columbia university press a communion of subjects animals in religion science and ethics nov 2006

A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics Paul Waldau Kimberley Patton Editors Columbia University Press A Communion of Subjects Image has been suppressed ō ṃṃṃṃṃṃṃṃṃ ōō ṃṃṃṃṃṃṃ ṃ ō ōōō ōōō ōō ō ōōōōōōōō ōōōōōōō ōōō ō ōōōō ō ō Image has been suppressed ṃ ṃṃ ṃṃṃ ṃṃṃṃṃṃ ṃ ṃ ṃ ṃṃṃ ṃṃṃ ṃ ṃ ṃṃṃ ṃṃ Image has been suppressed ṃṃ ṃṃṃṃṃṃ ṃṃṃṃṃ ōō ō ōōōō ṃṃṃ ṃṃ ṃṃṃ ṃ ṃ Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York, Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 2006 Columbia University Press All rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A communion of subjects : animals in religion, science, and ethics / Paul Waldau, and Kimberley Patton, editors p cm Includes index isbn 0-231-13642-0 (clothbound : alk paper) — isbn 0-231-50997-9 (electronic) Animals—Religious aspects I Waldau, Paul II Patton, Kimberley C (Kimberley Christine), 1958– bl439.c66 2006 205'.693–dc22 2006008168 Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper Printed in the United States of America c 10 References to Internet Web Sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for Web sites that may have expired or changed since the book was prepared To Barley and Ryely, beloved golden dogs and to Emily, sweet rabbit A communion unbroken P.W and K.C.P ‘‘Indeed we must say that the universe is a communion of subjects rather than a collection of objects.’’ Thomas Berry Contents Acknowledgment Essay Abstracts xiii xv Heritage of the Volume mary evelyn tucker Prologue Loneliness and Presence thomas berry Introduction paul waldau and kimberley patton 11 PART I Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics: In and Out of Time 25 ‘‘Caught with ourselves in the net of life and time’’: Traditional Views of Animals in Religion kimberley patton 27 Seeing the Terrain We Walk: Features of the Contemporary Landscape of ‘‘Religion and Animals’’ paul waldau 40 PART II Animals in Abrahamic Traditions Judaism Sacrifice in Ancient Israel: Pure Bodies, Domesticated Animals, and the Divine Shepherd jonathan klawans 65 Hope for the Animal Kingdom: A Jewish Vision dan cohn-sherbok 81 Hierarchy, Kinship, and Responsibility: The Jewish Relationship to the Animal World roberta kalechofsky 91 Christianity The Bestiary of Heretics: Imaging Medieval Christian Heresy with Insects and Animals beverly kienzle 103 Descartes, Christianity, and Contemporary Speciesism gary steiner 117 Practicing the Presence of God: A Christian Approach to Animals jay mcdaniel 132 Islam ‘‘This she-camel of God is a sign to you’’: Dimensions of Animals in Islamic Tradition and Muslim Culture richard foltz 149 The Case of the Animals Versus Man: Towards an Ecology of Being zayn kassam 160 672 index cosmogony, of Neo-Confucianism, 300 cosmology: Buddhist, 207–217; of Jainism, 241–244, 255n14; processual (wuhua), 312–313, 316–317 Costain, Lela, 607 covenants, sacrifices and, 268 Cow Parade, 591 Cow Protection Movement, 180 cowboys, 346 cows: attainment of spiritual liberation, 187, 188, 189; caste associations of, 186; Cinci Freedom, 591, 592, 594–595, 598; holy, 179–180; in India, 328; of Mganderu holy herd, 400; Nuer people and, 395; Queenie, 398; ritual killing of, 195; slaughter of, Vedic texts on, 196; three-legged, 261, 262 cranes, 277 creation myths, African, 353 Cree, sub-Arctic, 376–377, 381 Crick, F., 482, 484, 497 Crist, E., 483 CRLE (Center for Respect of Life and Environment), 571–572, 581 crocodiles, 187 Cronin, Helena, 495 cross-species matings, 284 Crowcroft, Peter, 417–418 crows, 357, 428 cruelty to animals: animal protection movement, 606–607; intervention and prevention, 612–613; maliciousness, range and degrees of, 608–609; motives and reasons, 608–610; Okada on, 304– 305; perpetrators of, 608–610; power and control vs empathy, 608–609; religious teachings and, 606–607, 613– 614; violence to humans, relation to, 605–606, 608, 609–610, 610–612, 635– 636 See also suffering; violence (hiṃsā) and oppression Crusades, 41 Cukoo, Eurasian (Cuculus canorus), 434n23 cultural anxieties mice and, 415 cultural elitism, 311–324, 325 cultural sedimentation, 321 curses, rebirth as animals and, 187–188 cuteness, 329 Cyavana (Hindu sage), 198 dabba (nonhuman animals, Arabic), 150 Dalai Lama, 213, 216n38, 463, 475 Dalits (Harijans, Untouchables), 338–339 Dalton, P., 607 Daly, Herman C., 565 dama (Dogon animal mask festival), 384–388 Damasio, A., 469, 506 dance performances (‘cham), 227–228 Dao de jing (Chinese text), 276, 282 Daoism, 275–290; blood sacrifices, call for end to, 269; early, 276–279; Huang-Lao Daoism, 280; shamanism, connections with, 280–281; Six Dynasties texts, 283; zhiguai (anomaly) literature, 284–285 Darwin, Charles Robert, 464, 483 Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society (Wilson), 468–469 David, Jacques Louis, 448 Davis, Dick, 174 Davis, Hank, 494 Davis, Karen, 596 Dawkins, Marian S., 487, 513–514 Dawkins, Richard, 465 Dawson, M E., 496 De bestiis (Hugh of Folieto), 106 De doctrina christiana (Augustine of Hippo), 105 De nugis curialium (Courtier’s Trifles, Map), 109 de Waal, Frans, cited, 465, 466, 467, 470–471, 485, 511, 513 death: African myths on, 354–355; burial of the dead, 331n9; horses as symbols of, 341; human caretakers, effects on, 28–29; life after, 133; Lucretius on, 124; nature of, in sacrifices, 68–69; ritual purity systems and, 67–68; sacrificial, metamorphosis and, 399–400; sex, relationship with, 68; transformation and, 279; of the young, 395 decay, Buddha on, 213 Deckan’ o’ the Wren, 407 DeCleer, Hubert, 234n27 deer, 116n58, 219, 278 Délacroix, Éugene, 448 Delhi, monkeys in, 191n2 demonifuges, 265 Dennett, D C., 495 Descartes, Rene: on animal experience, nature of, 118–123; on immortal souls, animals’ lack of, 120–121; influence of, 123–127, 331; on killing animals, 123; mythologizing of, 127n2; on pain in animals, 121, 122; response to Gassendi, 119–120; on sight in animals, 121–122; Steiner on, 325 Description of the Human Body (Descartes), 123 Deuteronomy: 5:15, 92; 12:21, 85; 12:23, 120; 14, 70; 14:2, 83; 22:1–3, 82; 22:4, 82; 22:6–7, 82; 22:10, 82; 25:4, 95, 548; 32:14, 104; 32:39, 69; 12–14, 548 developmentalism, 32 Devereux, George, 535 DeViney, E., 610 DeVries, Brad, 572 Dewey, John, 315, 319, 531 Dge slong ma Palmo (Indian Buddhist nun), 225–226 dharma (duty, correct ritual behavior), 184 Dharma Sū, 196 Dharmarakṣita (Indian teacher), 221 Dhuwa moiety, 362 Dickert, J., 610 The Dictionary of Art (Turner), 443 Didascalion (Hugh of St Victor), 105 Diet for a New America (Robbins), 551 differentiation, as evolutionary principal, 645 diffusion of people and ideas, problematics of, 428–429 dingos (Canis lupus dingo, Australian dogs), 360–370; description of, 361; Djuranydjura, transformation of, 364– 366; narratives of, overview of, 368–369; origin myths, 360–361; symbolic use in myth, purpose of, 366; Umbulka, 362–363, 366–367 directions, of raven speech, 427 discipleship, 140 Discourse on Method (Descartes), 118–119 ‘‘Discussion of the Dao of Heaven’’ (Tianxia zhi dao tan), 282–283 diseases and illnesses: The Case of the Animals versus Man Before the King of the Jinn on, 166; genetic research, 516–517, 521–523, 527–530; mice infestations and, 416; modeling of human, validation issues in, 538–539; nāgas and, 225; psychological disorders, 538–542; of Winter Dance season (Salish), 383–384 A Dissertation on the Duty of Mercy and Sin of Cruelty to Brute Animals (Primatt), 93, 606 distance, religion and, 354 dividual, concept of, 380 divination: Cicero on omens of mice, 413, 418; raven augury, 423–436; Shang oracle bones and, 263; in southern China, 260; temporal nature of, 435n30 See also omens divine-abidings (brahmavihāra), 211 divine agency, 424, 429 divine kings, 409 divine world, animals’ awareness of, 230 divinity, 35–36, 354 See also God Diwald, Susanne, 168n3 Djalatung (mythological dingo), 369 Djang’kawu (Aboriginal mythical ancestor), 362 Djirrwadjirrwa (mythological dingo), 368 Djuranydjura (mythological dingo), 364–366, 368 Dobel, P., 548, 553 Dobrin, A., 605 Document Pelliot no 3530 (Tibetan text), 426 Dogon peoples, 384–388 dogs: canine burials, 27; caste associations of, 186; Dharma as, 342; dingos, 360– 370; divination with, 434n18; Muslim views on, 157; in Rangoon, Burma, 215n18; sacrifices of, 264; as spirit mediums, 263–264; spiritual liberation, attainment of, 188, 189; symbolism of, 357; terriers, in art, 445i, 453, 454i Dol, M., 488 Dolan, Edward, 551 dolphins, 490 domestic architecture, 418 domestic servants, 419–420 domestic violence See violence (hiṃsā ) and oppression Domestic Violence Enhanced Response Team (DVERT), 613 domesticated animals: in agricultural religio-ecologic contexts, 327, 328; in early China, 276; mantic beliefs about, 673 index 262–263; as metaphor for ancient Israelites, 69; mice as, 417; in religioecologies, 326–327; ritual slaughter of, 265–266; as sacrificial victims, 69, 70; spirits related to well-being of, 262 See also wild animals domesticated plants, 326 domestication, 69–70, 442 ‘‘The Domestication of Sacrifice’’ (Smith), 69 Dominic (Dominican founder), 109 Dominicans, 109 dominion, as concept, 93–94, 95 Dominion: The Power of Men, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy (Scully), 617 Donatello (artist), 450, 451i, 452i, 453 Doniger, Wendy: biography of, 659–660; chapter authored by, 335–350; cited, 186, 436n35 Donovan, Josephine, 553 Doogie mice, 516 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, double vision (knowing and being known), 382 dragon thrones, 220–221 dragons, 283, 317–318 dream visitors, 378 drugs, mind-altering, 515 Druids, 406 dso-la (Naxi divination handbooks), 427–428 dto-mba (Naxi ritual experts), 427–428 Du Bois, W E B., 55 dualism: in Arnhem Land, Australia, 362; in Christian thought, 135; of mice, 415; soul-body dualism, Decartes’s, 120; of Yolngu (Aboriginal people), 362 ducks, 87, 173–174 Dugatkin, L A., 470 Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality (Bullard), 630 Dundon, Stan, 572, 575–580 Dürer, Albrecht, 448, 449i DVERT See Domestic Violence Enhanced Response Team (DVERT) dwelling in the earth, human vocation of, 127 dynamis (energy): of animals, 439–457; animals as primary visual expression of, 453; domestication and, 442; as term, 439, 441 eagles, 357, 406–407, 448 early Chinese sacrificial religion See ancient Chinese religion earth, separation from sky, 353–354 Earth Charter: on animal protection, 623, 624, 625, 626–628; communion of subjects and, 621; founders of, 622; mentioned, 134; mission of, 621, 622; name of our planet and, 622; origin, worldview, and vision of, 621–623; Preamble and Principles explained, 621, 623–625, 628n2; related documents, 624, 625; support for, 621–622, 624; web site, 621; wording, 621, 623–624, 625–626, 628n4 earthist movement, 134–135 East India Company, 343 Eastern Orthodoxy, 395 Eat My Fear (Lynch), 591, 595, 598 Ecclesiastes: 