the mit press scientific collaboration on the internet nov 2008

> > SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION ON THE INTERNET ZY^iZYWn<VgnB#Dahdc!6ccO^bbZgbVc!VcYCVi]Vc7dh [dgZldgYWnL^aa^Vb6#Lja[ Scientific Collaboration on the Internet Acting with Technology Bonnie Nardi, Victor Kaptelinin, and Kirsten Foot, editors Tracing Genres through Organizations: A Sociocultural Approach to Information Design, Clay Spinuzzi, 2003 Activity-Centered Design: An Ecological Approach to Designing Smart Tools and Usable Systems, Geri Gay and Helene Hembrooke, 2004 The Semiotic Engineering of Human Computer Interaction, Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza, 2004 Group Cognition: Computer Support for Building Collaborative Knowledge, Gerry Stahl, 2006 Acting with Technology: Activity Theory and Interaction Design, Victor Kaptelinin and Bonnie A. Nardi, 2006 Web Campaigning, Kirsten A. Foot and Steven M. Schneider, 2006 Scientific Collaboration on the Internet, Gary M. Olson, Ann Zimmerman, and Nathan Bos, editors, 2008 Scientific Collaboration on the Internet edited by Gary M. Olson, Ann Zimmerman, and Nathan Bos The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England ( 2008 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. For information about special quantity discounts, please e-mail hspecial_sales@mitpress.mit.edui This book was set in Stone Serif and Stone Sans on 3B2 by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong. Printed on recycled paper and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scientific collaboration on the Internet / edited by Gary M. Olson, Ann Zimmerman, and Nathan Bos ; foreword by William A. Wulf. p. cm. — (Acting with technology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-15120-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Science—Computer network resources. 2. Internet. I. Olson, Gary M. II. Zimmerman, Ann, 1962– III. Bos, Nathan. Q182.7.S36 2008 507.2—dc22 2008007300 10987654321 Contents Foreword by William A. Wulf ix Preface xi Introduction 1 Gary M. Olson, Nathan Bos, and Ann Zimmerman I The Contemporary Collaboratory Vision 13 1 E-Science, Cyberinfrastructure, and Scholarly Communication 15 Tony Hey and Anne Trefethen 2 Cyberscience: The Age of Digitized Collaboration? 33 Michael Nentwich II Perspectives on Distributed, Collaborative Science 51 3 From Shared Databases to Communities of Practice: A Taxonomy of Collaboratories 53 Nathan Bos, Ann Zimmerman, Judith S. Olson, Jude Yew, Jason Yerkie, Erik Dahl, Daniel Cooney, and Gary M. Olson 4 A Theory of Remote Scientific Collaboration 73 Judith S. Olson, Erik C. Hofer, Nathan Bos, Ann Zimmerman, Gary M. Olson, Daniel Cooney, and Ixchel Faniel 5 Collaborative Research across Disciplinary and Organizational Boundaries 99 Jonathon N. Cummings and Sara Kiesler III Physical Sciences 119 6 A National User Facility That Fits on Your Desk: The Evolution of Collaboratories at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 121 James D. Myers 7 The National Virtual Observatory 135 Mark S. Ackerman, Erik C. Hofer, and Robert J. Hanisch 8 High-Energy Physics: The Large Hadron Collider Collaborations 143 Erik C. Hofer, Shawn McKee, Jeremy P. Birnholtz, and Paul Avery 9 The Upper Atmospheric Research Collaboratory and the Space Physics and Aeronomy Research Collaboratory 153 Gary M. Olson, Timothy L. Killeen, and Thomas A. Finholt 10 Evaluation of a Scientific Collaboratory System: Investigating Utility before Deployment 171 Diane H. Sonnenwald, Mary C. Whitton, and Kelly L. Maglaughlin IV Biological and Health Sciences 195 11 The National Institute of General Medical Sciences Glue Grant Program 197 Michael E. Rogers and James Onken 12 The Biomedical Informatics Research Network 221 Judith S. Olson, Mark Ellisman, Mark James, Jeffrey S. Grethe, and Mary Puetz 13 Three Distributed Biomedical Research Centers 233 Stephanie D. Teasley, Titus Schleyer, Libby Hemphill, and Eric Cook 14 Motivation to Contribute to Collaboratories: A Public Goods Approach 251 Nathan Bos V Earth and Environmental Sciences 275 15 Ecology Transformed: The National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis and the Changing Patterns of Ecological Research 277 Edward J. Hackett, John N. Parker, David Conz, Diana Rhoten, and Andrew Parker 16 The Evolution of Collaboration in Ecology: Lessons from the U.S. Long-Term Ecological Research Program 297 William K. Michener and Robert B. Waide vi Contents 17 Organizing for Multidisciplinary Collaboration: The Case of the Geosciences Network 311 David Ribes and Geoffrey C. Bowker 18 NEESgrid: Lessons Learned for Future Cyberinfrastructure Development 331 B. F. Spencer Jr., Randal Butler, Kathleen Ricker, Doru Marcusiu, Thomas A. Finholt, Ian Foster, Carl Kesselman, and Jeremy P. Birnholtz VI The Developing World 349 19 International AIDS Research Collaboratories: The HIV Pathogenesis Program 351 Matthew Bietz, Marsha Naidoo, and Gary M. Olson 20 How Collaboratories Affect Scientists from Developing Countries 365 Airong Luo and Judith S. Olson Conclusion Final Thoughts: Is There a Science of Collaboratories? 377 Nathan Bos, Gary M. Olson, and Ann Zimmerman Contributors 395 Index 399 Contents vii Foreword In 1988, I was offered the extraordinary opportunity to serve as an assistant director of the National Science Foundation (NSF), and be in charge of the Directorate of Com- puter and Information Science and Engineering (CISE). At the time, CISE was responsi- ble for funding computer science and engineering research, but it also ran the National Supercomputer Centers and NSFnet. 