, c an me an 'p e rfo rm an actio n in gene l' and 'so lve or put together' make can mean b The car journey made him sick, a 'create' o r 'co nstruct' c They made him work very hard, b 'c a use to happen' c 'force' 15.1.1 Three basic uses of have have can be used She has bought a new car , He said he had seen the film as an auxi liary ve rb I have (got) to be ready at 6.30 You don't have to (haven't got to) it if you don't want to 00 I have to (Have I got to) go? 10express what is or Isn't necessary Notice have got to can be used to express the sam e ide a as have to I> GS 7.9 They' re having the house decorated Old he have his hair cut yesterday? I didn't have the curtains made I made them myself to express the idea 01arrang ing for or paying somebody 10do something for you Notice the ob ject of the sentence comes between have and the past part iciple [> GS 8.3 I've got a headache Have you got a big family? I haven't got any brothers or sisters, with got to express a condition or state (less common in the past tense and often suggesting the ide a of 'possession') Notice have got is now more common in statements than the rather formal I have lour brothers, but question fo rms a nd negatives with and have are commonly used (e g Do you 15.2.2 Other expressions using and make DO - acourse - a favour - homework - military service - something! nothing! a nything MAKE - History, M aths, Science (as subjects) - work or jo bs in gen eral (the cleaningl gardening etc.) - arrangements an attempt the beds a decisio n ~ an effort - a n ex cuse - love - a rnls tak e - Notice there a re many phrasal ve rbs wit h and make money a noise an offe r a phone ca ll a profi t a speech a suggestio n trouble [> GS 9.5 have a big family? I don 'f have any brothers or sisters) 181 www.frenglish.ru NEW SUCCESS at FIRST CERTIFICATE New Success at First Cero(" ate is a complete co urs e fully revised and updated fo r students preparing {or the revised Cambridge First Certificate exam inatio n The app roa ch o f New Success at First CertifICate is • varied - the re are 20 th eme-based units • clear - each unit is divided into five Focuses, each Fo cus starts a new page and brings a new perspective to t he ~ unit t opi c • integrated - language study and practice always re late to the input material • mo ti vating - students are led into discovering language • rules for the mselves thoroug h - students cover all the important areas of vocabulary structure and usage that they w ill need Two special features ofthe course are • 20 pages (o ne per unit) of mod els and practice for the types of writing task required in Paper of the ex am • a Grammar Summary whic h gives ex planatio ns of th e language po ints th at cause diffic ulty at th is level T his sum mary, cros s-referenced to the appropriate parts of th e co urse, will be a useful reference aid fo r all stu dents but particularly for th ose working alone Compon ents of this co urs e are • • • • Student's Bo ok Teache r's Book w ith Revision Te sts teaching notes and answ e r keys W orkbook (answer key in Teacher' s Book) Two cassettes lW Oxford English I SBN -19-4533 32 -8 1111111 78019 533324