43:13, 111; 3:18–20, 548 Eckhart, Johannes (Meister Eckhart), 633 ecofeminism: absent referent, 595; and animal suffering, problem of, 591, 592, 593, 594–596, 597; ‘‘be a man’’ subjectivity, 597–600; frameworks of, 592–594; god trick, 600–601; grief, perspective on, 596–598, 601–602; on the individual and acquisition of knowledge, 599; mass term, 595; objectification of animal subjects and, 594–597; sexist language, implications of, 634, 640n.16; social historical reforms and, 629; somatophobia, 594; terminal animals, 591, 596, 600; value-hierarchical thinking, 592; vocabulary of devaluation of women and, 596 eco-justice movement, 133, 140–142 ecological contemplation, 133 ecological theologians, 132 ecology, 638 economic status, 260 economism, 135 ecosystem management, 286–287 eculturation, 322 Eddy, T J., 513 Edelman, G M., 482 Egypt, ancient, 77n21 Ehrenfeld, D., 476 Eid al-Adha (Feast of Sacrifice), 150 Eiseley, Loren, Ekalavya (fict.), 343 Ekken, Kaibara, 303 elands, 356–357 Eldredge, Niles, elephants: in Buddhist traditions, 207– 208, 220; lightening, contest with, 354; Marubhūti, 252–253; as metaphor for rulers, 355; observed behaviors, 466, 472, 473; spiritual liberation, attainment of, 187–188, 189; white, 214n4 El-Fadl, Khaled Abou, 157 Eliade, Mircea, 441, 453 Eliezer ha-Kapar, 88 elitism See human elitism El-Sayed, Aladdin, 398 emblems, 448 èmna (animal mask), 386 emotions and empathy (animals): altruism in rats, 511–512; altruism in rhesus monkeys, 512–513; grief, 472–473; need for further research on, 466, 467, 471, 473– 474; neurological structures for, 465 See also social morality (animals) empathy, of ancient Israelites for domesticated animals, 75 empathy (animals) See emotions and empathy (animals) The Encyclopedia Judaica, 93 Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography (Roberts), 443 endangered species, 286, 312 Endangered Species Act, 287 Enggist-Düblin, Peter, 424 The Environmental Dimensions of Islam (Izzi Dien), 156 environmental ethics: education in animal protection and, 637; lacunae in social ethical thought and, 519–520, 526– 527, 531, 629, 638–639 See also animal welfare; bioethics; Earth Charter; environmental justice; science, Frankenstein myth environmental justice, 629–642; discourse, exclusivist modes of and, 636–638; ecofeminism and, on sexist language, 634; environmental racism and, 630, 631, 636; expansion of, 639– 640; failure to address, 629, 633–635; human-centeredness, 632, 640n10; marginalized humans and, 633–636; scope of field of, 631–633; terminology, analysis of, 630–631, 633, 639 environmentalism, 212, 286–287 epics, 189, 195 epilepsy, 265 epiphenomenalism of mental experiences, 493, 494, 498 Episcopal Church, 59n35 epistemé (bodily knowing), 375 epochal cycles, 165 Erneling, C E., 481 eschatology, 515 Essays (Montaigne), 606 eternalism, Buddhism and, 232n2 ethics: anthropocentric framing of, 54; Buddhist, animals and, 209–211; ethical values and others, need to understand, 46; of inquiry, 54; in Winter Dance, 382 See also morals and morality ethnography, 429–431 ethological studies, importance of, 475 Etruscan tombs, 416 Etymologiae (Isadore of Seville), 106, 414 Eurasian Cukoo (Cuculus canorus), 434n23 Euripides, 394 Europe: ravens in, 425; in seventeenth century, comparison of China with, 326 Evans, C., 488 Evans-Pritchard, Edward E., 35, 335 Evervin of Steinfeld, 107, 109 evolutionary continuity, and roots of morality, 464, 498 ‘‘Examination of the Sounds of the Raven’’ (bya rog gi skad brtag par bya ba, Kākajariti), 425–426 exclusivism, 48 Exodus: 12, 71; 12:46, 394; 13:1, 394; 20:10, 92, 548; 23:4–5, 82; 23:19, 83; 23:26, 83; 25:5, 95–96; 29:38–42, 74 Exorcist (fangxiangshi), 264 experiences See mental experiences experiments See animal experimentation extinction, 2, 6, 373 674 index eyes placement of, 347 Ezekiel: 34:11–16, 548; 34:15–16, 75; 37, 73 Faces of Environmental Racism: Confronting Issues of Global Justice (Westra and Wenz), 630 factory farming, 547–582; Christian duty of mercy to animals, violation of, 617; ecojustice movement and, 141; in India, 193n43; influence on human–animal relationships, 328; Jewish views on, 86–87, 617; Masri on, 155; religious authorities’ ignoring of, 53; technology of, 549–550; where animals are not integral to ecology, 557 See also animal agriculture Fagen, R., 467, 469 Fajulu people, 354 falcons, 172, 174–175 fallow deer, 116n58 familiars (of witches), 351 Faraone, Christopher, 416 farm animals See factory farming farm exports, 568–570 Farquhar, Judy, 312 Fasti (Ovid), 418 fatteners, animal (Chinese ritual officers), 266–267 Feast of Sacrifice (Eid al-Adha), 150 feces, as remedy, 264–265 fecundity, of mice, 415–416 feeling, thinking vs., 450 feelings in animals See emotions and empathy (animals) Feinberg, Joel, 125 Feinstein, Moishe, 96 feminism See ecofeminism feminist theology, 133, 142 Fernandez, James W F., 353 fertility, Dogon mask festival and, 386, 387 Fielding, H., 213 Filch, Ralph, 246 Peter 5:8, 105, 106 first precept of Buddhism, 209 Samuel 2:6, 69 First Time, 28 fish, happiness of, 278 Fisher, J R., 494 five human relationships (Confucianism), 293 Five O’Clock Tea (Weld), 445i, 447 Five Point Plan for Tibet, 213 five products of the cow ( pañcagavya), 180 five-sensed rational animals, 250–255 Flack, J C., 467 Flanagan, O., 482 flies, 156 Flombaum, J., 513 flour-animals (animal effigies), 184 flowers, godhead and, 356 folk taxonomies, in Buddhist texts, 207 Foltz, Richard C.: biography of, 660; chapter authored by, 149–159 food: The Case of the Animals versus Man Before the King of the Jinn on, 166; food chain, 278–279, 647; God and, 72; origins of, in African myth, 354; pate de foi gras, 87; ritual uses of, 196 See also meat, eating of; vegetarianism For the Common Good (Daly and Cobb)., 565 Ford, Clyde W., 352, 356 foreign policy, of Yolngu, 360–361 forests as metaphor, 216n27 forgiveness as a biological adaptation, 468–469 forms human vs animal, 163–164 Forum on Religion and Ecology, 3n1 Four Beginnings (siduan), 296, 299 four-sensed beings, 251 Fouts, R., 489–490 Fox, J., 607 Fox, Michael W.: biography of, 660; chapter authored by, 556–567; cited, 551, 559, 609 foxes: in Daoist texts, 281; Eiseley and, 7; medieval symbolism of, 106, 108; ninetailed, 261–262; transformations and, 285 France, Anatole, 27 France, wren customs in, 407 Francis of Assisi, Saint, 103, 453 Frankfurt, Henry, Fraser, David: biography of, 660; chapter authored by, 547–555; cited, 548, 549, 550 Frazer, James George, 335 Freedberg, David, 441 Freud, Sigmund, 32 friendship relation, frogs, 165, 224, 237n72 Frontiers of Peace (Kueperferle), 247 Frymer-Kensky, Tikva, 68 Fujita, K., 507 fur, Judaism on wearing of, 96 Furedy, J J., 496 Fürer-Haimendorff, Christoph von, 228 Furius Philus (Roman consul), 414 ‘‘Furry Woman,’’ 283 Further Records of an Inquest in to the Spirit Realm ( Soushen houji ), 284 Fuxi (mythical Chinese sovereign), 263 Gaffney, James, 93, 96 Gainer, P., 512 Gajendra (elephant), 187–188, 189 Galef, B G., 492 game animals See hunting Gandhi, Mahatma, 56 Gandhi, Maneka, 193n43 garbhaja (womb-born animals), 254n1 Garden of Eden, 87 Garden of Marvels (Yi Yua), 284 Gardner, B T., 489 Gardner, H., 481 Gardner, R A., 489 Garfield, Eugene, 540 Garry, F., 528 garududot;as (mythical bird-like creatures), 225, 226–227 Gaskell, George, 530 Gassendi, Pierre, 119 gathering-hunting cultures, 326 gati (destinies), 208 GATT See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Gautama (Buddha): animal incarnations of, 208; Jātakas (birth stories of his previous lives), 212; as a lion, 220; on meat eating, 196; nāgas and, 223; on sacrifices, 209; on vegetarianism, 209, 210 Gaylin, Willard, 520 the Gaze, 442 gdon (evil spirit), 225 geese, 87 gender, 280, 284, 375 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 558, 564 Genesis: 1:20–28, 38n27; 1:26, 162; 1:26–28, 81–82; 1:29, 87; 1:29–31, 74; 3:17–19, 74; 4:1–5, 74; 4:1–8, 74; 8:20, 74; 9:1–3, 74; 9:1–11, 74; 9:2, 162; 9:3, 137; 9:9– 10, 92; 22:7, 394; 24:19, 548; problem of interpretation of, 93 genetic diversity, 523–524 genetic engineering: animal suffering and, 527–530, 533, 538–542; compromised ethics of, 521–522, 560; grounds for concern, 560–564, 569; regulatory issues, 560, 562; risks of, 523–524; smart mice, 516–517 genetic influences and consciousness, 486, 503–504, 506 geologians, 11 Georgics (Vergil), 414 gewu (principle in things), 299 Gibbons, Michael, 463 Gibson, James, 381 Giedion, Siegfried, 446 Giotto di Bondone, 455i, 456 Girard, René, 69, 397 Gisiner, R., 490 Glimpses of Paradise: The Marvel of Massed Animals (Bruemmer), 28 global justice See environmental justice global stewardship, animals and, 621–642 Glut, Donald, 520 go-pūjā (cow worship), 180 goats, 340, 402 God: blood and, 71; as consuming, 72; Olodumare (Almighty), 353; sacrificial victims as, 394–395 God-stories (hari-kathā), 190 goldcrest (bird), 408–409 Golden Ass (Apuleius), 416 Gombrich, R., 209 good See morals and morality good news: for animals, Christianity as, 132–145; McDaniel’s definition of, 133, 140 Goodall, Jane: cited, 463, 472–473, 476; interview with, 651–656 Goodman, Lenn Evan, 168n3 Gopnik, A., 491 675 index Gorbachev, Mikhail, 622 gośālas (aging and enfeebled cattle), 180 goshala (cow shelter), 245 Gottlieb, Bruce, 470 Gould, C G., 495 Gould, J L., 495 Gould, Stephen J., 429–430 Govindacharya, Bannanje, 179 Graham, Martha, 441 Graves, Morris, 448 great chain of being, 154 Great Exorcism (annual festival), 264 great knowledge (da zhi ), 279 Great Learning (Zhong-yong ), 322 great sacrifice (t’ai-lao), 306n6 Great Ultimate (Taiji ), 300 Greeks, sacrifices, victim’s cooperation in, 396 Green, Arthur, 97 Gregory IX, 109 Gregory the Great, 106, 111 Gṛhya Sūtra, 196 Griaule, Marcel, 390n34 grief, 28–29, 186, 596–597, 601–602 Griffin, Donald R.: biography of, 660; chapter authored by, 481–504; cited, 481, 482, 490, 493, 495; on consciousness in animals, 653 griffins, 165 Griffiths, Paul, 232n2 Grim, John A.: biography of, 660–661; chapter authored by, 373–390 Grohmann, Josef, 414 gu poisoning, 265, 288n38 Gu Xin, 320 Guanzi (Daoist text), 280 Guide for the Perplexed (Maimonides), 84 Gujarat, India, 246 gulls, 278 guṇas, theory of, 185 Gurarinja (mythological dingo), 368 Gyanendra, King Bir Kibram Shah (of Nepal), 180 ‘gyur ba (transformation), 221 Ha-Levy, David, 96 Haarh, Erik, 231 Hafiz (Persian poet), 170 Haida, Raven and, 428, 433n6 halachic material ( Judaism), 91 halaf (instrument of slaughter), 85 Hall, D J., 553 Hallowell, A I., 378 Hamad, S., 494 Hammeroff, S R., 482 Hanafi school of law, 159n64 Hanina, Rabbi, 95 Hanumān (monkey god), 179, 187, 189 haqq al-shurb (law of the right of thirst), 153 Haraway, Donna, 600 Harding, Sandra, 594 Hare, B., 513 hares, 261, 262, 355 hari-kathā (God-stories ), 190 Harijans (Dalits, Untouchables), 339 Harlow, Caroline Wolf, 605 Harris, Ian: biography of, 661; chapter authored by, 207–217 Harvard Conference on Christianity and