1 Several months elapsed between the time when I was offered the job and when I was able to actually assume it—months that afforded me the chance to think about what I should try to accomplish in the two years I expected to hold the job. It was then that the notion of leveraging the entire scientific enterprise with networking came to me. The idea was that we could both expand and improve research in all fields by provid- ing remote access to colleagues, instrumentation, data, and computation. In 1989, Josh Lederberg, Nobelist and president of Rockefeller University, hosted a small workshop where we both tested and fleshed out the initial idea, and then wrote the report that was the guiding road map for subsequent work. The word collaboratory (an amalgam of collaboration and laboratory) was invented later, and not by me, but the concept it describes has changed remarkably little from the initial one of 1988–1999. I was com- pletely naive, however, about how hard achieving the vision would be—as is shown by the successes and difficulties documented in the present volume. In addition to the specifics of the various collaboratories depicted here, I am in- trigued by the final chapter’s question: Is there a ‘‘science of collaboratories’’? Perhaps there is a reason why it has been hard to consistently achieve the original simple vision, and perhaps understanding that reason can be discovered using the scientific method. I hope so. I have a deep conviction that the goal of that vision is worthy of pursuit! My thanks to the authors and editors of this volume for succinctly capturing the state of the art and science of collaboratories, and especially for doing so in an honest and balanced way. William A. Wulf Professor, University of Virginia President emeritus, National Academy of Engineering [...]... France, the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and the SURF Foundation in the Netherlands, the Joint Information Systems Committee ( JISC) in the United Kingdom, and CERN and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Switzerland as well as many other international organizations and universities The Berlin meeting followed in the footsteps of one convened in Budapest by the Open... survey was the importance of not only integrating the repository into the process of serving the university’s current research management needs but also integrating the deposit process into the researchers’ work practice In the case of Southampton, one of the crucial requirements for the institutional repository is the ability to record publications for use by the university, the department, the research... international collaborations: worldwide the proportion of scientific papers with international coauthors grew from 7 to 17 percent from 1986 to 1999 (National Science Foundation 2002) Another indicator of the growth in collaboration is an increase in multi-investigator grant proposals An example of this can be found in the steady climb in the number of awards made by the National Science Foundation (NSF)... several other subfields of physics, mathematics, computer science, and quantitative biology.5 This mode of publication leads to many headaches for librarians: the proliferation of versions—e-prints, preprints, postprints, and so on along with the confusion about the precise date of ‘‘publication’’ are all areas of concern From the scientific point of view, these issues may seem trivial—since there is... of the projects they are describing, and the book contains numerous insights as to these authors’ strategies and perceptions The book is divided into six parts, and we will overview each in turn Part I: The Contemporary Collaboratory Vision As we noted earlier, the contemporary vision of distributed, scientific collaboration is of ever-larger scales The volume opens with two chapters that reflect the. .. Council, Committee on Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research 2004 Facilitating interdisciplinary research Washington, DC: National Academies Press National Science Foundation 2002 Science and engineering indicators, 2002 Washington, DC: National Science Foundation Nentwich, M 2003 Cyberscience: Research in the age of the Internet Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press Olson, G M., and J S Olson 2000... together because there are questions they want to investigate that they cannot undertake alone In addition, funding agencies, which must respond to the needs of society and the political environment, have encouraged collaborative research Fortunately, cost-effective and reliable ICTs have made it possible for scientists to put together more long-distance collaborations than ever before Whereas in the. .. through these chapters that are independent of discipline; these are explored in the opening chapters and the conclusion One reason for the common themes that emerge across the chapters is that the authors were encouraged to address the following questions and topics, particularly in those chapters that are case studies of specific collaboratories: Successes: What success stories are related to the collaboratory?... NSFnet was the expansion of the old ARPAnet and the immediate predecessor of the current Internet It was only accessible by researchers and not the general public Preface As described in the introduction, the work included in this volume was in one way or another associated with the Science of Collaboratories (SOC) project headquartered at the University of Michigan’s School of Information We review... this collection is to think of each one as extending previous science along a particular dimension The National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, as Edward Hackett and his colleagues depict it in chapter 15, extended ecology beyond single principal investigator 10 Olson, Bos, and Zimmerman efforts by bringing them together within the same institution Chapter 16 looks at the Long Term Ecological . Nathan Bos, editors, 2008 Scientific Collaboration on the Internet edited by Gary M. Olson, Ann Zimmerman, and Nathan Bos The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England ( 2008 Massachusetts. readers. There are many threads running through these chapters that are independent of discipline; these are explored in the opening chapters and the conclusion. One reason for the common themes. hspecial_sales@mitpress .mit. edui This book was set in Stone Serif and Stone Sans on 3B2 by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong. Printed on recycled paper and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress