mind as machine a history of cognitive science two-volume set aug 2006

Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, Volume 1&2 MARGARET A BODEN Oxford University Press MIND AS MACHINE This page intentionally left blank MIND AS MACHINE A History of Cognitive Science MARGARET A BODEN VOLUME CLARENDON PRESS · OXFORD 2006 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 2 6 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York  Margaret A Boden 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Boden, Margaret A Mind as machine : a history of cognitive science / Margaret A Boden p cm Includes bibliographical references and indexes ISBN-13: 978–0–19–924144–6 (alk paper) ISBN-10: 0–19–924144–9 (alk paper) Cognitive science—History I Title BF311.B576 2006 153.09—dc22 2006011795 Typeset by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn, Norfolk ISBN 0–19–929237–X 978–0–19–929237–0 (Volume 1) ISBN 0–19–924144–9 978–0–19–924144–6 (Set) 10 For Ruskin and Claire, Jehane and Alex, and Byron, Oscar, and Lukas —and in memory of Drew Gartland-Jones (1964–2004) This page intentionally left blank Tell me where is fancy bred? Or in the heart or in the head? How begot, how nourished? (William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice,  ii) What a piece of work is a man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculty! in form and moving, how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world! the paragon of animals! (William Shakespeare, Hamlet,  ii) Even Clerk Maxwell, who wanted nothing more than to know the relation between thoughts and the molecular motions of the brain, cut short his query with the memorable phrase, ‘‘but does not the way to it lie through the very den of the metaphysician, strewn with the bones of former explorers and abhorred by every man of science?’’ Let us peacefully answer the first half of this question ‘‘Yes,’’ the second half ‘‘No,’’ and then proceed serenely Our adventure is actually a great heresy We are about to conceive of the knower as a computing machine (Warren McCulloch 1948: 143) This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of friends and colleagues have made constructive comments on various parts of the manuscript, and I’d like to thank them here I’m grateful to them all—none of whom, of course, is responsible for any errors that remain Some have read one or more entire chapters, and I’m especially obliged to them: Jane Addams Allen, Jack Copeland, Paul Harris, Inman Harvey, Gerry Martin, Pasha Parpia, Geoff Sampson, Elke Schreckenberg, Aaron Sloman, and Chris Thornton Many others have checked individual sections or part-sections, or sent me their published and/or unpublished papers, or provided other helpful information The book has been hugely improved by their input Accordingly, I thank Igor Alexander, John Andreae, Michael Arbib, Alan Baddeley, Simon Baker, Paul Ballonoff, Nicole Barenbaum, Eileen Barker, Jerome Barkow, Horace Barlow, Daniel Bobrow, Robert Boyd, Pascal Boyer, Jerome Bruner, Alan Bundy, David Burraston, Ronald Chrisley, Patricia Churchland, Dave Cliff, Rob Clowes, Harold Cohen, Kate Cornwall-Jones, Kerstin Dautenhahn, Paul Davies, Dan Dennett, Zoltan Dienes, Ezequiel di Paolo, Jim Doran, Stuart Dreyfus, Shimon Edelman, Ernest Edmonds, Roy Ellen, Jeffrey Elman, Edward Feigenbaum, Uta Frith, Drew GartlandJones, Gerald Gazdar, Zoubin Ghahramani, Gerd Gigerenzer, Peter Gray, Richard Gregory, Richard Grimsdale, Stephen Grossberg, Derek Guthrie, Timothy Hall, Patrick Hayes, Douglas Hofstadter, Owen Holland, Keith Holyoak, Eric Horvitz, Buz Hunt, Phil Husbands, Edwin Hutchins, Steve Isard, Lewis Johnson, Phil Johnson-Laird, Bill Keller, David Kirsh, Janet Kolodner, Bob Kowalski, David Kronenfeld, Ben Kuipers, Mike Land, Pat Langley, Ronald Lemmen, Nigel Llewellyn, Aaron Lynch, John McCarthy, Thorne McCarty, Drew McDermott, Alan Mackworth, Matt Mason, John Maynard Smith, Wolfe Mays, Stephen Medcalf, Ryszard Michalski, Marvin Minsky, Steve Mithen, Gunalan Nadarajan, Mike O’Shea, Andras Pellionisz, David Perkins, Tony Prescott, Victor Raskin, Jasia Reichardt, Graham Richards, Peter Richerson, Edwina Rissland, Edmund Robinson, Yvonne Rogers, Oliver Selfridge, Marek Sergot, Anil Seth, Mike Sharples, Bradd Shore, Aaron Sloman, Karen Sparck Jones, Bob Stone, Doron Swade, Henry Thompson, Larry Trask, Brian Vickers, Des Watson, Barbara Webb, Michael Wheeler, Blay Whitby, Yorick Wilks, Peter Williams, Terry Winograd, David Young, Lofti Zadeh, and John Ziman In addition, I have profited immeasurably from the stimulating intellectual environment of the interdisciplinary Centre for Research in Cognitive Science (formerly the School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences) at the University of Sussex Indeed, many of the names just listed are/were among my colleagues there Celia McInnes has patiently put my bibliography items into the required format, printed out countless draft chapters, and for the ten years that I have been working on this project has helped to keep me as near to sanity as I ever manage Peter Momtchiloff and Laurien Berkeley of OUP, and Jacqueline Korn of David Higham Associates, have been very helpful too Peter, in particular, has offered a rare degree of intellectual understanding, common sense, and (not least) patience NAME INDEX Dilthey, W 25 Dinneen, G P 705–6 d’Inverno, M 1041, 1044 Di Paolo, E A 1044–6, 1215, 1325–7, 1328, 1332 DiSessa, A 820, 1007 Disraeli, B 141 Djerassi, C 795 Dominey, P F 1175 Donald, M J 1233 Doran, J E 927 Dover, G 1264 Doyle, J 1005, 1011, 1109 Drebbel, C 199 Drescher, G L 494 Dretske, F I 1187 Dreyfus, H L 80, 686, 713, 855, 857–8, 921, 1105, 1401 on AI 838–43, 846–9, 852, 944, 1108, 1395–7 and chess programs 15, 