Ecology, 136 Harvard University, 1, 56 Harwood, D., 550 Hauerwas, Stanley, 56–57 Hauser, Marc D.: biography of, 661; chapter authored by, 505–518; cited, 470, 482, 485, 506, 508, 509, 511 Havel, Vaclav, 29 hawks, 357 Hay, John, 21, 23n5 Hayat al-hayawān al-kubra (al-Damiri), 155 hayawān (animals, Arabic), 150 hayawān al-nātiq (speaking animals, Arabic), 150 He yin yang (‘‘Uniting Yin and Yang’’), 282–283 healers See shamanism healing personality (wichasha wakan), 374 health See diseases heart-mind, human, 319, 321 heaven, separation from earth, 353–354 Heaven (Tian), 294 Hediger, H., 483 Heffernan, William, 581 Heidegger, Martin, 127 Heinrich, Bernd: on perspectives on Raven’s prescient powers, 431; on raven speech, 424, 432, 432n5, 433n6; on ravens, folkloric significance of, 425; on ravens, learning in, 488–489; on ravens, love in, 472; on ravens and Koyukon, 428; on ravens and moose hunting, 431 Hélinand of Froidmont, 105–106 hell, 214n11, 242, 255n14 Hemacandra ( Jaina scholar), 252 Hemsworth, P H., 553 Henry A Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture, 561 Henry of Clairvaux, 109, 111–112 hens See birds herding, art of, 70 heresy, 104 heretics, bestiary of, 106–112 Herman, L M., 490 Hermanns, Matthias, 237n71 hermits, moral agency of, 295 heroes, animal, 186–189 Hertzberg, Arthur, 97–98 Herzog, Harold A., Jr., 55 Hessel, Dieter, 141 Hewitt, T I., 561 Hexameron (Ambrose of Milan), 106 Heyes, C M., 513 Hialeah, Florida, Santería in, 393, 585–587 Hicks, Edward, 38n21 hierarchies, 94, 184–186, 185, 241–242 high yield farming, 561–562 See also animal agriculture; factory farming Hildegard of Bingen, 107 Hillman, James, 30, 36 hiṃsā See violence Hinduism, 179–203; animal heroes, 186– 189; anthropocentrism of, 181, 184; Brahmin elite, Sanskiritic orthodoxy of, 181; hierarchical universe in, 185; non-dualist (advaitin) theologians, 181; nonviolence and vegetarianism in, 184; theists, 181; theological disputes in, 181; vegetarianism in post-Vedic India, 194–203 Hirsch, Samson Raphael, 94 Historia animalium (Aristotle), 153, 415, 416 Historia Naturalis (Pliny the Elder), 106 Historia Scholastica (Petrus Comestor), 106 Hitopadeśa (Hindu text), 184, 186 Hobbie v Unemployment Appeals Commission of Florida, 380 U.S., 586 Hoebel, Bartley G., 540 holistic ecology See environmental justice holistic view of the world See environmental justice holy cows See cows, holy Holy Crusades, 41 Honig, W K., 482 Hood, B., 509 hoopoe bird, 172–174 hope, 124, 125 Horace (Roman poet), 415, 417 Horowitz, Alexandra C., 468 horse-headed figures (Tibetan traditions), 229 horses Arabians, 335 in art, 450, 451i, 452i, 453 in Black Elk’s visions, 374–376 clay representations of, 339 eating habits, 336 eyes, placement of, 347 goats and, 340 horse saints, 342 in India, 335–350; Bhils and Rajputs and, 341–342; breeding of, 336–337; cost of, 338; Dalits and, 338–339; Freudian views on, 345; gift horses, 345–347; health problems, 336; Marxist views on, 345; Muslim horses, 342–344; native tradition of, 338; necessity for importation, 337–338; pre-Indo-European traditions, 340–341; sacrifices of, 400–402; symbolism of, 341; tribal horses, 339–341; as work animals, 338 lost legs of, 339 as Native American archetype, 375 as sacrificial victims, 400–401, 402 spirits, in ancient Chinese religion, 262 symbolism, in early Chinese texts, 277 taming of, 346 tantric significance of, 229 Walers, 336 war, uses in, 336 horticulture, 328 Hosea: 1, 2, 73; 5:12, 111 Hoshino, Michio, 431 Hosiah 2:20, 92 676 index House of Menander, Pompeii, 419 householders (Hindu): ahiṃsā and, 183–184 How Are We to Live (Singer), 617 How Monkeys See the World: Inside the Mind of Another Species (Cheney and Seyfarth), 487 HSUS (Humane Society of the United States), 133, 140, 142, 145, 571–572 Huainanzi (The Masters of Huainan), 316, 323n17 Huang, Pochi, 435n26 Huang-Lao Daoism, 280 Hubert, Henri H., 66, 391, 395, 397, 402 Hugh of Folieto, 106 Hugh of St Victor, 105 Hulse, S H., 482 human–animal forms See therianthropic figures human–animal relationships: in agricultural religio-ecologic contexts, 328; in ancient Chinese religion, 260– 261; animal deaths’ effects on, 28–29; benefits of, 8; Black Elk’s, 374–376; communion of subjects as model for, 160–161; in Cree, 376–377; crisis moments in, 446; diversity of religious views on, 43; horse–man relationships, 346, 347; human-bird identification, 174; in industrial religio-cultural contexts, 328–329; knowing and being known, 373–390; Patton on, 27–28; societal benefits of, 556–557 See also use relationship (human–animal) human–divine mediation, 35–36 human elitism, 330 human exceptionalism: classical China, 315–318, 318–320; Confucian cosmic hierarchy, 321–322; Li Zehou and, 320– 321; moral mind, sedimentation of, 320–321; qi as vital energizing field, 312–315 See also anthropocentrism; speciesism human innocence, end of, 447 human nature (xing ), 296–297, 319 Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), 133, 140, 142, 145, 571–572 humanism, Confucianism as, 293 humans animals as metamorphosed, 34 biology as evolutionary history of, 515 conscious information processing, 485, 494 consciousness: awareness of multiplicity of intelligences, 646–647; compared to animal consciousness, 483–484; as ensemble of mental states, 484; renaissance of scientific investigations of, 481–482 as reference for good and evil, sacrifices of, in Hindu tradition, 192n27 self-regulatory behaviors, 515–516 temptation, activities used against, 515 uniqueness, claims of, 461 Hume, David, 124, 617–618 hummingbirds, 401 hunger, 94–95 hunting: in agricultural religio-ecologic contexts, 328; Daoist texts on, 278; of horses, 346; in India, 328; indigenous people’s approach to, 381; in industrial religio-cultural contexts, 329; moral injunctions on, 281; for pleasure, 88, 152 hunting-gathering cultures, 326 Huxley, Julian, 483 Huysmans, A., 490 Hwang, Woo-suk (South Korean scientist), 520 hyper-separation, 593, 594 ibn ‘Abd al-salam, ‘Izz al-din, 152–153 Ibn al-Muqaffa, 155 Ibrahim ibn Adham, 154 iconography: chronological analysis, 443; Jaina, 245; of Queen Mother of the West, 261 See also art, animals in icons, 133–134, 135 identification: with animal powers, in Great Exorcism, 264; human-bird, 174; of Jesus and wrens as divine kings, 410; raven as messenger, 428; San boy-eland, 356–357 ideology, religion and, 326 Idowu, E Bolaji, 353 Idradyumna (king), 188 Igbo people, 354 ignorance, self-inflicted, 52–53 Ikhwān al-Ṣafā (Brethren of Purity, Pure Brethren), xviii, 16, 153, 161–162, 168n3 illnesses See diseases and illnesses images, 29, 41–42, 450 See also art, animals in imaginary/mythological animals, 165, 224–226, 275, 283, 317–318 imagination, Aristotle on, 120–121 IMF See International Monetary Fund (IMF) imitatio Dei, 67–70, 71, 72, 95, 98 immortal souls, Decartes on animals’ lack of, 120 The Imperative of Responsibility ( Jonas), 126–127 impermanence, 216n27 impurity See rituals, ritual purity and impurity India Ajanta cave-temple, 223–224 animal rights campaigners in, 193n43 Buddhist traditions, 207–224 cows in, 328 Hindu traditions, 179–203 horses in, 335–350; breeding of, 336–337; cost of, 338; Dalits and, 338–339; Freudian views on, 345; gift horses, 345–347; health problems, 336; Marxist views on, 345; native tradition of, 338; pre-Indo-European equine tradition, 340–341; tribal horses, 339–341; white stallion in Kim, 344–345 Jaina traditions, 241–255 meat exports, 193n43 sati (self-burning by widows), 401 indifference, religious, 54–55 indigenous, use of term, 377–378 indigenous peoples: communion of subjects and, 373, 377, 378; knowing and being known, 373–390; spirit of non-living world and, 9; universe, perceptions of, individuals: Dewey on, 319; interrelatedness and, 45–46; in Ojibwa worldview, 378–379 Indrabhūti Gautama, 251 industrial cultures, religio-ecology of, 328–329 industrialization, effects on animalium, 447 Inglish, Stephen, 338 Ingold, Tim, 380 inherited preconceptions, 14, 46–47 injuries, animal-inflicted, cures for, 282 inner form of non-living world, insects: bees, 166, 493; butterflies, 278; in Chinese literature, 275; Jaina respect for, 246; Lausch on, 6; moths, 109, 111; in Zhuangzi, 276 instincts, four basic, in Jainism, 251 Instrumentalist tradition, 138 integrity, 315 intelligence: differing meanings of, 58n22; multiplicity of, 646; nonhuman, awareness of, 646–647 See also cognition (animals) intentional acts, 210 interagentivity, 377, 380 interconnection of all existence, African belief in, 353 interdisciplinary viewpoints, 44–45, 462, 464 interests and rights See animal rights interlocking oppressions, 54–55 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 558 intersubjectivity, 380 intimacy, Berry on, 6, intuitive learning, 441–442, 447 inua (animals’ human essence), 35 Inuit, 34, 35, 397 Iphigenia at Aulis (Euripides), 394 Iqbal, Muhammad, 174–175 Ireland, wren hunts in, 408 Irenaeus of Lyons, 107 Isaac (Biblical), 394 Isadore of Seville, 106 Isaiah: 2:20, 112; 11:6–7, 9, 85; 14:11, 111; 40:11, 72, 75; 50:9, 111; 51:8, 111; 63:1–6, 71; 63:6–7, 71 Isidore of Seville, 107, 109, 112, 414 Islam, 150–175; animal rights in, 152–153; The Case of the Animals versus Man Before the King of the Jinn, 160–168; description of, 149–150; dietary laws, 151–152; meat-eating and slaughter, 151–152; Muslim literature and art, animals in, 154–155; Muslin scientists, 155; mystical poetry, birds in, 170–175; philosophy and mysticism, animals in, 153–154; texts of, animals in, 149–151; vs Muslim, 149 See also Qur’ān Isle of Man, 407–408, 408 677 index Israel: seven sacred foods of, 97 See also ancient Israel; Judaism Israel Museum, 27 Isserles, Moses, 88 Izzi Dien, Mawil, 156 Jackson Knight, W F., 418 Jacobson, Dorane, 179–180 jaguars, 36 Jaini, Padmanabh S., 189, 242 Jainism, 241–255; animal lives, regard for, 47; animal protection in, 245– 247; animal symbolism in, 244–245; communion of subjects in, 250, 251; cosmology of, 241–244, 255n14; fivesensed animals in, 250–255; on injuring animals, 214n12; primary vows of, 244; sectarian traditions in, 254n2 Jājali (Hindu sage), 198 James 5:2, 111 Japan, Neo-Confucianism in, 303–306 Jasper, James M., 55 Jātakas (birth stories of Buddha’s previous lives), 35, 212, 218 Jaṭāyu (vulture-king), 187 Jennings, H S., 492 Jenny Wren, 406, 410 Jeremiah: 11:19, 68; 11:20, 72, 73 Jerstad, Luther, 228, 230 Jewish tradition See Judaism jin (affection), 298 Jinas (Tīrthaṅkaras, enlightened ones), 244, 250 Jinsilu (Reflections on Things at Hand, Zhu Xi), 301, 302 jīva (life force), 241 Job: 4:19, 111; 13:28, 111; 27:18, 111; 39,40, 164 John: 10:12, 107; 19:33–34, 36, 394; 10:12a, 107; 10:12b, 107 Johnson, D M., 481 Johnson, Elizabeth, 133, 142, 143 Johnson, Mark, 379 Johnson-Laird, P.N., 481 Jonas, Hans, 126–127 Judah ha-Hasid, 83 Judah the Prince, Rabbi ( Judah haNasi), 398–399 Judaism, 65–99; on animal experimentation, 88; on animal welfare, 82–83, 83–85; Bible translations, problems of, 96; Code of Jewish Law, 83; communion of subjects in, 90; compassion in, 84, 96; diversity of voices in, 89; on fur, wearing of, 96; on hunting for pleasure, 88; justice for animals, 95; on lost animals, 82; modern society, animal welfare in, 86–89; moral life, vision of, 81; on pain, 83; on pets, 88–89; religious slaughter, 85–86, 96–97; retributive justice, application to animals, 92; Sabbatical years, treatment of animals during, 83; sacrifices, 65–80, 392; tsa’ar ba’alei chayim (kindness to animals), 85, 86, 87, 88, 91; on veal calves, 96; vegetarianism and, 87–88, 97–98 Judaism and Animal Rights (Androphy), 86 Judas, wrens as, 408 Judges (Biblical text): 14:4, 548; 15:4–5, 107 Judith and Holofernes (Donatello), 450, 451i, 453 Jung, Carl, 361 junzi (moral human), 294 justice, 95, 399 Kaiser, Rudolph, 9n1 Kākajariti (bya rog gi skad brtag par bya ba, ‘‘Examination of the Sounds of the Raven’’), 425–426 Kakmanmurru (mythological dingo), 369 Kalechofsky, Roberta: biography of, 661; chapter authored by, 91–99 Kālidāsa (playwright), 186 Kalila and Dinma (fable collection), 155 Kalpa Sūtra, 244 Kāmadhenu, 180 Kamil, A C., 470, 498 Kant, Immanuel, 59n33, 320–321 Kapleau, Philip, 617 karma, 247, 251, 254n4 Karṇī Mātā, 182 Karson, E M., 529 kashrut ( Jewish dietary laws), 97, 617 Kassam, Zayn: biography of, 661–662; chapter authored by, 160–169 Kathiawar horses, 336–337 Katz, Eric, 97 Kaufman, Gus, 598 Keduli (Asian Indian tribe), 339 Keller, Otto, 414 Kellert, Stephen, 613 Kelley, W N., 530 Kennedy, J S., 491 Khamene’i, Ayatollah Ali, 157 Kienzle, Beverly Mayne: biography of, 662; chapter authored by, 103–116 kikinu (spiritual principles), 386 killing of animals: Aquinas on, 122–123; Augustine on, 122, 129n30; Descartes on, 123; Plutarch on, 128n11; Santería animal sacrifice, 585–587 See also meat, eating of; ritual slaughter; sacrifices Kim (Kipling), 337, 338, 344–345 kindness (ai ), 298 Kindred Spirits: How the Remarkable Bond Between Humans and Animals Can Change the Way We Live (Schoen), 474 King, P., 607 king of kings, development of, 327 King of the Beasts (pangolin), 356 kings, 222, 409 kingship, and agricultural religio-ecology, 330 kinship: of dingo pups, 362; Earth Charter on, 627; in Judaism, 91–99; Lakota concepts of, 376; of primal peoples with animals, 446; regaining sense of, 647 Kipling, Rudyard, 337, 344–345 Kiriazis, Judith, 433n8 Kirschenmann, Fred, 571 Kitāb al-hayawān (Book of Animals, al-Jahiz), 155 Klawans, Jonathan: biography of, 662; chapter authored by, 65–80; cited, 548 Klee, Paul, 448 klu khang (Tibetan temple), 224 klu (snake-like entities), 224–226 knowing and being known: Gibson on, 381; indigenous perspectives on, 373–390; scientific knowledge vs., 381–382 knowledge: of animals, limitations on, 44, 465; art and, 441; nature of, 278 Kodapen (Asian Indian tribe), 340 Kohlberg, L., 506 Kom people, 355 Komal Rajya Laxmi, Queen (of Nepal), 180 Korkus (Asian Indian tribe), 339 Koyukon people, 428 Kramrisch, Stella, 340, 341, 343 Krauss, Franklin B., 414 Kṣatriyas (warriors), 184, 198 Kṣatriyazation, 341 Kuczaj, S., 466 Kueperferle, Paul, 247 Kuk, Avraham, 93, 95, 97, 98 Kunbis (Asian Indian tribe), 340 Kūrma Purāṇa (Hindu text), 200 Kurrumul (mythological dingo), 368 Kusher, Howard, 55 Kutch (India), 343, 344 Kuwahara, H., 512 Kwoth (Nuer god), 395 LaFollette, Hugh, 538 Lakoff, George, 379 Lakota tradition, 374–376 Lakshmi (cow), 187, 188, 189 Lakṣmī (Hindu goddess), 180 Lal Beg myth, 339 Lambert, Kelly, 540, 541 The Lament of the Nightingale (Nala-yiAndalib, Nasir), 174 Landau, Yehezhel, 88 land ethic, language: of animals, 119, 150, 156, 385, 433n8; assumptions in, 164; Ojibwa, 379; Tungus, 280 See also communication (animals); speech Language of the Birds See Conference of the Birds Lany’tjun (Aboriginal mythical ancestor), 362 Lao Dan (Laozi), 279 Latour, Bruno, 534 Lau, D C., 319 Laufer, Berthold, 425–426 Lausch, Joanne, law of the right of thirst (haqq al-shurb), 153 Lawrence, Elizabeth A.: biography of, 662; chapter authored by, 406–412 The Laws of Manu, 184, 185 LCA (Life Conservationist Association), 212 Leahy, Michael P T., 123–124 learning, Xunzi on, 298 legal standing See animal rights leopards, 116n58, 357 Leopold, Aldo, 6–7, leprosy, 225 678 index letter/spirit dichotomy, 104–105 Letters to Atticus (Cicero), 418 Levenson, Jon D., 70–71 Levi, Rabbi, 83–84 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 30, 335 Lévinas, Emmanuel, 391 Leviticus: 1, 2, 74; 1:2, 65; 1:3, 71; 10:10, 71; 11, 70; 11:7, 69; 11:46–7, 71; 17:10–14, 67; 17:11, 395; 19:1, 395; 22:16–28, 71; 22:17–28, 71; 22:19–20, 70; 22:28, 83; 24:5–9, 74; 25:6–7, 83; on imitatio Dei, 68; on ritual impurity, 67 Lewin, R., 490 Lewis, C S., 596 Lewis, D B., 528 li (principle of things), 300–301 li (rituals), 294–295, 296 Li Ruohong, 435n26 Li Zehou, 320–321 Liber divinorum operum (Book of Divine Works, Hildegard of Bingen), 107 liberal theory, 126 liberation (mokṣa, mukti), 185, 187, 253 Libet, B., 494 Lieberman, P., 490 Liexianzhuan (Daoist text), 283 Liezi (Daoist text), 278 life, 133, 184–186, 351 life force (bla), 232 life force ( jīva), 241 life projects, 124, 125, 126 life sciences, 57n9 lifeway (lifework), 378–379 Lijmbach, S., 493 Lindahl, B I B., 489 Linnaeus, 51 Linzey, Andrew, 89, 133, 136–137, 142, 548 The Lion King (Disney), 332n13 lions: in Buddhist traditions, 220; as Christian emblem, 448; in Jaina stories, 242; lion figures, 155; in The Lion King, 332n13; lion of Judah, 106; as representatives of evil, 105 livestock industry See animal agriculture, modern methods and policies Livy (Roman historian), 413 Lloyd, Genevieve, 594 Lockard, Robert B., 535 Lockwood, Randall, 610 Lodrick, Deryck, 245, 246 logos (reason), 119 long (dragons), 317–318 Lord, Albert, 430–431 Lorenz, Konrad Z., 473, 483 lost animals, 82 love for animals, importance of See spirituality loving-kindness (mettā ), 211 lovingness, 298 Lowther, G R., 467 Lu, China, bird cult in, 261 Lucretius (Roman poet and philosopher), 124, 414 Luke: 12:33, 111; 13:15, 548 Lunyu (Analects, Confucianist text), 293–296 Lusso, P., 523 Luther, Martin, 137 Lu Xiangshan, 299, 301 Luzzatto, Samuel David, 84 Lynch, David, 591, 595 Lynch, Michael E., 537 maari–gutharra relationship, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366 Macassans (traders): Aborigines’ trade with, benefits of, 364–366; changing characteristics, compared with Aborigines, 363; in Djuranydjura narrative, 364; importance to Yolngu, 362; Yirritja moiety members’ relationship with, 363–364 Macdonald, D., 475 MacDonald, Mary, 404n13 Macer, Daryll R J., 565 machines, animals as See Descartes, Rene; speciesism Mackey, B G., 463 MacKinnon, Catharine A., 596 Macrobius (writer), 161 Madhva (Madhvacharya), 184 Madi people, 354 magic, 410, 447–448 A Magic Still Dwells (Patton and Ray), 430 Mahā Kassapa (Buddhist saint), 212 Mahābhārata (Hindu text), 182, 188, 198–199 Māhābhārata, 195 Maharashtra, India, 341 Mahāvīra, 242, 244, 252 Mahner, H., 484, 485 Maimonides, Moses, 83, 84 Maine Coalition to End Domestic Violence, 607 Majesty and Meekness (Carman), 395 Major, John, 323n17 Makah tribe, 329 Malaba, India, 336–337 Mali, 384–388 Malinowsky, Bronislaw, 396–397 Malraux, André, 439 Man and Animal (de Silva, von Simson and Hinks), 442 Manchu language, 280 Mani Rimdu rituals, 228–230 manitou (cosmological forces), 378 Mantiq al-Tayr (Conference of the Birds, ‘Attar), 153, 172–174 Mantiq ut-Tayr (‘Attar), 172 Manu, 184, 185, 197–198 Maoist volunteerism, 320 Map, Walter, 109 Maqamat-i-tuyur See Conference of the Birds Marbury, Steve, 574 Marc, Franz, 448 Marco Polo, 336–337 Marcus, Erik, 551 marginality See anthropocentrism; environmental justice; speciesism; violence (hiṃsā ) and oppression market forces, 550, 578 Markowitz, Hal, 466 Marler, Peter, 466–467, 488 Marmuru (mythological dingo), 369 Marshack, Alexander, 30 martial arts, 282 Marubhūti (elephant), 252–253 Mary (mother of Christ), 410 Marzbā-nāma (Book of the Border-keeper, Warawini), 155 masks, 227, 228, 264, 384–388 Mason, Georgia J., 514 Masri, Basheer Ahmad, 155 mass term See ecofeminism, objectification of animal subjects and Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (MSPCA), 608 massed animals, 28 Masserman, J H., 466, 512 Mathnawī al-ma’anawī (Rumi), 153–154 matrilineal cultures, 326 Matsya Purāṇa (Hindu text), 200 Matthew: 6:19, 111; 7:15, 107; 8:20, 107; 10:7, 107 mauṣya-loka (middle world), 242 Mauss, Marcel, 66, 391, 395, 397, 402 Mawangdui medical corpus, 288n37 Maya, ch’ul (life force), 395–396 Mayr, Ernst, 639 Mbanderu people, 397, 400 McCloskey, H J., 125 McDaniel, Jay: biography of, 662; chapter authored by, 132–145; cited, 112 McDonough, Christopher Michael: biography of, 662; chapter authored by, 413–422 McFague, Sallie, 133, 143, 144 McIntosh, Ian S.: biography of, 662–663; chapter authored by, 360–370 McRae, M., 473 meaning: in animal communication, 433n8; indigenous environmental knowledge vs., 381 meat, eating of: in China, 263, 325; India’s meat exports and, 193n43; Islam on, 151–152; Izzi Dien on, 156; Judaism on, 96–97; Luther on, 137; Mahābhārata on, 198–199; Manu on, 197–198; in modern world, 557, 591, 595–596, 598– 599, 636; Vedic texts on, 195 See also vegetarianism Mech, David, 470 mechanism See Descartes, Rene; speciesism medicine, 264, 282, 285, 286 medieval heresy, animal images of, 103–116 meditation, 211–212, 213, 353 mediums, animals as, 263–265 See also divination Meijsing, M., 488 Melampus (mythical Greek seer), 418 Melson, Gail F., 31, 599 Mencius (Meng Zi, Confucian thinker), 296–298, 314–315, 318, 321, 330–331 Mende people, 354 Meng Zi See Mencius mental concepts, replacement by neurophysiological mechanisms, 490–491 mental experiences: conscious vs neural- 679 index based, 490–491; differences among species, 495, 503; as domain to be removed from science, 491–492, 493, 498; epiphenomenalism of, 493, 494, 498; limits in animals, 490–493, 498; as local causes of behavior, 485; origins of, 485, 492 See also animals, subjective lives; consciousness mentality See consciousness; mental experiences Menzel, E W., 482 mercy, justice vs., 399 messengers, ravens as, 425, 434n11 messianism, Jewish, 97 The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease (Scriver), 529 metacognitive reflection See under animals, subjective lives metamorphosis, 32, 111–112, 374, 399–400 See also transformations metaphors: in African proverbial wisdom, 357; of ancient Israelites and domesticated animals, 69; animals as, in Buddhist narratives, 218, 219–220; in Dao de jing, 282; Lakoff and Johnson on, 379; sacrifice and, 72–74 metempsychosis (tanasukh), 35, 150 meto (personal thought), 376–377 mettā (loving-kindness), 211 Meuli, Karl, 396, 402 Mi g.yo glang bzang ma (Tibetan goddess), 230 mice, 413–422; alleged terrestrial origins, 414; calcium, need for, 416; confined spaces, liking for, 417–418; domestic servants, association with, 419–420; houses, relationship with, 418, 419; infestations of, 415–416; life and death, associations with, 417; liminal nature, 415, 417, 419, 420–421; as omens, 413–414, 416, 417; reproductive rates, 415–416; Romans and, 413–422; smart mice (‘‘Doogie’’ mice), 516; species in Roman era, 414; as thieves, 418–419 Michaelangelo, 422n23 Middle Ages See medieval heresy, animal images of Midgley, Mary, 52, 553, 554 migration, of Asian hunters, 429, 436n34 migratory herding animals, 327 Milgrom, Jacob, 67, 404n15 Mill, John Stuart, 617 Miller, George A., 481, 490 Miller, R E., 512 mind See entries beginning ‘‘mental’’ Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds (Heinrich), 472 mindful attention, 143 minding animals See cognitive ethology mink, 514 mirror (of God, speculum), 105 mistapeo (personalized spirit helpers), 377 Mistassini Cree, 381 Mitchell, James, 540 Mitchell, R W., 494 The Modern Ark: The Story of Zoos: Past, Present and Future (Croke), 55 modern societies, 135 Moghuls, 335 moieties, of Yolngu, 362 mokṣa (mukti, liberation), 185, 187, 253 moles (animals), 111–112 Moling, St., 408 Moncrief, L W., 548 money, mice on, 415 Mongolia, 428 Mongols, 394 monkeys: in Buddhist texts, 207; in Delhi, 191n2; observed behaviors and experiments, 466, 472–473, 489–490, 507–513, 653–654; status in India, 179; taught to communicate, 489–490, 493, 497 monks, Buddhist, 210, 211–212 monotheistic traditions, 33–34 See also Christianity; Islam; Judaism Montaigne, Michel de, 606, 617–618 monthly ordinances (Chinese state calendars), 263, 267 Monument to General Gattamelata (Donatello), 450, 452i Moorcroft, William, 344–345 moral human ( junzi), 294 The Moral Status of Animals (Clark), 56 Moralia in Job (Gregory the Great), 111 morals and morality moral agents: animals as, 242; in Confucianism, 293; hermits as, 296; human category applied to animals, 464, 466, 505; negative consequences of, 253 moral behavior, 506–507 moral capacity, taxonomic distribution of, 466, 467 moral codes of Daoist religious communities, 281 moral communities, 123 moral life, Judaism’s vision of, 81 moral nature, Confucianism on, 302 moral obligations, animals’ lack of, 121 moral qualities of animals, didactic use of, 103 moral reflection, Neo-Confucianism on, 300–301 moral relations, Confucianism on, 294, 297–298, 305 moral responsibility for proper animal care, 552–553, 600–602 Xunzi on morality, 319 See also bioethics; ethics; social morality (animals) More, Henry, 118 More, Thomas, 606 Morgan, C Lloyd, 486, 495 Mormon Church v United States, 136 U.S (1990), 587 Mortensen, Eric D.: biography of, 663; chapter authored by, 423–436; cited, 402 Morton, James, 614 moths, medieval symbolism of, 109, 111 Mourning Dove (Salish author), 389n29 Mousa, Shaker, 540, 541 mouse See mice movement, animals as models for, 277, 282–283 Mozi (philosopher), 297–298 MSPCA (Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals), 608 Mudaliar, A D., 187 Muhaiyadeen, M R Bawa, 156 Muhammad (prophet), 152, 156 Muir, John, 54, 461 Mukobi, K., 507 mukti See mokṣa mukti (liberation, mokṣa), 185, 187, 253 mus (mouse), as term, 420 Muslim horses in India, 342–344 Muslims, 149, 150 See also Islam Myers, Norman, mythological animals See imaginary/mythological animals myths and mythology: Aboriginal starter myth, 362–363; African (See under Africa); animals in, 335–370; blame, projection from usurpers to usurped, 341–342; Chinese, therianthropic figures in, 317; complexity of animal images in, 33; dingos symbolic use in, purpose of, 366; Ford on, 352; mythology of horses in India, 335–350; white horses in, 346 Myths of the Dog-Man (White), 30 Nafs-i Kull (Universal Soul), 167 Nagarajan, Vijaya Rettakudi, 189 Nāgārjuna (Indian Buddhist scholar), 224 nāgas (snake-like entities), 222–224, 225 Nagel, Thomas, 126, 131, 495 Nakhshabi (writer), 155 Nala-yi Andalib (‘‘The Lament of the Nightingale,’’ Nasir), 174 Namalia (mythological dingo), 368–369 naming of animals, 37n16, 94, 268 Narni, Erasmo di, 450, 452i narratives: Buddhist, 218–237; Daoist, 278; dingo, overview of, 368–369; Djuranydjura narrative, 364–366; on wrens, 406–407 See also myths and mythology; stories Nash, James, 452 Nasir, Muhammad, 174 Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 162, 168n3 National Bioethics Advisory Commission, 522 National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information, 610 National Dialogue on Sustainable Agriculture, Marketing and Organics Issue Committee (NDSA), 564 Native Americans: Black Elk (Oglala Sioux), 33, 374–376; Cree, sub-Arctic, 376– 377, 381; Lakota tradition, 374–376; northern, visionary traditions of, 32–33 Natsoulas, T., 484 Natural History (Pliny the Elder), 413, 414, 415, 417 Natural Questions (Seneca), 414 680 index nature (natural world): Berry on, 2–3; contemplation of, 143–144; human need for, 5; human reciprocity with, 407; loving kindness of, 303; quiet listening to, 143–144; traditional Western view of, 126 Naxi, 427–428 NDSA (National Dialogue on Sustainable Agriculture, Marketing and Organics Issue Committee), 564 Nebesky-Wojkowitz, René de, 228, 230, 232 Needham, Joseph, 290n77 Nelkin, Dorothy, 55 Nelson, Lace, 33 Nelson, Lance E., 33; biography of, 663; chapter authored by, 179–193 Neo-Confucianism, 299–306; cosmogony of, 300; in Japan, 303–306; Mencius and, 296; metaphysical models, 299–301; things, unity of, 301–303 Nepal, 225, 228–230 Netton, I R., 161, 168n3 neural-based mental experiences, 490–491 neuroanatomy See brain and neuroanatomy New Year rites, 409 Newar tradition, 225 Newkirk, Ingrid, 617–618 Newman, J., 497 Ngag dbang bstan ‘dzin nor bu ‘gyur med chos gyis blo gros (author), 229 Ngalalwanga (mythological dingo), 369 Niehardt, John, 376 nightingales, 171–172, 173, 174 nigoda (micro-organism), 241 non-living world, inner form of, nonconscious information processing, 491 nonhuman animals See animals noninjury See nonviolence nonviolence (ahiṃsā ), 181, 182–184, 198– 199, 245, 289n77 See also violence (hiṃsā ) and oppression Nuer people, 35, 354, 395, 404n13 Numbers: 19:1–21, 397–398; 19:8, 67; 19:10–22, 67; 22:32, 83; 28:1–8, 74 numinousness, 277, 326, 331n2, 347 Nursi, Bediuzzaman Said, 155–156 oaths, 268 objectification of animals, 105, 112, 261–263 See also pets observations of animal lives, 461, 466, 472–473, 488–489 See also specific animals Ogawa, N., 512 Ohman, A., 496 oikeiosis (community), 121 Ojha Kumhars (Asian Indian tribe), 339 Ojibwa, 378–379 Okada Takehiko, 303–305 Old MacDonald’s Factory Farm (Coats), 551, 554 Olodumare (Almighty), 353 Olton, D S., 482 omens: mice as, 413–414, 416, 417 See also divination On Divination (Cicero), 413, 418 On Dreams (Artemidorus), 419 On the Nature of Animals (Aelian), 417 On the Nature of the Gods (Cicero), 417, 419 On the Nature of Things (Lucretius), 414 On the Republic (Cicero), 414 one-sensed beings, 251 Opoku, Kofi Asare: biography of, 663; chapter authored by, 351–359; cited, 533, 535 oppression See violence (hiṃsā ) and oppression oracles See divination Oracles and Demons of Tibet (NebeskyWojkowitz), 232 orca, 33 order in Buddhist traditions, 222–223 Oregon v Smith, 494 U.S 872 (1990), 585–586 organic agriculture vs conventional agriculture, 560–561, 562, 566 Orientalism, 344–345 Origen, 105 Orissa (Asian Indian tribe), 339 Orthodox Judaism, 76n8 The Orthodox Way (Ware), 143 oru (bushland), 384–385 orubaru (Dogon male cultural leaders), 384–385 others: animals as, 41–42, 126; assimilation of, 345; dynamis of animalium as, 442; religions and, 14–15; religious significance of animals as, 43 See also objectification of animals The Others: How Animals Made Us Human (Shepard), 14, 28 Overmeier, J Bruce, 539 Ovid (Roman poet), 418 Owings, D H., 482 ownership, beauty and, ox-names of Nuer people, 35 ox officers (Chinese ritual officers), 267 oxen, as Christian emblem, 448 Pad ma gling pa (Tibetan visionary), 227–228 Padma Thang Yig (biography), 226 Padmasambhava (tantric meditation master), 224, 231 pain, 83, 121, 122 See also suffering Paleolithic art, 446 Paley, William, 52 Pāli canon (Theravāda Buddhism), 207 Palmo, Dge slong ma (Indian Buddhist nun), 225–226 pañcabali (sacrificial offering), 180 pañcagavya (five products of the cow), 180 Pañcatantra (Hindu text), 186 pangolin (King of the Beasts), 356 Panksepp, Jaak, 465, 467, 472 Paper, Jordan: biography of, 663; chapter authored by, 325–332 parasites (humans as), 420 Pāraskara (Vedic author), 196 Parrot Book (Tūtī-nāma, Nakhshabi), 155 parrots, 357 paśu-badha (animal-binding), 183–184 Passmore, John, 128n18 pastoralist ethics, 21 See also environmental ethics Patañjali (Hindu writer), 182 pate de foi gras, 87 paths, constraints on traveling, 43–44 patrilineal cultures, 327 Patton, Kimberly C.: biography of, 663; chapters authored by, 11–23, 27–39, 391–405; cited, 230; interview with Jane Goodall, 651–656 Paul, Robert A., 237n71 Paul, Saint, 95, 96 ‘‘The Peaceable Kingdom’’ (Hicks), 38n21 peacock thrones, 221 Pease, A S., 414 Pellis, Sergio, 468 Peng birds, 279 Penman, Danny, 551 People for Animals, 193n43 Pepperberg, I M., 490 perceptual consciousness See animals, in general, consciousness Persia, 171–172, 174 personal archeology, 43 personhood, indigenous perspectives on, 373–390 Peterson, Gregory R., 464, 465, 466 Petrus Comestor, 106 pets: animalium as anthropos, 447; in antiquity, 419; care of, 144; dogs as, 157; Hillman on, 36; Jainas and, 248; Judaism on, 88–89; McDaniel on, 134 Phillips, Mary, 536 Philo ( Jewish historian), 41 Philo of Alexandria, 97 Photinus (heretic), 111 phra men ma (female figures), 229 Physiologus, 106 physis (nature), 118, 126–127 Picasso Pablo, 448 pigeons, 171, 491 pigs, 70, 164–165 pimadaziwin (good life), 378–379 pinjrapoles See animals, in general, hospitals and shelters pinjrapoles (animal hospitals and shelters), 245–247 Pinker, S., 506 piṣṭa-paśu (animal effigies), 184 Plans and the Structure of Behavior (Miller et al.), 481 plants: in agricultural religio-ecologic contexts, 328; in Buddhist traditions, 214n7; Confucianism on, 302; domesticated plants, 326; Ekken on, 303; flowers and the godhead, 356; Hinduism on, 184; roses, 171–172 See also vegetarianism plastromancy, 263 Plautus (Roman playwright), 418 play (animals), 467–469, 470, 471, 653–654 See also social morality (animals) Pliny the Elder, 106, 413, 414, 415, 417 Plous, Scott, 540 Plumwood, Val, 592, 593, 594, 601 681 index pluralism, 48 Plutarch, 119, 128n11, 407, 418, 617–618 pneuma (vital and spiritual character of things), 312 Poetic Art (Horace), 415 poetry: Islamic mystical, birds in, 170–175; Muslim, 154–155, 174; Persian mystical, nightingale-rose images in, 171–172 poisons (venial sins), 219 Pompeii, House of Menander, 419 Poole, Joyce, 472, 473 Popper, Karl R., 484 popular medicine, 264 possessions (spiritual dominations), 284 Postans, Mrs., 344 postindustrial cultures, religio-ecology of, 329 Povinelli, D J., 484–485, 513 Power, T G., 467, 469 power of images, 450 The Power of Images (Freedberg), 441 power relationships, 347 See also dynamis (energy) Prabhupada, A C Bhaktivedanta Swami, 188 practical action, 133, 140–142 Prajñāpāramitā (‘‘Perfection of Wisdom’’) texts, 224 pratikramaṇa (repentance), 254 prayers, by animals, 171 praying mantis, 356 Precepts for Children (Shogaku-kun, Ekken), 303 predators, 326, 327 Preece, R., 548 prehistoric art, 29, 446 Premack, D., 484 Preston, Stephanie D., 465, 466, 471, 511, 513 Preuss, T M., 485 The Price of Meat (Penman), 551 Primatt, Humphrey, 93, 606 principle in things ( gewu), 299 private sector, Neo-Confucianism in, 299 process theology, 133, 142 processual (wuhua) cosmology, 312–313, 316–317 proof, Descartes’ preoccupation with, 118 prophetic imagination, 135 Propp, Vladimir, 430 proto-morality See social morality (animals) prototype, type and antitype, 104 proverbial wisdom, African, 353, 357–358 Proverbs 12:10, 84, 548 Psalms: 23:1, 69; 23:1–2, 75; 39:11, 111; 50:12–13, 72; 95:7, 70; 145:9, 399; 23:1–4, 548; 72–8, 548 Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, psyche (anima, soul ), 8–9 psychic space, psychology: animal-based research on, 538– 542; cognitive revolution in, 481, 482, 498; on religious experience, 431 psychopompos, 421n22 public sector, Neo-Confucianism in, 299 Puerto Rico, 237n72 ‘‘Pulling Book’’ (Yinshu shiwen), 283 punar-bhāva See rebirth punctuation, in Persian, 174 Punvro (Punvaro), 343 Purāṇas (Hindu texts), 195, 199–201 ‘‘Pure Brethren’’ (Ikhwān al-safā), 153 Pursel, V., 527 Qawā’id al-ahkām fī masālih al-anām (Rules for Judgment in the Cases of Living Beings, ibn ‘Abd al-salam), 152–153 qi (chi), 284, 285, 300, 312–315 quasi-morality See social morality (animals) Queen Mother of the West ( Xi wang mu), 261–262 Quine, Willard Van Orman, 595 Qur’ān on animal communities, 33 on animals, 150–151 chapters named for animals, 150 on humans’ responsibility to animals, 150 references to: 6:38, 167, 170–171; 16:5–6, 163; 16:8, 163; 16:68, 166; 16:68–69, 169n19; 20:52, 164; 22:36, 162; 23:22, 163; 24:41, 171; 27:16, 171; 27:18, 171; 89:27, 172 on use relationship, 163 Qushayri, ‘Abd al-Karim al-, 154 Rabanus Maurus, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112 rabbinic views on animal welfare, 83–85 Rabi’a of Basra, 154 ‘‘Race and Environmental Justice in the United States’’ (Bullard), 630 Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred R., 335 Radloff, Wilhelm, 402 Radner, D., 489, 494 Radner, M., 489, 494 Rainbow Serpent, 33 Raining Bird (Cree), 36 rainmakers, 223 rajas (energy), 185 Rajputs (Asian Indian tribes), 341–342 Ramana Maharishi (Bhagavan, the Blessed One), 183, 190 Rāmāyaṇa, 195 Randour, Mary Lou, 462 Raphals, Lisa: biography of, 663–664; chapter authored by, 275–290 Rasbih ut-Tuyur (‘‘The Rosary of the Birds’’ Sanai), 172 Rashbam (Rabbi Shmuel the son of Meir), 83 rational learning, 441, 447 rational souls, 119, 120–121 Ratnasambhava (Buddha), 220 rats, 182, 511–512, 535 The Raven Steals the Light (Reid and Bringhurst), 433n6 ravens (Corvus corax): in Asia, 425; augury and, 423–436; augury and, methodological problems of studying, 429–431; folk beliefs about, 424–425; folklore of, in northwest North America, 428; as messengers, 428, 434n11; as oracles, 431; physical description of, 424; speech of, 424, 426, 427, 432, 432n5, 432n6–433n6; Tibetan texts on, 425–427 Raymond, Nancy, 540 realities of animals importance of, 44 reason, meaning of term, 58n22 Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey (Goodall), 653 rebirth (saṃsāra): animal images of, 219; in Buddhist tradition, 208–209, 213; cycles of (saṃsāra), 182; divine kings and, 409; human-animal distinctions and, 35; of humans as animals, 17, 187–188; implications of, 185; in Jaina tradition, 241; karma and, 251; in late Vedic period, 194; negative consequences of moral agency and, 253; in Nuer myth, 354; punar-bhāva, 182; sacrifices and, 402; wrens and, 410 Recipes for Fifty-two Ailments (Wushier bingfang), 264–265, 282 The Recognition of Śakuntalā (Kālidāsa), 186 Reconstructionist Judaism, 66 Records of an Inquest in to the Spirit Realm (Soushen ji, Gan Bao), 284–285 reduplication of animal features, in Paleolithic sites, 30 Reese, D S., 414 Reform Judaism, 66 Regan, Tom: on animal interests, 125; on animal rights, 124, 130n46, 541, 542; cited, 392; sacrifice, use of term, 541; on speciesism, 127n3; on values, equality of, 553 Regenstein, L., 606, 613 Reid, Bill, 433n6 reincarnation See rebirth relational epistemé, Lakotan, 375, 376 relational souls, animals as, 136 religio-ecology, 325–332; agricultural, role of animals in, 328; of gathering-hunting cultures, 326; paradigms of, 326–330; of postindustrial cultures, 329; rise of agriculture and, 327–328; of seminomadic gathering-hunting cultures, 327 religion(s) Abrahamic, theocentric nature, 17 ancient, problem of reconstructing, 259–260 animal activists’ views on, 616–617 animal engagement, role in, 42–43 animal-friendly subtraditions, possibility of developing, 617 animal movement and, 617–618 animal symbolism in, 537 animals and: core questions of, 40–42; corollary questions, 42–43; goals of studying, 47–50 animals in, 393 art, relationship to, 441 Brahminism, 190 definition of, 30 diversity in, 134 diversity of, 134 environmental ethics and, 2, 638 (See also Earth Charter) 682 index religion(s) (continued ) evaluative role for status of animals, 42 function against temptation, 515 goals of studying, 638 in indigenous contexts, 378 intolerance in, 329 others and, 14–15 place in Western intellectual world, 11 Santería, 393, 585–587 scepticism of, by animal advocates, 617–618 science, comparison with, 534, 537 totems, 28–29, 30 See also ancient Chinese religion; Buddhism; Christianity; Confucianism; Daoism; hell; Hinduism; Islam; Jainism; Judaism; morals and morality; shamanism; souls; Sufism Religions of the World and Ecology conferences, 1, 56 Religions of the World and Ecology series, 11 religious art, animals in See art, animals in religious imagination, on attention to animal suffering, 592, 638 religious slaughter ( Judaism), 85–86 ren (humaneness), 295, 296, 298 Renfrew, Colin, 30 Report to the World Council of Churches (1998), 138–139 Rescorla, R A., 482, 496 resources, animals as See use relationship (human-animal) Ressler, R K., 609 resurrection of sacrificial victims, 399–400 retributive justice, application to animals, 92 Revelation 5:5, 106 Ṛgveda, 195, 336, 342, 400–401 Rgyud bzhi (Tibetan medical text), 225 Rice, G E., 512 Ridley, Mark, 470 Rifkin, Jeremy, 609 rightness (yi ), 294, 296 rights and interests, in speciesism debates, 124–125 See also animal rights Riley, D A., 482 Rilling, J K., 466 Rim, John A., Rime of the Ancient Mariner (Coleridge), Risalat at-tayr (Avicenna), 172 Ristau, C A., 488, 494 rites See rituals ritual immersions, 399 ritual sacrifice See ritual slaughter; sacrifices ritual slaughter: in agricultural religioecologic contexts, 327; in ancient China, 265–269; in Islam, 151; Santería animal sacrifice, 585–587; shechitah, 85–86, 96–97 See also sacrifices rituals: in agricultural religio-ecologic contexts, 327; animals in, 373–436; Confucius on, 294–295; in indigenous cultural contexts, 380–381; Mani Rimdu, 228–230; personhood and, 380; of reversal, 409; ritual purity and impurity, 67–69; stories and, 352; Tibetan consecration, 230; as ways of knowing and being known, 381–382 See also sacrifices Rivers, Joan, 596 Robbins, Jill, 391 Robbins, John, 551 Roberts, Allen, 356 Roberts, Kim: biography of, 664; chapter authored by, 605–615 robins, 407 rock art, 356–357 Rockefeller, Steven C.: biography of, 664; chapter authored by, 621–628 rodents: calcium, need for, 416 See also mice Roitblat, H L., 482 Rollin, Bernard E.: biography of, 664; chapter authored by, 519–532; cited, 520, 527, 528, 551, 553, 601 Rolls, E ., 506 Roman Questions (Plutarch), 418 Romanes, G J., 483 Romans 8:12, 103 Romans (historical civilization): houses as social structures, 419; mice and, 413–422; theft, views on, 418–419; undefined spaces, uncomfortability with, 418 Rominger, Richard, 568, 581 Rosary of the Birds (Rasbih ut-Tuyur, Sanai), 171, 172 Rose, Debbie Bird, 362 Rosen, David, 97 Rosenthal, R., 490 roses, 171–172 Ross, Elisabeth Kubler, 601–602 Rouselet, Louis, 247 royal families, African, legitimacy of, 355 Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), 607 Rta mgrin (horse-headed deity), 229 Rules for Judgment in the Cases of Living Beings (Qawā’id al-ahkām fī masālih al-anām, ibn ‘Abd al-salam), 152–153 Rumi, Jalal ad-din, 153–154, 172 Russia, raven augury in Siberia, 428 rustics, moral agency of, 296 Sabbath law, on animal welfare, 82–83, 92 Sabbatical years, 83 sacralization, process of, 68 sacramental consciousness, 143 The Sacred, 453 ‘‘Sacred and Symbolic Animals’’ (Clark), 453 Sacred Kings, 409 Sacrifice: Its Nature and Functions (Hubert and Mauss), 397 ‘‘Sacrifice in African Traditional Religions’’ (Sundermeier), 404n19 sacrifices animals as human substitutes, 35 animals as subjects of, 393 Bhāgavata Purāṇa on, 184 as boundaries in social time, 409 cults for, 267 of deities, 329 of dogs, 264 domesticated animals, 327 effigies for, 184 great sacrifice (t’ai-lao), 306n6 to horses, 340 human, vs animal, 396 killing vs., 393 The Laws of Manu on, 184 Linzey and Cohn-Sherbok on, 137 meanings of, 42 Mencius on, 330 metaphors and, 72–74 metaphysics of, 391–405 nature of death in, 68–69 pañcabali (sacrificial offering), 180 in religious traditions: ancient Chinese, 265–269; ancient Israel, 65–80; Aztec formula for, 392; biblical, context for, 66; Buddha on, 209; Confucianism on, 294–295, 297; Daoism, 277, 279, 280– 281; Dogon, 385; Hindu human sacrifice, 192n27; Hinduism, 180; Jesus on, 137; pre-Christian, principles of, 409; pre-Islamic blood sacrifices, 150; Santería, 393, 585– 587; Vedic, 183–184, 195–197, 336, 400–401; Zoroastrianism, 404n15 sacrificial appellations, 267 sacrificial exchanges, 346 selection of animals for, 71 victims of: elevation and individuation of, 397–401; eschatological dimensions of, 401–402; metaphysics of, 391–405; required perfection and ritual beautification of, 394– 396; special status, 267; voluntary cooperation of, 396–397 violence, relationship with, 65 of wrens, 406, 410–411 See also wrens, wren-hunt ritual sādhu-saṇga (association with holy persons), 188 sage (sheng ), 294 St Moling, 408 St Stephen, 408, 409–410 Saint Francis Preaching to the Birds, 455i, 456 St Francis of Assisi, 103, 453, 455i, 456 Śākyanumi (Buddha), 223 Salenter, Israel, 84 Salisbury, Joyce, 109 Salish peoples, Columbia River Plateau, 382–384 Salt, Henry S., 125, 617–618 salvation See mokṣa (mukti, liberation) Sāma Jātaka, 212 Sāmaveda (Vedic text), 196 saṃjñās, 251 saṃsāra See rebirth Samuel: 11,12:1–4, 92; 17:35, 548 San people, 356 Sanai, Hakim, 171 sanctitas murorum (sanctity of the walls), 418–419 sanctity of human life, 311 Śaṇkara, 181–182, 185–186 Santería (religion), 393, 585–587 Santos, L R., 513 683 index Sardis, 27, 37n1 Sarvodaya movement, 215n13 Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa (Vedic text), 196 