840, 841, 842 on connectionism 986 criticisms of 844–6, 847, 853 on emotions 382–3 and NLP 677 on VR 1098, 1412–13 see also Pagels et al 848, 1017 Dreyfus, S 1412–13 Dreyfus, S E 839, 843, 844, 848, 921, 986, 1105, 1108 Driesch, H A E 104–5 Duda, W L., see Rochester et al 279–80, 281 Duncker, K 249, 252 Durham, W H 560, 562, 570 ´ Durkheim, E 573, 576 Duscherer, K 308 Dusser de Barenne, J g 184 Dyer, M G 691–2 Dyson, F J 1446 Ebbinghaus, H 128 Eccles, J C 117, 394, 1146, 1223, 1337–8 Eckert, J P 162 Edelman, G M 1200–2, 1203, 1203–4, 1231; see also Pearson et al 1202 Edelman, S 456, 593, 667–8 Edmonds, E A 1090–1 Edwards, P 1305, 1398 Edwards, P N 27, 35, 234, 286, 828–9, 833, 834, 836, 1319 Egholm, M., see Nielson et al 1324–5 Eigen, M 1284 Einstein, A 248, 640–1 Eisenhower, D D 824, 829–30 Elcock, E W 815 Elizabeth of Bohemia 77 Ellen, R F 524, 525 Elman, J L 967–9, 993, 998 Emmet, D xl, 1346 Engelbart, D C 309–10, 726–7, 728–9, 800–1 1617 Enquist, M 553 Erdelyi, M H 308 Erdi, P 1176; see also Arbib et al 1175, 1215 Ernst, G W 685 Estes, W K 284 Evans, G 994, 996 Evans, T G 1060 Eysenck, H J 244 Fagg, A H., see M A Lewis et al 1173 Fahlman, S E 757–8, 779, 979 Faisal, A A 1257 Farley, B G 886, 895–6 Farringdon, J., see Cooper et al (1995, 1996) 978 Faught, J 595, 618 Fechner, G 128 Feigenbaum, E A 356, 713, 722, 737, 853, 875 Computers and Thought 357, 736–7, 742 and CYC 1007, 1008–9, 1010 and DENDRAL 795, 796, 812 EMYCIN 798 EPAM 327, 357, 759–60 on Fifth Generation computers 874, 876–7, 878 and funding 835–6, 876–7, 1008 Handbook of AI 738 and military grants 835–6 on Robinson 752 see also Buchanan et al 796–7 Feigl, H 1338–9, 1344 Feinstein, B., see Libet et al (1979) 1223 Feldman, J A 713, 722, 736, 742, 934, 356, 357, 839, 1206 Feldman, M 560 Fernel, J 59, 78 Ferri, F., see Luisi et al (forthcoming) 1324 Festinger, L 10, 376–7 Fikes, R E 753, 754, 773 Finkel, L H., see Pearson et al 1202 Firth, J R 655 Fischer, M D 530 Fisher, M 389 Fitt, S 700 Flamm, K 828 Flanagan, J R., see Wolpert et al 901 Fleck, J 37, 871–2 Flew, A G N 578 Flores, F 686, 856–7, 1399 Flowers, B 869 Flowers, T 159 Floyd, R 812 Flugel, J C 244 Fodor, J A 414, 427, 495, 534, 591, 595, 991, 1185, 1358, 1389, 1412 on affordances 470 and analogies 499, 1060–1 on computational psychology 423, 424 and conceptual thought 437 on consciousness 1229, 1382 1618 NAME INDEX Fodor, J A (continued) on functionalism 1361, 1362–3, 1369–74 on modularity 481–2, 484–5, 1375 and PDP 989–90 on perception 1374 semantic theory 653–4 on S–R correlations 418 Fogel, L J 1275 Fontaine, N 72 Forster, E M 883 Fortes, M 580 Fossey, D 476 Forster, E M 1081 Foster, J M 805, 814; see also Elcock et al 815 Foster, M 114 Fowler, T 166 Fox, J 978 Fox Keller, E 1303, 1437 Frackowiak, R S J., see Silbersweig et al 1227 Franklin, J 837 Franks, B 975–6 Fraser, C M 1323 Frazer, J G 573, 575 Fredkin, E 733, 1309, 1354; see also Boilen et al 733, 735 Freeman, W J 1195, 1196 Frege, G 122–3 Freud, A 243 Freud, S xlvi, 129, 242–4, 299, 358, 387, 409, 574, 576 Freyd, J J 1185 Frick, F C 287 Friedman, G 1275 Frisch, A 747 Frith, C D 491; see also Cahill et al 1227; Silbersweig et al 1227 Frith, U 490, 491, 500, 1338 Frude, N 1092, 1094, 1095, 1096 Fry, D P 308 Fulford, K W 394 Funahashi, K.-I 1328 Funder, D C 451 Funge, J 1320 Funt, B V 1027–8 Galambos, R 293 Galanter, E xliv, 336, 337–43; see also G A Miller et al (MGP) 10, 398–9, 403 Galileo Galilei 22, 59, 1418 Gallagher, J G 1329 Gallistel, C 483, 1213–14 Gallwey, W T 1078 Galvani, L 107 Gandy, R 171, 1351 Gardner, B T 478–9 Gardner, H 352, 363, 522, 534, 627 Gardner, M 983 Gardner, R A 478–9 Gardner-Medwin, A R 1209 Garfinkel, H 312 Garner, W R 287 Gartland-Jones, A 1057, 1059 Garvey, T D., see Tenenbaum et al 791 Gascon, J 493 Gazdar, G J M 648, 660–3, 664, 665, 666, 681, 696 Gazzaniga, M S 1110, 1221 Geach, P T 1410, 1433 Geertz, C 517, 531–4, 541, 542, 573, 1405 Gehring, W J 613 Gelatt, C D., see Kirkpatrick et al 949 Gelernter, H L 333, 708–10, 805 Gellner, E 22, 538, 573–4 Genesereth, M R 1041 ´ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E 101, 102 Georghiou, L., see Guy et al 872 Gerard, R 329 Gerber, E R 528 Gerberich, C L., see Gelernter et al 708 Gergen, K J 1098 Gerstenhaber, M 337 Gessler, N 538, 539 Ghahramani, Z 1177, 1184–5, 1213; see also Wolpert et al 901, 1184 Gibbon, J 1214 Gibson, E J 468 Gibson, J J 257, 430, 451, 466–9, 470–1 Gibson, W 725 Giffin, F., see D E Mitchell et al 278 Gifford, Lord 105 Gigerenzer, G 118, 354, 428, 444, 446–51, 959 Gilbert, D 134 Gillispie, C C 117 Giorgi, A 294 Glanville, J 606 Gleason, C A., see Libet et al (1983) 1223 Gleick, J 1329 Glover, A T., see Wang et al 1086 Gluck, M A 1152 Gă del, K 174, 1379 o Godfrey-Smith, P 1442 Goethe, J W von 41, 83, 96–7, 98, 99–101, 102, 1256, 1258 Goffman, I 1097 Goldberg, A 1079 Goldbetter, A., see Prigogine et al 1316 Goldman, A I 489, 491 Goldstein, D 447–8 Goldstein, I P 818, 819 Goldwater, B 377, 378 Golgi, C 110–11 Gonzalez, F M 1142 Good, I J 160 Goodale, M A 1225–6 Goodall, J 88, 475–6 Goodenough, W H 531 Goodman, C 299–300 Goodman, N 11, 344, 598, 644 NAME INDEX Goodnow, J 304–8 Goodwin, B C 1311, 1313, 1314–15 Gordon, R M 488 Gould, R L., see Colby et al 372 Grand, S 1284, 1435–7 Grant, J., see Karmiloff-Smith 498 Gray, J A 1226, 1228–9 Gray, P M D., see Elcock et al 815 Green, B F 743 Green, C C 751, 773 Green, I.,see Jamnik et al 1028 Green, T 187 Greenberg, C 28, 29 Greenblatt, R D 841 Greene, P H 932, 1142 Greenhalgh, C M., see Wang et al 1086 Greenwald, A G 308 Gregory, R L 41, 216, 298, 303, 335, 336, 898, 916, 1126 brain ablation 1124–5 perception 248, 309, 313–17, 349, 350, 470, 1388–9 visual illusions 248, 316–17 Gregory XI, pope 57 Grey Walter, W 222–7, 897, 1301 Grice, H P 424–5, 696 Griffin, D R 476 Gross, C G xliv, 183, 1133, 1135–6, 1137, 1153, 1205; see also Bruce et al 1136 Grossberg, S 46–7, 941, 953, 962, 1140, 1157, 1159–66 additive nets 48, 940, 1158 ART-2 1164–5 Center for Adaptive Systems 1160 cerebellum model 1151 on feature-detectors 1161–3 and International Neural Network Society 961, 1160 and perception 1167–8, 1215 see also Carpenter et al 940 Grosz, B 697 Grush, R 1232, 1233 Guazzelli, A 1175 Guetzkow, H 11 Guido d’Arezzo 1057 Guilbaut, S 30 Gullahorn, J T and J E 376 Gunderson, K 127, 382, 1349 Gurney, K., see Gonzalez et al 1142; Humphries et al 1142–3 Gurr, C A., see Winterstein et al 1028 Guthrie, D 29–30 Guy, K 872 Guzman, A 782–4, 785–6, 787–8 Gzeszczuk, R., see Terzopoulos 1252–3 Haack, S 22 Hacker, Father (M B Clowes) 364, 1102 Haeckel, E 100 1619 Haibt, L H., see Rochester et al 279–80, 281 Hales, S 73 Hall, M 108, 109 Hall, T 537 Hallam, J 975; see also Ijspeert et al 1298–9; Lund et al 1296 Halliday, M xxxix, 655–6 Hallowell, A I 517 Hamlyn, D M 1363 Hampshire, S 1340 Hansen, J R., see Gelernter et al 708 Hara, F 1094, 1095 Haraway, D J 7, 23, 32, 1092, 1099 Hare, B., see Tomasello et al 491 Harman, G H 644, 1363 Harnad, S 268, 364–5, 470, 613, 996, 1005, 1384 Harr´ , R M 1336 e Harris, R A 648, 649 Harris, Z S 624–7, 630, 634 Harrison, R R 1295 Hart, P E., see Fikes et al 753, 754, 773 Hartley, D 126, 885 Hartline, H K 1130 Harvey, I 17, 1215, 1277, 1280–2, 1284, 1312; see also Cliff et al 1283; Husbands et al 1283 Harvey, W 22, 59–60, 61, 62 Haugeland, J 249, 363, 364, 383–4, 701, 882, 1054, 1218, 1399–402, 1403, 1427 Haugen, E 546 Hawking, S 699, 700 Hayes, P J 349, 386, 769–74, 869–70, 871, 875–6, 1003, 1005, 1006–7, 1013–15 Hayward, R 1125 Head, A S., see Perrett et al 1138–9 Head, H 211 Headrick, T 851, 1020 Heal, J 488–9 Hearnshaw, L S 346 Hebb, D O 238, 268–79, 280, 314, 901, 919, 973 Hecht-Nielsen, R 913, 921–2, 939, 960, 961, 1105 Heerwagen, J H 550–1 Hegel, G W F 95 Heidegger, M 1305, 1395, 1398 Heider, E., see Rosch, E Heider, F 250 Heilig, M L 1082 Hein, A 278, 794 Held, R 278, 794 Helmholtz, H von 86–7, 98–9, 101, 107–8 Hempel, C G 624 Henderson, C., see Campos et al (1978) 468 Hendler, J 1037–8 Hennequin, J 1083 Herbrand, J 750 Herder, J G 607 Heron, W 271 Hero of Alexandria 53, 57 1620 NAME INDEX Herschkowitz-Kauffman, M., see Prigogine et al 1316 Hertwig, R 449 Hesse, M 396, 1175 Hewitt, C 809–10, 817 Heyes, C M 492 Hiatt, S., see Campos et al (1978) 468 Hilbert, D 173–4 Hildreth, E 462–4 Hilf, F D., see Colby et al 1352–3 Hilgard, E R 10, 245, 338, 399 Hiller, L A 1053 Hillis, W D 1279–80 Hinton, G E 925, 931, 947, 981, 992, 995, 1208 and backprop 953 on Boltzmann learning algorithm 951 and connectionism 919, 958 on Gibson 471 multiple constraint satisfaction by relaxation 790–1, 942–3, 948–9 on Newell 801 and PDP 946, 965–6, 973–4, 976 and POPEYE project 790–1, 792 see also Ackley et al 951; Jacobs et al 974; Rumelhart et al 952, 965 Hirsch, H V 278 Hirst, W 1221 Hitch, A D 292 Hitler, A 826 Hobbes, T 79–80, 202, 578 Hobday, M., see Guy et al 872 Hodgkin, A L 116, 117 Hodgson, P W 1067–8, 1355 Hoff, M 910, 929 Hofstadter, D R 944, 982–4, 1057–8, 1061–4, 1066 Holender, D 308 Hollan, J D., see Hutchins et al 1072 Holland, J H 1274–5, 1276–8, 1280–1; see also Rochester et al 279–80, 281 Holland, O 222, 227, 1219 Hollerith, H 86 Holmes, G 211 Holton, G J 24 Holyoak, K J., see J H Holland et al 1277–8 Homans, G C 376 Honavar, V 975 Hooke, R 63, 237 Hopcroft, J E 648, 662 Hopfield, J J 48, 936–40, 941 Hopper, G 145–6, 800, 825 Horchler, A 1296; see also Reeve et al 1296 Horn, B 1156, 1160 Horn, G 1197 Hornik et al 916 Horvitz, E 1041 Horwood, W 1099 Hovland, C I 303, 357, 760, 761, 1046; see also Rosenberg et al 376 Howard, I P 221 Howe, J A M 1168 Hsu, F 741 Hubel, D H 45, 1134–5, 1140, 1170 Hudson, L 294 Huffman, D A 787 Hufford, K D., see Zelen´ et al 1267 y Hughes, R 28–9 Hull, C L 261–3, 305, 619 Hull, D L 564 Humboldt, A von 609 Humboldt, W von 519, 569, 595, 607–10, 611–12, 614–16, 617, 677–8 Hume, D 124–6 Humphrey, N 563 Humphries, M D 1142–3; see also Gonzalez et al 1142 Hunt, E B 292, 363, 760–1, 762, 763, 764, 1046, 1048 Hurford, J R 614 Husbands, P 222, 1144; see also Cliff et al 1283; I Harvey et al 1283 Hutchins, E L 544–8, 1072 Hutchins, W J 669, 671, 682 Huxley, A 116–17 Huxley, T H 109–10 Hyman, R A 165 Hymes, D 595, 618, 636 Ihnatowicz, E 1088 Ijspeert, A J 1298–9 Ikegami, T 1307 Ikeo, K 613 Indiveri, G., see Reeve et al 1296 Inglis, F 532 Irons, W 587 Isaacson, L 1053 Isard, S D 700 Itkonen, E 645, 646, 649 Ito, M 1150, 1185–6; see also Eccles et al 1146 Ivey, W 30 Izard, V., see Pica et al 998 Jackendoff, R 417, 667 Jackson, B S 1023 Jackson, F C 1239 Jacob, F 1311, 1314, 1446 Jacobi, N 1283 Jacobs, R A 974 Jacoff, A., see Pagello et al 963 Jacquard, J 86, 143 Jakobson, R O 610–11 James, W 128, 129, 183, 396, 402, 450, 556, 886, 1207, 1226, 1407 Jamnik et al 1028 Jaynes, J 68 al-Jazari, Ibn 55 Jeeves, M A., see Perrett et al 1138–9 NAME INDEX Jenkins, J J 240, 297 Jespersen, O 617, 622–4 Jessup, J K 27–8 Jevons, W S xl, 121 Jobs, S 1079 John of Salisbury 237 Johns, J 1091 Johnson, H., see Karmiloff-Smith 498 Johnson, L 1086–7 Johnson, M H 415, 501, 997, 1197–8; see Elman et al 494, 993 Johnson, S 65, 73 Johnson, W L 1096 Johnson-Laird, P N 412–14, 427, 439–44, 1201, 1338, 1445 Jonas, H 1430–2 Jones, I A., see Wang et al 1086 Jones, M C., see Karmiloff-Smith 498 Jones, T., see Silbersweig et al 1227 Jordan, M I 966–7; see also Jacobs et al 974; Wolpert et al 1184 Joris, P X., see Smith et al 1297 Julesz, B 1088 Jung, C G 576 Kaelbling, L P 1029–30 Kahneman, D 427–8, 444–6, 448–9 Kanner, L 490 Kant, I 90–4, 95, 582, 599, 792 Kaplan, R M 551, 656–7, 684, 685 Kaplan, S 551 Karmiloff, Y.-N., see Karmiloff-Smith 498 Karmiloff-Smith, A 427, 495–503, 969–70, 993; see also Elman et al 494, 993 Kasparov, G 15, 741 Katz, J J 653–4 Kauffman, S A 1309, 1310–12, 1313–14, 1315, 1316 Kaus, A 530 Kay, A C 45, 309, 311, 808, 809, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076–80 Kay, M xxxix, 657 Kay, P 519–20 Keil, F C 11–12 Kelvin, Lord, see Thomson, W Kember, S 34, 1105 Kemeny, J G 330–1, 893 Kempen, G 415 Kennedy, J F 690 Kermoian, R., see Campos et al (1992) 468 Kessler, M 982 Khatib, O 1085 Khrushchev, N 378, 690 Kilburn, T 155 Kilmer, W L 1140–2, 1172 Kipling, R 3, 484 Kirkpatrick, S 949 Kirsch, D 1035 Kitano, H 862–3 1621 Kitsuregawa, M 874 Klatzky, R L 1221 Klein, E., see Gazdar et al 660–2, 664 Klein, G S 304 Klima, E S 478 Klir, G J., see Zelen´ et al 1267 y Kluckhohn, C 517 Klutsch, C 31 Kluver, B 1091 Kneale, W C and M 605 Koch, C 987, 1111, 1118, 1225 Koch, S 294 Koechlin, E.,see Dehaene et al 1224 Koerner, E F K 595–6 Koertge, N 22 Koffka, K 261, 262 Kohler, W 274, 280, 304–5, 1181 Kohn, M 552 Kohonen, T 46, 935–6, 941, 960, 1191 Kolers, P A 309, 1218 Kolliker, A 113 Konorski, J 258, 1135 Kosko, B 931, 961 Kosslyn, S M 453–4, 455–6 Kowalski, R A 349, 815–16, 1021–2 Koza, J R 1278–9 Kozloff, M 30 Kramer, H C., see Colby et al 1352–3 Krasner, L 642 Krichmar, J L 1203 Kronenfeld, D B 530 Krowitz, A.,see Campos et al (1970) 468 Krueger, J I 451 Krueger, M W 1091 Kruger, A C., see Tomasello et al 571 Kubie, L S 10, 188 Kubrick, S 369 Kugler, P N 471, 1281 Kuhn, T S 21, 240, 303, 572, 620 Kuipers, B J 832, 854–5 Kuper, A 535 Kurzweil, R 699 Kyburg, H E 443 Laing, R 719, 843–4, 895, 1273 Laing, R D 246–7 Laird, J E 433–5, 801, 804 Lakatos, I 1108 Lakoff, G P 650, 653, 997 Laland, K N 556 Lamarck, J.-B 102, 562 Lamb, C 147–8 La Mettrie, J O de 126, 127, 168 Lancelot, C 602–4 Land, M F 1290 Langer, A., see Campos et al (1970) 468 Langley, P W 1047, 1065–6, 1067, 1108 Langton, C J 1253, 1310, 1317, 1318–19, 1321, 1322 1622 NAME INDEX Lanier, J 1081 Lardner, D 137, 138, 142 Lashley, K S 20, 232, 249, 251, 270, 276–8, 280, 671, 1185 hierarchy in behaviour 329, 964 memory and learning 273, 274, 884, 1205, 1345 and serial order in behaviour 265–8 Lasnik, H 651 Lavington, S H 674 Laughery, K R., see B F Green et al 743 Laughlin, S B., see Faisal et al 1257 Layzell, P 1285 Lebiere, C 503, 509–10, 979 Le Bihan, D., see Dehaene et al 1224 Le Cat, C.-N 85, 128 le Cun, Y 953, 955 Le Clec, H G., see Dehaene et al 1224 Lederberg, J 795–6, 830 Leduc, S 1266, 1267 Lees, R B 627 Lefever, R., see Prigogine et al 1316 Lehnert, W G 415, 691 Lehtio, P., see Kohonen et al 936 Leiber, J 72 Leibniz, G W 119–20, 138, 598 Leith, P 1013, 1022–3 Lemer, C., see Pica et al 998 Lenat, D B 45, 862, 875, 1007–8, 1009–10, 1012–13, 1014, 1015, 1065 Lenin, V I 28 Lenneberg, E H 127, 477 Leonardo da Vinci 57, 59 Leslie, A M 489, 490, 491 Lettvin, J Y 39–40, 183, 898, 1124, 1130–3, 1136, 1139–40, 1171, 1205 Levelt, W 345 Levesque, H J 747, 778, 856 Levine, G 535 L´ vi-Strauss, C 577 e Levy, D 740, 841 Lewis, D 482, 546, 1345 Lewis, M A 1173 Libet, B 396, 1218, 1223 Licklider, J C R 45, 68, 730, 731, 732, 799–800, 808–9, 832 and ARPA 280, 727, 733, 735, 795, 828–30 and DARPA 281 and Project MAC 733–4, 795 see also Boilen et al 733, 735 Liebig, J von 89–90, 95, 1249 Lieblich, I 1175 Liebowitz, A 730 Lighthill, J 350, 866, 867–72, 879, 1160, 1167 Lindeboom, G A 72–3 Lindenmayer, A 1267 Lindholm, C 538 Lindsay, P H 360–2, 693, 694 Linsker, R 1191–2, 1193 Linz, R F., see Young, Richard M et al 766 Livingston Lowes, J 883–4 Llinas, R 1179, 1180–4 Lloyd Morgan, C 128–9, 665 Locke, J 65, 67–8, 80, 123–4, 570, 598, 640 Loebner, H 1353–4 Logothetis, N K 1225 Longuet-Higgins, H C 11, 86, 217, 349, 350, 367, 512, 1124, 1150, 1157 on Lighthill 870 on memory 932, 933–4 see also Willshaw et al 932, 933 Lorente de No, R 189, 203, 219–20, 276–7 Lorenz, K 251–2, 255, 256, 1170 Loui, R P 1426–7 Louis XIV, king of France 63 Lovelace, A A 144–5, 147–51, 176, 181 Loveland, D W., see Gelernter et al 708 Lucas, J R 1380–1 Lucas, K 116 Luce, R D 284 Luck, M., see d’Inverno et al 1041, 1044 Luckham, D 751 Luisi, P L 1322, 1324 Lull, R 55–7, 122 Lund, H H 1296 Luria, A R 311 Lynch, A 564, 566, 568 Lyons 651 Lyotard, J-.F 24–5 McCabe, C 536 McCall, E A 477–8 McCarthy, J 731, 761–3, 829, 855, 893, 1003, 1006, 1274, 1276, 1353 and AI 851–2, 861, 1013, 1384 and circumscription 1004–5 and common sense programs 336, 717–18, 751 on diagrams 1029 at Edinburgh’s MI Workshops 769 and frame problem 770–4 on Lighthill 869, 870 and LISP 805–8 and military funding 835–6 at MIT 732–4 and NPL meeting, London 336, 717 at Stanford 735, 740 and Summer Research Project, Dartmouth 331–3, 334, 717, 720, 739–40 see also Boilen et al 733, 735; Kuipers et al 854–5; Pagels et al 848, 1017 McCartney, P 44–5 McCarty, L T 1020–1, 1023 McClelland, J L 524, 930, 945, 946, 947–8, 950, 955–6, 1125; see also Hinton et al 965; Plaut et al 977 McCloskey, M 1006, 1007 McCorduck, P 319, 795, 836, 843, 876, 911, 921 NAME INDEX McCulloch, G 1407–8 McCulloch, W S xli, 190–8, 200, 203–4, 205, 222, 333, 335, 702, 891–2, 898, 899, 1132, 1133, 1189–90, 1214 biomimesis, definition of 1253 and computing machines 154, 169, 185–9 and experimental epistemology 184–6 intellectual background 182–4 and interdisciplinarity 282, 329 and language, logic of 187–8 and logic gates 154 and Logical Calculus paper 885 and memory 188–9 and neural networks 186, 188–9, 190–4, 197, 198, 888–9, 890, 1122–3 and RETIC 1140–2 and Teleological Society 219–20 and Wiener 1170–1 see also Kilmer et al 1140–2; Lettvin et al 1124, 1130–2, 1133, 1136, 1139–40 McDermott, D V 767–9, 811, 858–61, 864, 1005, 1014–15, 1036, 1037–8 McDougall, W xlv–xlvi, 129, 244–6, 262, 264, 290, 393, 396, 517, 1121 McDowell, J 1409–12 Mace, W M., see Turvey et al 470 McGill, N 351 McGill, W 351 McGinn, C 584, 1235, 1382 McGregor, J J., see Elcock et al 815 McGuire, W J., see also Rosenberg et al 376 Machlup, F 523 MacKay, D M 201, 222, 235, 735, 897, 975, 1053 McKenna, T M 981 MacKenzie, D 161, 233, 1018, 1414–15 Mackinnon Wood, R xxxix, xli Mackworth, A K 739, 788, 863, 1037–8, 1102, 1304 McLaren, A 865 MacLennan, B J 1044 McLuhan, M 1077 McNaughten, B 1151 McTaggart, J 187 Maddox, B 37 Madison, P 243 Maffi, P 520 Magendie, F 108, 114, 203 Mahowald, M 939; see also Sivilotti et al 939 Maier, N R F 252, 423 Malcolm, N 303, 1389, 1345 Malebranche, N 69 Malevich, K 1090 Malhotra, M., see Grand et al 1284 Malinowski, B 576 Mallen, G xli, 206, 209 Malthus, T 39 Mandler, G 38–9, 251, 337, 344, 384, 414, 444, 539 1623 on behaviourism 240–1, 242, 268 on cognitive science 1445 on memory 39 at San Diego 351, 352 Mansfield, U 523 Maratsos, M P 657, 695 Marchman, V 972 Marcus, M P 406–8 Marin, J 1046 Markowitz, H 445 Markowitz, R S., see Chapin et al 1227 Marler, P., see Seyfarth et al 476 Marr, D C 83, 416, 793–4, 942, 1140 on cerebellum 1144–9, 1150–1, 1150–3, 1155, 1214 on hippocampus 1152–3 on memory and learning 1144–9, 1150–2 on motor control 1156 on neocortex 1152 on stereopsis 43, 1156–7 on vision 43, 419–21, 456–66, 469–70, 1154–5,1156–7 Martin, E 26 Martin, G 67 Martineau, H 132 Marx, K 1029 Maslow, A H 246, 358 Mason, M 1108 Masterman, M M xxxvii, xxxviii–xxxix, xlii, xliii, 15, 675–6, 681–2, 1357–8, 1361 Mataric, M J 1304; see also Roumeliotis et al 1304 Maturana, H R 855, 857, 1133, 1171, 1306, 1430, 1438–9, 1440, 1442; see also Lettvin et al 1124, 1130–2, 1133, 1136, 1139–40 Mauchly, J 162 Maude, H E 552 Mavelli, F., see Luisi et al (2004) 1324 Maxwell, J C 200 Maxwell, N 529, 1245 May, R 246, 372 Mayhew, J E W 68, 465, 1111 Maynard Smith, J 1264, 1313, 1315 Mays, W xl, 178, 1346, 1348, 1350 Mead, C 914, 939, 961, 963–4; see also Sivilotti et al 939 Medawar, P B 1255, 1338 Meehan, J 691 Meehl, P E 416 Meeter, M., see Gluck et al 1152 Mehl, L 1020 Mehler, J 364 Meili, R., see Eysenck et al 244 Meltzer, B 349, 735, 737, 780, 785, 835, 865, 866, 870, 872, 1353 Menabrea, L F 144, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151 Mendel, G 101 Menegatti, E., see Pagello et al 963 1624 NAME INDEX Merleau-Ponty, M 76, 247, 1073, 1346, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1399 Messick, S 737 Metzler, J 451–3 Meyer, J.-A 1322 Michalski, R S 769, 1047, 1050–1 Michie, D M 160, 180, 757, 785, 852 at Edinburgh 348–50, 735, 737, 835 and Lighthill Report 865–7, 868, 869, 871, 872–3, 879 and Machine Intelligence 872, 1052, 1100–1 and robot vision system 780 Michotte, A 250 Mill, J 128 Mill, J S 128 Miller, G A 1, 10, 44, 238, 241, 334, 443, 633, 799 and Center for Cognitive Studies, Harvard 11, 343–5, 346, 355 and Chomsky 283, 286, 297–8, 413–14, 671, 673, 812 and cognitive neuroscience 347, 1220–1, 1222 and Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Rockefeller University 347, 1221 and derivational complexity 297–8 and grammatical complexity 406 and hypnosis 398–9 and information theory 283, 286–9, 295–6 Language and Perception 412–14 and life, concept of 1433 Plans and the Structure of Behaviour 336–43, 398–9, 403, 518 TOTE units 340–1 Miller, G F 554, 555, 1185 Millikan, R G 1433, 1441 Milner, A D 1225–6; see also Perrett et al 1138–9 Milner, B 1221 Milner, P M 277, 279 Mingolla, E 1166 Minsky, M L 45, 48, 183, 214, 243, 419, 711, 740, 775–6, 802, 881, 910, 1012, 1070, 1155, 1276 on agents 1039, 1041, 1042 and AI 233–4, 324, 333 and chess programs 741 and connectionism, critiques of 911–17, 963 and connectionist learning machines 893 on consciousness 386–7 The Emotion Machine 920 on emotions 387–8 and geometry programming 709–10 and KR 744, 747–8 and mental architecture 386–8 at MIT 732–3, 734, 741 and perceptrons 911, 912–17, 921–3 and programming languages 800 and random networks 903 Semantic Information Processing 742, 744 Society of Mind 917–21 and Spacewar 730 ‘Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence’ 324, 719–24, 749, 894 and Summer Research Project, Dartmouth 331, 332, 334, 717, 720, 739–40 vision and intelligence 781 see also McCarthy et al 717; Pagels et al 848, 1017 Mistlin, A J., see Perrett et al 1138–9 Mitchell, D E 278 Mitchell, M 1061 Mithen, S J 483, 552 Molina, A H 827, 831 Mollon, J D 216 Mondada, F 1170 Monod, J 1311 Montague, R 47, 414, 442, 657–60, 663 Montaigne, M de 75, 1240 Montemerlo, M D 831, 877 Moore, G E 186–7, 700 Moore, M 551 Moore, O K 324 Moravec, H 867 Morawski, P., see Franklin et al 837 Moreno, A 1324 Morgan, M J 459 Morgenstern, O 284 Morowitz, H J 194, 1324 Morris, M R 71, 1408–9 Morton, J 292, 1197–8 Moses, J 776–7 Mosso, A 1226 Moto-Oka, T 873–4 Mountcastle, V 45 Moxon, K A., see Chapin et al 1227 Mozer, M C 973 Mueller, A 1092 Mueller, M., see Dehaene et al 1224 Muir, D., see D E Mitchell et al 278 Mă ller, J 978, 108, 109, 1201, 139 u Mumford, L 853 Munakata, Y 1000, 1119–20 Munz, P 564 Murdoch, I xxxix Murdock, G P 556–7 Murray, A M., see Elcock et al 815 Mussa-Ivaldi, F A 977 Myers, C E., see Gluck et al 1152 Naccache, L 1224; see also Dehaene et al 1224 Nadel, L 1175 Nadon, R., see Perry et al 397 Nagel, T 1235–6, 1363, 1368 Nakamura, Y 1328 Nake, F 31, 1088 Namenwirth, J Z., see Stone et al 690 Narasimhan, R 731, 736, 781 Naud´ , G xxxiii, 56, 57 e NAME INDEX Nealey, R 714–15 Needham, R M xxxix, xlii, 870; see also Gazdar et al 681 Neel, J 524–5 Negroponte, N 697, 1070, 1072 Neisser, U 16, 262, 287, 358–60, 368, 399, 470, 472, 899 Nelson, T H 728, 1076 Neurath, O 620 Newell, A 233, 317, 318, 503, 512, 740, 778, 842, 915, 1103, 1384 and AAAI 737, 801 and behaviourism 429 and chess programs 840 on connectionism 991 and GPS 325–7, 395, 431, 710–12, 718–19 Human Problem Solving 356, 381–2, 431–3 and ILPs 802–4 and KR 748 and LT 323–5, 333, 703–4, 705, 710, 718–20, 1358 obituary 801 and PSs 427, 430–3, 811–13 and PSSs 1419–20 at RAND corporation 320–3, 354–5, 826 and SOAR 433–5 and Summer Research Project, Dartmouth 332–3, 334, 720 Newman, J R 736 Newman, M 155, 156, 159, 173–4, 1346–7 Newman, R 731 Newquist, H 680, 875, 876, 913 Newsome, W T 1229 Nicolelis, M A., see Chapin et al 1227 Nielson, P 1324–5 Nietzsche, F 1335 Nii, P 877 Nilsson, N J 773, 1103, 1104; see also Fikes et al 753, 754, 773 Nisbet, R E 446; see also J H Holland et al 1277–8 Noll, M 1088 Norman, D A 345, 351, 357, 360–2, 693, 694, 942, 965, 973, 977–8, 986, 1072; see also Hutchins et al 1072 Norman, E 483 Norman, J 472 Nørretranders, T 1219 Norvig, P 878, 1012, 1107–8 Nowlan, S J., see Jacobs et al 974 Oakley, B 879–80, 881 Oberholzer, T 1322 O’Brien, C C 30 Oettinger, A 846 Ogilvie, D M., see Stone et al 690 Oja, E., see Kohonen et al 936 O’Keefe, J 1175 Oldfield, R C 285 1625 Ono, N 1307 Oparin, A I 1323 Oppenheimer, J R 38 Orbach, J 276–8 O’Reilly, R C 1000, 1119–20 Orians, G H 550–1, 552 Orne, M T 398 Osgood, C E 745 O’Shea, M 1116, 1211 Owen, R 95, 879–80, 881 Owens, A J., see Fogel et al 1275 Oyama, S 1193, 1199, 1394–5 Page, M 1209 Pagello, E 963 Pagels, H R 848 Paivio, A 451, 453 Pannke, K 1447 Papert, S 183, 821, 841, 911, 1073, 1155, 1276 on agents 1041 and connectionism, critiques of 911–17, 963 and geometry programming 709–10 and H L Dreyfus 844–6 and LOGO 817–19, 820, 1069–70, 1071, 1071 and Media Lab 1070, 1071 at MIT 733, 734, 1070, 1071 and perceptrons 911, 912–17, 921–3 and StarLOGO 820–1, 1070 see also Pagels et al 848, 1017 Papineau, D 1441 Pappus of Alexandria 709 Parisi, D., see Elman et al 494, 993 Parker, D 953, 955 Parker-Rhodes, A F xxxix Parnas, D L 834 Partee, B H 47, 659 Partridge, D A 1167 Pascal, B 119 Pask, G xl, xli, 206–9, 329, 1073, 1272 Pattee, H H 1276, 1305–6, 1322, 1430, 1440 Patterson, K., see Plaut et al 977 Pavlov, I P 38, 109 Pearl, D K., see Libet et al (1979, 1983) 1223 Pearl, J 981, 1003 Pearson, I 1106 Pearson, J C 1202 Pellionisz, A 1140, 1179–84: see also Anderson, J A., et al 1202, 1203 Penfield, W 1217 Penrose, R 1232–3, 1381 Pereira, F 681 Perkel, D H 1196 Perkins, D N 820 Perlis, A 799 Perner, J 399–402, 403, 488 Perrault, R 696 Perrett, D I 1138–9 Perry, C 397 Perry, R B 260 1626 NAME INDEX Perry, W J 875 Peters, P S 656 Phillips, A V 742–3 Phillips, E W 165 Phillips, W 88 Phillips, W A 925–6 Piaget, J 252–4, 364, 469, 474, 486–7, 493, 599, 994, 1077–8, 1197 Pica, P 998 Pierce, J 680 Pike, J 838 Pinker, S 449, 481, 484, 500, 540, 591, 611, 667, 990–1 Pirjanian, P., see Roumeliotis et al 1304 Pitts, W H 188, 218, 282, 702, 884, 898, 1122–3 and computing machinery design 196 connectionist model of fault-tolerant processing 183 intellectual background 189–90 and logic gates 154 and neural networks 186, 188–9, 190–4, 197, 198, 888–9, 890, 1122–3 and Teleological Society 219–20 see also Lettvin et al 1124, 1130–2, 1133, 1136, 1139–40 Place, U T 330, 1344 Plato 51, 54, 598 Plaut, D C 977 Plotkin, G D., see Young, Richard M et al 766 Plotkin, H C 540 Plunkett, K 972; see also Elman et al 494, 993 Plutarch 54 Poggio, T 419, 1155, 1157 Polani, D., see Pagello et al 963 Polanyi, M xl, 272, 1016, 1018, 1337, 1346 Pollard, C 661 Pollock, J 28, 29 Polya, G 321 Popper, K R 20, 23, 420, 557, 921, 1089, 1223, 1338 Popplestone, R J 349, 807, 808 Porter, R 64 Post, E L 633, 812, 1347 Postal, P M 593 Postman, L 299–300, 304 Potter, D D., see Perrett et al 1138–9 Premack, D 479, 487 Prescott, T J 1142–3; see also Gonzalez et al 1142 Pribram, K H xliv, 336, 337–43, 475, 932–3, 1446–7; see also G A Miller et al (MGP) 10, 398–9, 403 Prigogine, I 1316 Prince, A 990–1 Pringle, J 897 Prinz, D xl, 707 Prinz, J J 997 Prior, A N 1009 Proudfoot, D 703 Proxmire, W 353–4 Psujek, S 1330–1, 1332 Pullum, G K 651; see also Gazdar et al 660–2, 664 Putnam, H 418, 1349, 1374, 1379, 1381, 1433–4 and functionalism 1356, 1358–61, 1372, 1389–94 on perception 1241–2, 1243–4, 1245 and transformational grammars 636 Pylyshyn, Z W 364, 421–2, 454, 470, 847, 989–90, 991, 1185, 1384 Quesnay, F 85 Quillian, M R 404, 743, 744–6, 747, 764–5, 859, 860 Quine, W v O 560, 644–5, 664–5, 1362, 1364 Quinlan, J R 1048–52 Quinn, N 526–7, 531, 532, 542 Quinn, R., see Horchler et al 1296; Reeve et al 1296 Quintas, P., see Guy et al 872 Quinton, A 1305, 1398 ´ Ramon y Cajal, S 111–13, 1116–17 Ramsay, D., see Campos et al (1978) 468 Randell, B 165 Raphael, B 82, 737, 738, 743–4, 773, 805, 838 Rashevsky, N 183, 194, 202, 280, 320, 904–5 Rasi, P S S., see Luisi et al (2004) 1324 Raskin, V 354 Rattner, H H., see Tomasello et al 571 Rauschenberg, R 1091 Ray, T S 1280, 1322, 1434–5; see also Guy et al 872 Read, H xxxvii Reagan, R 27, 832, 833, 834–5 Rechenberg, I 1275 Reddy, R 841 Redgrave, P., see Gonzalez et al 1142 Reed, E S 466; see also Turvey et al 470 Reed, H B 305 Reeve, R 1296; see also Horchler et al 1296 Reichardt, J 674, 1089 Reichenbach, H 619, 622, 659 Reiter, R 1005 Reitman, W R 296, 363, 373–5, 391, 679, 843 Renfrew, C 515 Repton, H 551 Rescher, N 772 Resnick, M 1040–1, 1042 Reyna, S P 538 Reynolds, C W 1317 Rheingold, H 726, 727, 730, 733 Rhine, J 244 Richens, R H xxxix, 670 Richerson, P J 560–1, 564–5 Rickel, J 1086–7 Riecken, D 1012, 1039, 1042 NAME INDEX Riedmiller, M., see Pagello et al 963 Ringle, M 363 Rips, L J 443 Ritchie, G D 656 Rizzolatti, G 1176 Roberts, L G 784–5, 786 Robinson, E 648 Robinson, G 1407 Robinson, J A 749–51, 752 Robson, J G 465 Rocha-Miranda, C E., see Gross et al 1136, 1137 Rochester, N 279–80, 281, 331, 334, 719; see also McCarthy et al 717 Rockefeller, N 29 Rodden, K 1076 Rogers, C 246 Rogers, T T 524 Rogers, Y A 1038, 1080 Rolls, E T 1146 Romanes, G 128, 129 Romney, A K 517, 537 Rorty, R 8–9, 1120, 1376, 1398, 1407 Rosaldo, R 393, 535 Rosch, E 519, 520–2, 524, 526, 585; see also Varela et al 1399 Rosen, R 1305–6 Rosenberg, C 957–8 Rosenberg, M J 376 Rosenblatt, F 41, 881, 903–9, 924 Rosenbloom, P S 433–5, 801, 804 Rosenblueth, A 203, 219, 888 Rosenfeld 930 935, 938, 940, 952, 960, 1166: see also Anderson, J A., et al 1183, 1202, 1203 Rosenschein, J S 1041 Rosenschein, S J 1014, 1029–30 Rosenthal, R 479–80 Ross, C T 1417 Ross, J D 645–6 Ross, L 446 Rossen, M L.: see Anderson, J A et al 977 Roszak, T 26, 27, 28, 35, 535, 679 Rota, G.-C 1269 Rothko, M 28, 29 Roumeliotis, S I 1304 Roussel, P 815 Rudner, R 732 Ruiz-Mirazo, K 1324 Rumbaugh, D 480 Rumelhart, D E 357, 415, 684, 744–5, 941, 977, 1213 and backprop 952, 953, 955 and PDP 946–8, 950, 952, 953, 955, 965, 1212 and grammar models 684, 930, 942, 955–7 on symbolic AI 945 see also Hinton et al 965 Rushton, W 897 Russell, B 48, 184–5, 187, 189, 324, 575, 641, 1341, 1393, 1397 Russell, S 878, 1010, 1012, 1107–8 1627 Rychener, M 812 Ryle, G xlii, 532, 1339–43, 1346, 1348, 1398 Sabbagh, K 40 Sacerdoti, E 754–5, 756, 757, 775, 1300 Saffiotti, A., see Pagello et al 963 Sag, I 666; see also Gazdar et al 660–2, 664 Sahota, M 739, 863, 1037, 1304 Sainte-Beuve, C.-A 602 Salomon, G 820 Salter, S 41, 315, 704 Saltiel, P., see Tresch et al 977 Salzman, C D 1229 Sampson, G R 591, 649, 663–4, 699 Samuel, A L 706–7, 713–15, 721, 1274–5 Samuels, R 486, 1036 Sandewall, E 1004 Sapir, E 611, 620 Sarbin, T R 398 Sarle, W S 959 Saunders, P T 1267 Saunders, R 1284 Saussure, F de 610 Savage-Rumbaugh, E S 480–1 Sayre, K M 1361 Scaife, M 310–11, 1080 Scassellati, B 1093, 1302–3 Schaffer, S 21, 41 Schall, J 1225 Schank, R C 363, 380, 381, 415, 690–1, 692, 694, 856, 1009 Scheier, C., see Thelen et al 1194 Schelling, F von 95–6 Scheper-Hughes, N 393, 537, 538 Scheutz, G and E 141 Schickard, G 119 Schmitt, F O 1112 Schneider, D M 1225 Schnorr, L., see Silbersweig et al 1227 Schă ner, G., see Thelen et al 1194 o Schră dinger, E 1250, 1316 o Schutz, W 732 Schwartz, E L 1113 Scriven, M 1349, 1356, 1382, 1433 Scutt, T 1292–4 Searle, J R xl, 317, 536, 695, 696, 857, 1390, 1401, 1415, 1428, 1433 Chinese Room 1382–5 on consciousness 1234–5 on intentionality 544, 697, 1385–7, 1427 see also Pagels et al 848, 1017 Sebeok, T 255 Sechenov, I 109 Segev, I 1111, 1118 Seidenberg, M S., see Plaut et al 977 Sejnowski, T J 946, 947, 948, 949, 951, 957–8, 987, 1000, 1152, 1215: see also Ackley et al 951 1628 NAME INDEX Selfridge, O G 321, 336, 633, 732, 924, 1170 and agents 1039, 1042 on learning 926 and Pandemonium 309, 705–6, 898–902, 926, 1133 and perceptrons 903, 911 Sellars, W 1364 Selz, O 251, 325 Semmes, J., see Lashey et al 249 Seneca 54 Sereno, M E.: see Anderson, J A et al 977 Sergot, M J 1021–2 Seth, A 1202 Seyfarth, R M 476–7 Shallice, T 396, 400, 401, 490, 958, 977–8; see also Cooper et al (1995, 1996) 978 Shanker, E A 35 Shannon, C E 282, 331, 332, 334 and chess programs 220–1, 703 on FSGs 631–3, 634 information theory 202, 204, 205, 284, 285, 671 and Rat 221 see also McCarthy et al 717 Shapin, S 21 Sharples, M 1092, 1093 Sharples, N 1093 Shaw, J C 325, 799, 802; see also Newell et al (1957, 1958/62, 1958a, 1958b, 1959, 1962) 710, 711, 712, 718, 740, 1358 Sheatz, G., see Galambos et al 293 Shepard, R N 451–3, 456 Sherif, M 300 Sherrington, C S 73, 102, 114–15, 193, 203, 1121 Shivers, O 1084 Shoham, Y 1041, 1043 Sholl, D A 897 Shore, B 299–300, 302–3, 527–30, 533 Shortliffe, E H 797–8 Shotter, J 312 Shotton, M A Shumaker, R., see Franklin et al 837 Sidner, C L 697 Sieghart, P 1025 Silbersweig, D A 1227; see also Cahill et al 1227 Simon, H A 37, 44, 261, 284, 321, 334, 435, 716, 840, 841, 842–3, 1058, 1067, 1101, 1301, 1334, 1384 and behaviourism 429–30 and bounded rationality 427, 444, 450–1 CMU programs 1065–6 on connectionism 991 at Dartmouth Summer School 41, 317, 328, 332–3 on decision-making 318–20, 322–3 and economists 428–9 on emotion 381–2 and EPAM 327, 760 and game theory 319 and generalism 740 and GPS 325–7, 395, 431, 710–12, 718–19 and GSIA, Carnegie Mellon 320 on hierarchy 778, 919 Human Problem Solving 356, 381–2, 431–3 and ILPs 802–4 and LT 323–5, 333, 703–4, 705, 710, 718–20, 1358 Nobel Prize 428 and PSs 427, 430–3, 811–13 and PSSs 1419–20 at RAND 322, 354–5, 729, 826 on situationism 1036 see also Langley et al (1981, 1987) 1065–6; Newell et al (1957, 1958/62, 1958a, 1958b, 1959, 1962) 710, 711, 712, 718, 740, 1358 Simonov, K 28 Simons, G L 1434 Simonyi, C 562 Sims, K 1279 Singer, C 95 Singer, P 492, 515 Sinha, C 972 Sivilotti, M A 939 Skarda, C A 1195, 1196 Skinner, B F 27–8, 240, 258, 259, 262, 269, 640, 641–2, 893 Sklar, E., see Pagello et al 963 Sloman, A 359, 422, 771, 805, 872, 1103, 1104, 1342, 1402, 1403 on architecture of mind 386, 388–9, 390–2 on computation and philosophy 1415, 1420–2 on emotions 390–2, 393 POPEYE project 791–3 on qualia 1238–9, 1368 on representation 454–5, 1028 and scientific explanation 426–7 on Turing machines 1416 and vision 471, 791–3 see also Wright et al 393 Smart, J J C 1344–5 Smee, A 107, 121, 146, 163 Smirnov-Troyanskii, P 20, 669 Smith, B C 836, 996, 1013, 1423–8, 1447 Smith, D 1057 Smith, D C 1079 Smith, L B 1399; see also Thelen et al 1194 Smith, P A J., see Perrett et al 1138–9 Smith, P H 1297 Smith, S M 552 Smolensky, P 973, 986–7, 991 Smoliar, S W 920 Sober, E 565, 1439 Socrates 54 Sokal, A 535 NAME INDEX Solomonoff, R J 671–2, 721, 894 Sommer, R 551 Sparck Jones, K xxxix, xlii, 675, 676, 862; see also Gazdar et al 681 Speighalter, D J., see Michie et al 1052 Spencer, H 556 Spender, S 30 Sperber, D 424–6, 485, 542, 570–3, 577, 578–9, 585 Sperry, R W 229 Spielberg, S 369 