sati (self-burning by widows), 401 Satires (Horace), 417 sattva (goodness), 185 Saturnalia (Macrobius), 161 Satyricon (Arbiter), 420 Savage-Rumbaugh, E S., 51, 485, 490, 493 scapulimancy, 263 Schacter, D L., 496 Schaller, G B., 467 Schmithausen, Lambert, 213 Schochet, Elijah Judah, 89, 92, 398, 548 Schoen, Allen, 474, 475 School of Mind (xinxue) (Lu-Wang School), 299 School of Principle (Cheng-Zhu School, Neo-Confucianism), 299 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 131n53 Schrempf, Mona, 224 Schuff, Sally, 569, 582 Schüssler-Fioreünza, Elisabeth, 592 Schusterman, R J., 490 Schwartz, Richard, 88 Schweitzer, Albert, 623 science distanced from ethics, 530, 534, 536, 538, xxiii ethical implications for, 461–543, 561 Frankenstein myth, 520–521, 522–524, 524–527 Kant on, 320 limitations of, 45, 463, 466–467, 475, 482, 651; animal communication and, 485, 493–494; anthropocentric, 465, 495, 538, 652; lack of objective evidence, 483, 496–497; mentophobia, 496, 498; paralytic perfectionism, 496 Okada on, 303–304 presumption of omniscience and, 463, 492 religion and, 534, 537 technology, preoccupation with, 535–536 of unity and reconciliation, need for, 475, 554, 561 vocabulary divergence, 469–470, 477 See also animal experimentation; Earth Charter scientific knowledge, 381–382 scientists, Muslim, 155 Scivias (Hildegard of Bingen), 107 Scotland: Deckan’ o’ the Wren, 407 Scriver, C R., 529 Scully, Matthew, 617 sea lions, 490 Searle, J R., 482 Sears, Paul, 638 seasonal transformations, Seattle, Chief (Suquamish tribe), 5, 9n1 Sebeok, T A., 490 Corinthians 3:6, 104 Peter 2:1, 107 sedimentation (jidian), 321 seeing, 143, 441, 442, 453 Seethl (Squamish chief ), 9n1 SEMA, Inc (laboratory), 652 Seneca (Roman philosopher), 414 senses, differing natures of, 44 sensitive imagination, 120–121 sensitive souls, 120–121, 128n18 separation: earth-heaven, 354; Freud on, 32; of human and animal worlds, 382; in ritual purification, 72 serpents See snakes servants, domestic, 419–420, 422n36 Sewall, L., 476 sexual technique literature, 282–283 Seyfarth, R M., 485, 487, 497 shahiin (falcon or eagle), 174–175 Shakespeare, William, 422n32 shamanism, 280–281, 327, 357, 375 Shan Hai Jing (‘‘Classic of Mountains and Seas’’), 281, 317, 323n18 Shang period China, 262 Shanks, D R, 496 Shanks, Niall, 538 Shao Yong, 300 shape shifting See metamorphosis Shapiro, Kenneth Joel: biography of, 664; chapter authored by, 533–543; cited, 534 shari’a (Islamic code of life), 149 Shaw, George Bernard, 617–618 shechitah (ritual slaughter), 85–86, 96–97 sheep, 295 shen (spirituality), 318 Shepard, Paul, 14, 28, 30–31 Sherira Gaon, 87 Sherman, P.M., 466 Shī’ītes, 149 Shijing (The Book of Odes, Classic of Poetry), 18, 266, 275 Shmuel the son of Meir, Rabbi (Rashbam), 83 shochet (slaughterer), 85, 86 Shogaku-kun (Precepts for Children, Ekken), 303 Shun, Kwong-loi, 314 Siberia, 428 siduan (Four Beginnings), 296, 299 siege weapons, 418 sight, in animals, Descartes on, 121–122 significance, theory of, 105 signs, in medieval Christian exegesis, 105 Sikkim, 237n66 Silberberg, A., 507 silkworms, 262 Sima Qian, 260 Sima Tan, 276 Simurgh (mythical bird), 172, 173, 174 sincerity of intention (chengyi ), 299 Singer, Peter, 158n40; on animal interests, 130n49; biography of, 664–665; cited, 469, 534, 541, 552, 553; interview with, 616–618; mentioned, 311; scepticism of religion’s role in animal protection, 617–618; speciesism, definition of, 158n40 singing See songs and singing sins, moths as representative of, 111 Siviy, S., 467 Six Dynasties texts, 283 Skandha Purāṇa (Hindu text), 200 skin color, 61n54 Skinner, B F., 483 Skutch, A F., 488 sky, separation from earth, 353–354 slaughter See ritual slaughter slavery, 52 Slobodchikoff, Con N., 433n8 The Smile of a Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions (Bekoff ), 472, 473, 477 Smith, Bruce D., 69 Smith, Huston, 11 Smith, Jonathan Z., 69, 401, 430 Smith, K R., 561 Smith, Norman Kemp, 118 snakes: in ancient Chinese religion, 262, 265; as inversions of horses, 342; in Jaina stories, 242; in Kom origin myths, 355; nāgas, 222–224, 225; rebirth, links to, 226; snake charmers and, 223 Snyder, Gary, 46, 647 social complexity hypothesis, 470 social construction, 47–48, 638 social contract between science and society, 463–464 social cooperation vs freedom See social morality (animals) social facts, 402 social justice, animals and, 591–618 social morality (animals): cooperation and fairness, 469–471; coordinated and regulated behavior, 470; evolution of, 464–465, 471; inhibitory controls, lack of, 505, 507–513 See also emotions and empathy (animals); play social play See play social structures, houses as, 419 social time, 409 Solinus, 106 Solomon, R., 469, 470 Solomon ( Jewish king), 171 Song of Songs: 2:15, 104, 107 songs and singing, 382–383, 407, 409, 410 Songs of the South (Chu ci ), 276, 280 Sorabji, Richard, 554 soul (anima, psyche), 8–9 Soul of Agriculture project, 571–581 souls: of animals, 35, 120–121, 151; ātman, 179–192; birds as symbols for, 170; degrees of, 145n15; relational, animals as, 136; sensitive, Passmore on, 128n18; soul-body dualism, Decartes’s, 120; soul travel, 280; universal, 167 The Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois), 55 Soushen houji (Further Records of an Inquest in to the Spirit Realm), 284 Soushen ji (Records of an Inquest in to the Spirit Realm, Gan Bao), 284–285 speaking animals, 150 See also language, of animals species extinction, 373 species line, problem of, 55 species sedimentation, 321 684 index speciesism: definition of, 117; Descartes and, 117–131; environmental justice and, 633–636; Regan on, 127n3; self-inflicted ignorance and, 52–53; Singer’s definition of, 158n40 See also anthropocentrism speculum (world as mirror of God), 105 speech: Dogon views of, 385–386; of ravens, 424, 426, 427, 432, 432n6–433n6, 433n5 See also communication (animals); language, of animals Spelman, Elizabeth V., 594 Spira, Henry, 617–618 spirit mediums, animals as, 263–265 The Spirit of the Soil (Thompson), 571, 573 Spirit Riders, 340, 341 spirit sickness, 383–384 spirit songs, 382–383 spirits, 9, 269 spiritual depth, 133, 143–144 spiritual liberation See mokṣa (mukti, liberation) spirituality: animal activism and, 463, 475, 550, 551, 599–600, 616–617; animal appreciation and, 461, 474, 475–477, 537–538, 565; evolution of social morality and, 464–465; shen, 318 See also religion(s) Spiro, Melford E., 211 spontaneity, 278 squirrels, 32 Sri Lanka, 215n13, 220 St John, M F., 496 starter myth, 362–363 state religions, 295, 299 Stations of the Birds See Conference of the Birds Steier, E., 414 Stein, R A., 228 Steinbeck, John, 392 Steiner, Gary: biography of, 665; chapter authored by, 117–131; cited, 325 Stephen, St., 408, 409–410 Stephen of Bourbon, 109 Sterckx, Roel: biography of, 665; chapter authored by, 259–272; mentioned, 315, 316 Stich, Stephen P., 490 stories: religious, variety of animals in, 41; withdrawal stories, 354 See also myths and mythology; narratives; proverbial wisdom, African Strabo (Greek historian), 416 Strathern, Marilyn, 380 straw dogs, 277 Strong, Maurice, 622 subjectification of animals, in Vedic traditions, 194 subjective experiences See animals, in general subjective lives subjective sedimentation, 321 subjectivities (animal), 12 subjectivity, as evolutionary principal, 645 suchness, 143 suffering: animal use and, 525–527, 535–537, 551, 560, 591; brain processes and, 493; captivity and, 514–515, 535–537, 557–558; Confucianism on, 302, 304–305; deconstruction of animal being and, 535–538, 594–602; ecofeminist frameworks of, 592–602; experience of, in Jain texts, 251–252; genetic engineering and, 527– 530; human nature and, 297; invisibility of, 592; Mencius on, 298, 318; modeling of eating disorders and, 539–541 See also cruelty to animals; use relationship (human-animal); violence (hiṃsā ) and oppression Sufism: bird symbolism in, 170; historical vegetarians in, 154; poetry, 170, 172, 174; treatises, 153–154 sumix (spirit powers), 382 Summa contra hereticos (Alan of Lille), 109 Summers, Lawrence, 630 Sundermeier, Theo, 404n19 sunna (life of Prophet Muhammad), 149 Sunnis, 149 Surabhi, 180 survival, human focus on, sutras: Ācārāṇga Sūtra ( Jaina text), 244, 248; Sutra of the Remembrance of the Good Law, 209; Tattvārtha Sūtra ( Jaina text), 248; Vedic texts, 195; Yogasūtras (Patañjali), 182 swallows, 279 swarming, 27–28 symbols and symbolism: of animals in Christianity, 448; caste system and, 186; dingos, symbolism of, 361–362; ecological situatedness and, 33; horns, animals with, 265; of horses, 277, 345– 347; in Jainism, 244–245; of robins and wrens, 407; of snakes, in ancient China, 265; symbolist mentality of medieval Christian exegetes, 105; of tombs, mice and, 416; understanding human’s use of, 50; of wolves, 106, 107, 108; of wrens, 409, 410 taboos, 208, 289n77 t’ai-lao (great sacrifice), 306n6 Taiji (Great Ultimate), 300 Taittiriīya Āaṇyaka (Vedic text), 196 Talmud, 97 tamas (darkness), 185 Tamil Nadu (Asian Indian tribe), 339 taming, domestication vs., 442 Tang, Y P., 516 Tanner, Adrian, 381 Tao Qian, 286 Targum Yanatan, 83 Tasbih at-tuyur (‘‘The Rosary of the Birds,’’ Sanai), 171 Tasmanian Tiger (thylacine), 361 Taylor, Rodney L.: biography of, 665; chapter authored by, 293–307 Tejwani, Gopi A., 540, 541 Temple of Rats, 182 Terrace, H S., 490, 492 terriers, in art, 445i, 453, 454i Terris, W., Jr., 466, 512 Thailand, 216n31, 216n35 thakuranis (clay horses), 339–340 theft, Roman views on, 418–419 theological understanding, 133, 142 theophany, dream animals as, 36 Theophrastus (Greek philosopher), 416 theory of significance, 105 Theravāda Buddhism, 207 therianthropic figures, 227, 228, 229, 317 thinking, 450 See also cognition (animals); entries beginning ‘‘mental’’ Third Lateran Council, 109, 111 Thompson, P R., 467 Thompson, Paul B., 549, 571 Thoreau, Henry David, Thornton, Gary, 570 Thorpe, W H., 483 Thrane, Linda, 569 three-sensed beings, 251 throne images, in Buddhist texts, 220–221 thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger), 361 Tian (Heaven), 294 Tianxia zhi dao tan (‘‘Discussion of the Dao of Heaven’’), 282–283 Tibet: animals in rituals in, 230–232; exiles, in India, 212–213; garuḍas, symbolism of, 227; klu (snake-like entities), 224– 226; life power, animals as seat of, 232; peacocks as transformative, 221; raven augury in, 425–427; religious dances, 228; temples in, 224; therianthropic figures in, 227–228, 229; Yarlung dynasty, 231 Tibetan Religious Dances (NebeskyWjkowitz), 228 tigers, 262, 281 time, social, sacrifices as boundaries in, 409 Tinbergen, Niko, 467, 483 Tingle, D., 609 tiracchānakathā (animal talk, low conversation), 208 Tīrthaṅkaras ( Jinas, enlightened ones), 244, 250 Titian, 448 Tlingit, Raven and, 428 To a God Unknown (Steinbeck), 392 ‘‘To a Mouse’’ (Burns), 415 To Cherish All Life (Kapleau), 617 toads, 261, 262 Tolman, E C., 483 Tomasello, Michael, 467, 513 Tomba del Topolino, 416 Tomba della Olimpiadi, 416 tombs, 270n6, 416 Torah, 81–83 Toronto, Canada, 328 Totemism (Lévi-Strauss), 30 totems, 28–29, 30 trade routes, in Aboriginal myth, 364, 365–366 traditional animal care values See animal welfare; environmental ethics traditional Chinese medicine, 286 Train, Russell, 613 transformations: anomalies and, 284; ‘cham and, 227–228; consecration rituals and, 230; Daoist views on, 286; dragons and, 685 index 283; in Inuit belief system, 34; jackals into horses, 342; Leizi on, 279; natural and anomalous, 284–285; in San mythology, 356; shamanic animal lore and, 280; in Tibetan Buddhist traditions, 221; wuhua cosmology and, 312–315; Zhuangzi on, 279, 313–314 transitions, animism and understanding of, 380 translations, problems of, 96 transmigration See rebirth transport, animals as, 283 Treatise of Man (Descartes), 119 Treatise on Curiosities of Zhang Hua (Bowuzhi ), 284 trees, 212, 223 tricksters, 361, 428 Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacarita, 252 Trobriand Islanders, 396–397 tsa’ar ba’alei chayim (kindness to animals), 85, 86, 87, 88, 91 tsunamis, animal response to, 32 Tu Wei-ming, 317, 322 Tucker, Mary Evelyn: biography of, 665; essay in this volume, 1–3, 645–647 Turner, D H., 362 Turner, Victor, 66, 228, 413, 415 turtles, 263 Tūtī-nāma (Parrot Book, Nakhshabi), 155 Tuva (Russian federated republic), 428 Twelfth-Century Renaissance, 104 two-sensed beings, 251 typology, as used by medieval exegetes, 104 Umbulka (mythological dingo), 362, 366–367, 368 uncleanliness, ancient Israelite concept of, 398 Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color (Bullard), 630 ‘‘Uniting Yin and Yang’’ (He yin yang), 282–283 unity, in Confucianism, 301–303, 304 universal empathy, 181 Universal Soul (Nafs-i Kull ), 167 universe, 5–6, 8, 224, 645–646 Untouchables (Harijans, Dalits), 338–339 Upāli Sutta, 212 Upaniṣads (Vedic texts), 195 urbanization, 328 U.S Agriculture Trade Update (USDA), 569 U.S legal system, 585–587, 632, 640–641n11 U.S Supreme Court, ruling on Santería, 585–587 use relationship (human-animal): activist response and, 463; Aquinas on, 137; Aristotle on, 122; Berry on, 8; Catholic Catechism on, 54; in Daoism, 279, 281– 282; eating animals, debate on, 554, 591; of horses, 336, 338; in Jewish tradition, 81–90, 548; in modern society, 526– 527, 535, 539–541, 550, 554; pastoralist, 547–549, 554; pastoralist, and problems of modern animal producers, 549–550, 552–553, 554; in Qur’ān, 162 See also bioethics; meat, eating of; vegetarianism Vairocana (Buddha), 220 Vaiṣṇava, Gauḍīya, 186 Vaitaranī (river), 180 Vajravārāhī (female Buddha form), 229–230 Valen, Gary L.: biography of, 665–666; chapter authored by, 568–582 van Beek, Walter E A., 387 Van der Steen, W J., 488 van Eyck, Jan, 453, 454i Van Rooijen, J., 493 Vargas, Ivette M.: biography of, 666; chapter authored by, 218–237 Varia Historia (Aelian), 413 Vasisṭḥa (Vedic sage), 196, 197, 202n20 Vaswani, Kuldeep, 540, 541 Vauclair, J., 482 Vayikra Rabba, 83–84 veal calves, factory farming of, 87, 96 Vedas, 180, 195 Vedic period, 183–184, 195, 336, 400–402 Vegan: The New Ethics of Eating (Marcus), 551 vegetarianism: ātmans and, 194; animal sacrifice and, 73–74; Bhiṣma on, 199; of early Sufis, 154; health benefits of, 159n62; Izzi Dien on, 156; Jainism and, 253; Judaism on, 87–88, 97–98; in modern world, 557, 598–599; Muhaiyadeen on, 156; Muslim views on, 155, 156–157; nonviolence in Hinduism and, 184; parallels with religious commitment, 55; in post-Vedic India, 194–203; in Sri Lanka, 215n13 See also meat, eating of vehicles, animals used as, 226–227 Vehrencamp, S L., 482 Velmans, M., 491 vengeance, 397, 408 Vergil (Roman poet), 414 Vessantara, Prince (fict.), 210 Vijayanagar (Asian indian tribe), 340 Vinaya (Theravāan text), 209 vineyards, ravaged, symbolism of, 107, 109 violence (hiṃsā ) and oppression: abuse’s connection with other forms of, 141; child victims, 605, 607, 610; crime statistics, 605, 610; gender roles, 607– 608, 609; of humans, link with animal oppression, 15; pervasive in modern society, 605, 635–636; power and control vs empathy in, 608–609; protective organizations for children and women, 606–607, 610, 613; religious teachings and, 606–607, 608, 634, 641n18; serial killings and school shootings, 609–610; species line problem and, 55; women victims, 605, 607–608, 610, 611–613; Yoga on, 182–183 See also cruelty to animals; environmental justice; nonviolence; sacrifices; suffering virtual reality, 329 Vischer, Lukas, 138 vision in animals, Descartes on, 121–122 vitalism, 377, 485, 492, 493 vivisection, 123 vocalizations, behavior and, 424 The Voice of the Infinite in the Small (Lausch), Voltaire (Franỗois Marie Arouet), 9293 volunteerism, Maoist, 320 von Simson, Otto, 442, 445–446, 447 votive objects, 339–340 Vyāsa (Hindu commentator), 182–183 Waghorne, Joanne, 343 Wagner, A.R., 482 wakan (sacredness, Lakota concept), 374 Waldau, Paul: biography of, 666; chapters authored by, 11–23, 40–61, 629–642; cited, 585; interview with Jane Goodall, 651–656; interview with Peter Singer, 616–618 Waldensians, 104, 107, 109 Walens, Stanley, 30, 33 Walers (horses), 336 Walker, S., 487 Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew, 419 walls, 417–418 Wan Zi-jun, 403n7 Wananda (mythological dingo), 369 Wang Mang (emperor, China), 267 Wang Yangming (Confucian philosopher), 302–303 Warawini (writer), 155 Ware, Kalistos, 133, 138, 143 Warner, W L., 363 Warramiri (Aboriginals), 367 Warren, Karen J., 592, 593 Warring States (China), texts of See Guanzi; Zhuangzi warriors in agricultural-based communities, 327 Washburn, Margaret Floy, 463 Wasserman, E A., 491 Waswanipi Cree, 376–377 water rights, 153 Watson, J B., 486, 495 Way (dao), 276 WCTU See Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) weapons, 418 weasels, 419 weavers, in Bengal, 343, 349n72 Webster, J., 551 Wechlin, S., 466, 512 Wegman, William, 453 Wei, F., 516 Weil, Simone, 591, 592, 594, 601 Weldon, C D., 444445 Wemelsfelder, Franỗoise, 488, 535 Wen Yiduo, 318 Wesley, Charles and John, 606 Wesley, John, 138 West: art history, animalium vs anthropos and, 439–457; civilization of, 446; intellectual tradition, 629, 633–635; interior communion, loss of, 9; religious history, developmentalist theory of, 448, 450; Western tradition, exclusivism of, 50 See also anthropocentrism; speciesism 686 index West Bengal, India, 339 whaling, 329 Wheeler, Etta, 607 White, David Gordon, 30 White, E B., 398 White, Lynn, 129n24, 547, 548 white, symbolism of, 344–345 White Buffalo Calf Woman, 376 white elephants, 214n4 white tigers, 262 Whiten, A., 489 Why the Wild Things Are: Animals in the Lives of Children (Melson), 31, 599 wichasha wakan (healing personality), 374 Widengren, Geo, 168n3 wild animals, 143–144, 277, 278, 327–328, 417 See also domesticated animals wild justice, 464–465, 469–472 wilderness, development of concept of, 327 Wiley, Kristi L.: biography of, 666; chapter authored by, 250–255 Williams, Bernard, 122 Williams, G C., 491–492 Williams, N M., 362 Wilson, David Sloan, 468–469 Wilson, Horace Hayman, 345 Wilson, Mary Ellen, 607 Winkler, Jakob, 224 Winter Dances (Salish-speaking peoples), 382–384 wisdom (zhi ), 296 Wise, Steven M.: biography of, 666; chapter authored by, 585–587 witches, animal familiars and, 351 withdrawal stories, 354 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 124, 125, 335 Woei Lie Chong, 320 Wolff, H., 541 wolves: as group-living animals, 470; illustrations of, 108; Leopold and, 6–7, 8; medieval symbolism of, 106, 107, 108; Midgley on, 52 womb-born animals (garbhaja), 254n1 women: Dogon mask festival and, 386, 387; ecofeminism and vocabulary of devaluation, 596; gu poisoning and, 288n38; protective organizations for, 606–607, 610, 613; as victims of violence and oppression, 605, 607–608, 610 See also ecofeminism Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 607 Woodruff, G., 484 Woolf, N J., 497 word magic, 268 work, Dogon understanding of, 385 world, animals’ perceptual encounter with, 126 World Charter for Nature (1982), 625 World Food Summit (Rome 1996), 569 world of symbols (‘alam-i mirthal ), 172 World Religions and Animals conference, 1–2 World Trade Organization (WTO), 558, 559, 570 wounding, in shamanism, 375 Wren Boys, 407 wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes): Christ and, 408, 410; Deckan’ o’ the Wren, 407; Druids’ reverence for, 406; French customs concerning, 407; as Judas, 408; magic of, 410; narratives on, 406–407; rebirth and, 410; symbolism of, 409, 410; wren-hunt ritual, 407–411; wren songs, 407, 409, 410 Wright, David P., 68 writing, Chinese, origins of, 263 WTO See World Trade Organization (WTO) wu (spirit mediums), 280 Wu Ti (Chinese Emperor), 210 wuhua (processual) cosmology, 312–313, 316–317 Wushier bingfang (‘‘Recipes for Fifty-two Ailments’’), 264–265, 282 Wyers, Everett, 537 Wyngaarden, J B., 530 Xenophanes, 335 Ximing (Western Inscription), 301 Xin dynasty, China, 267 xing (human nature), 296–297, 319 Xuan, Emperor (China), 262 Xunzi (Cofucian thinker), 298–299, 319 Xunzi (Confucian text), 322 Yajñavalkya Smṛti (Vedic text), 197 yaks, 228, 230–231 Yarlung Dynasty (Tibet), 231 Yaśodhara, 242–244 Yehudah, Rabbi, 88 Yeshodei ha-Torah (Luzzatto), 84 Yeutter, Clayton, 570 yi (rightness), 294, 296 Yijing (Book of Changes), 263 yin-yang, 300 Yinshu shiwen (‘‘Pulling Book’’), 283 Yirritja moiety, 362, 363–364 Yi Yua (Garden of Marvels), 284 Yoga, 182–183 Yogasūtras (Patañjali), 182 Yogavāsiṣṭha, 182 Yolngu (Aboriginal people), 360, 362 Yoruba, 353 young, premature deaths of, 395 Ysengrinus, 113n4 Yudhiṣṭhira (son of Dharma), 188, 198–199 Yunnan China, 427, 428 Zaban-i murghan See Conference of the Birds Zahan, Dominique, 354 Zawitz, M., 607 Zaynab (early Sufi), 154 Zhang Heng, 264 Zhang Zai, 301 zhi (wisdom), 296 zhiguai (anomaly) literature, 284–285 zhixing heyi (unity of knowledge and action), 302–303 Zhong-yong (Great Learning), 322 Zhou Dunyi, 300, 302 Zhou period (China), 266 Zhu Baotian, 435n26 Zhu Xi, 300–301 Zhuangzi (Chinese text), 276, 279–280, 312–313 Zhuangzi (Zhuang Zhou, Chinese philosopher), 268–269, 276, 277–279, 313 Zigong (disciple of Confucius), 294–295 zoolatry See ancient Chinese religion, animals as objects of worship; objectification of animals zoology, Muslim scientists, 155 zoomorphism, 261 See also therianthropic figures zoos, 55 Zusya, Rabbi, 84 ... excluding heavenly beings and hell-beings) It focuses on the common experience of pleasure and pain of fivesensed rational animals and humans, of animals and humans as moral agents, and the basic instincts... Landscape of ‘? ?Religion and Animals? ??’ paul waldau 40 PART II Animals in Abrahamic Traditions Judaism Sacrifice in Ancient Israel: Pure Bodies, Domesticated Animals, and the Divine Shepherd jonathan klawans... of animals as subjects and objects in early Chinese sacrificial religion. We examine the question of zoolatry in early China, the role of animals as mediums, and the use of animal victims in sacrifice