Spinoza, B 588–9 Sprat, T 65 Sripada, C S 491 Stano, P., see Luisi et al (forthcoming) 1324 Steele, R 91 Steels, L 1304 Stefik, M J 920 Stein, L A 770 Steiner, G 1398 Stelarc 61, 1088–9, 1406 Stengers, I 1316 Sterelny, K 999 Stern, E., see Silbersweig et al 1227 Stevens, C F 1329 Stevens, S S 286, 337 Stinchcombe, M., see Hornik et al 916 Stone, P J xliv, 690, 1046 Stone, R J 1083, 1084 Stracey, M 156, Strachey, C S 707, 714 Stratton, G 1181, 1185, 1325 Strauss, C 526, 527, 531, 532, 542 Sturrock, J 535 Suchman, L A 543–4, 1032, 1437 Suci, G J., see Osgood et al 745 Sudnow, D 497, 847, 1073 Suppes, P 648 Susskind, R E 1025–7 Sussman, G J 755, 766–7, 768, 781, 811 Sutherland, G L 795; see also Buchanan et al 796–7 Sutherland, I E 730, 1029, 1082–3 Sutherland, K 1220 Sutherland, N S 16, 17, 242, 259, 428, 458, 735, 869, 870, 1110–11, 1113, 1397 Sutherland, W S 1074–5, 1076 Sutcliffe, A 31 Sutterlin, C 553 Sutton, R S 928 Svejda, M., see Campos et al (1978) 468 Swade, D D 164, 167 Swets, J A 731 Swift, J 56 Swinnerton-Dyer, P 879 Szathm´ ry, E 1315 a Szentagothai, J 1176; see also Arbib et al 1175, 1215; Eccles et al 1146 1629 Tamoichi, T., see Pagello et al 963 Tank, D W 939–40 Tannenbaum, P H., see Osgood et al 745 Tassabehji, M 502, 503 Tate, A 757, 865 Taube, M 679, 843, 844 Taylor, C C., see Michie et al 1052 Taylor, C M 259, 1364 Taylor, J M 825 Taylor, W K 892, 893 Teller, E 1269 Tenenbaum, J M 791 Tennenholz, M 1041, 1043 Terrace, H S 480 Tertullian 584 Terzopoulos, D 1252–3, 1320 Tesler, L 1079 Teuber, H.-L 1136 Thagard, P R 123, 988–9; see also J H Holland et al 1277–8 Thatcher, J 1273 Thelen, E 1194–5, 1399 Thomas, M S C 501 Thompson, A 1282–3, 1284 Thompson, D M 292 Thompson, D W 1254–60 Thompson, E., see Varela et al 1399 Thompson, H 1019 Thomson, J 163 Thomson, W 163 Thornhill, R 553 Thornton, C 969–71, 974 Thorpe, W 255 Tierney, P 524–5 Tiger, L 540 Tinbergen, N 255, 256 Todd, P 449 Toffler, A 35 Tolman, E C 38, 260–1, 262–3, 264, 286 Toma, P 682 Tomasello, M 491, 515, 529–30, 571 Tomkins, S S 368, 737 Tooby, J 482, 485, 525, 541–3; see also Cosmides et al 542 Torres y Quevedo, L 166, 201 Toulmin, S E 22–3, 36, 558 Townsend, J T 1403 Trask, R L 560, 593 Trehub, A 1118–19 Treisman, A M 1186 Tresch, M C 977 Trevarthen, C B 311 Treves, A 1146 Tu, X 1320; see also Terzopoulos 1252–3 Tukey, J 204 Tulving, E 292 Turing, A M xl–xli, 17, 119, 202, 272, 324, 676–7, 714, 736, 1110, 1140 1630 NAME INDEX Turing, A M (continued) and ACE 157–8, 196–7 on AI as computer programming 703, 716 at Bletchley 157, 158–60 character 169–70, 183 computation, definition of 13, 1414, 1415, 1416 on computer technology 14 and connectionism 886–7 death of 170–1 and embryology 1261–5 and MADM 155–6, 157 on mind 178–82, 1346–51 and neuroscience 1121–2 Turing machines 171–7, 1379–80 Turing Test 1347–8, 1351–6 and TUROCHAMP 704, 707–8 von Neumann, inspiration for 160–1 Turing, S S 170–1, 932 Turk, G 1265–6 Turkle, S 372–3, 854, 1092, 1098, 1099, 1303, 1356 Turner, K J 788, 789 Turner, S R 1064 Turvey, M T 470, 471, 1281 Tversky, A 427–8, 444–6, 448–9 Twain, M 677 Tylor, E B 573 Uhr, L 759, 975, 1139 Ulam, S M 892, 1159, 1268–9, 1272 Ullman, S 470–1, 648, 662 Usselmann, R 31–2 Uttley, A M 335, 884, 897–8, 924–6, 1125–6 Vaina, L 1145 van de Moortele, P F., see Dehaene et al 1224 Vanderveken, D 696 van Gelder, T 729, 1329, 1399–400, 1402, 1403 van Sluyters, R C., see D E Mitchell et al 278 Varela, F J 857, 1306, 1399, 1438–9, 1440 Vaucanson, J de 20, 58, 82–5, 86 Vecchis, M P., see Kirkpatrick et al 949 Venter, C 1323; see also Fraser et al 1323 Vera, A H 1036 Vernier, V G., see Galambos et al 293 Vesalius, A 59 Vico, G Viscuso, S R.: see Anderson, J A et al 977 Vloeberghs, M 1086; see also Wang et al 1086 Volterra, V.: see Bates, E et al 481 von Bertalanffy, L 201 von Braun, W 351–2 von der Malsburg, C 1163–4, 1190–1, 1193, 1225 von Domarus, E 184 von Neumann, J 17, 177–8, 200, 201–2, 218, 284, 308, 421, 559, 717, 1261, 1276 on cellular automata 890–2, 1269–71, 1272 and computing machine design 195, 196–8 on EDVAC 160–2, 197–8 on replication 1268, 1269 and Teleological Society 219–20 Turing as inspiration for 1601 von Uexkă ll, J 2556 u Vossler, C 759, 1139 Vygotsky, L S 311 Waddington, C H 254, 474, 1258, 1314 Waismann, F 654 Wald, A 284 Waldrop, M M 1317 Walker, C C 1310 Walker, E H 1233 Wallace, A F C 39, 376, 518–19 Walter, G 53 Walter, N 223 Walsh, M J.,see Fogel et al 1275 Walton, A 263 Walton, K L 1099–100 Waltz, D L 673, 784, 788, 790, 942, 1003 Wang, H 749 Wang, P 1086 Wanner, E 675, 695 Ward, J 109 Warhol, A 1091 Warrington, E K 490 Warwick, K 1436 Wason, P C 439 Watkins, J W N 1338 Watson, D 1069 Watson, J B 238, 258, 619 Watson, J D 23, 37, 1250 Watson, P J 553 Watson, R W 796 Watson, T 86, 1447 Watt, J 40, 199 Weaver, W 204, 631–2, 670 Webb, B 1292–7; see also Horchler et al 1296; Lund et al 1296; Reeve et al 1296 Weber, E 128 Weber, M 25 Weber, S., see Colby et al 1352–3 Webster, G 1314–15 Wehner, R., see Collett et al 1304 Weimer, W 337, 342, 433 Weinberg, S 535 Weiser, M 1080–1, 1107 Weiskrantz, L 1225 Weismann, A 102, 562 Weiss, A P 619 Weizenbaum, J 844, 857–8, 1018 on AI applications 850–1, 853–5 and ELIZA 371–2, 742, 743, 800 toilet roll game 172, 173 Wells, J C 700 Werbos, P 42, 894, 904, 940–1, 954, 1158 NAME INDEX Wertheimer, M 247–8, 249–50, 252 Weyl, S 791; see also Tenenbaum et al 791 Wheeler, M W 1, 486, 1410 Whewell, W 135–6 Whitby, B 235, 1052, 1106, 1107, 1109, 1348 White, H., see Hornik et al 916 White, J A., see Faisal et al 1257 Whitehead, A N 48, 184–5 Whorf, B 611, 620 Whytt, R 109 Widrow, B 332, 333, 909–10, 922, 928–9, 931, 934, 953, 962–3 Wiener, N 35, 224, 264, 888, 898, 1124, 1170–1, 1210 cybernetics 200, 201–2, 205, 210 and digital filtering 910 on Pitts 189–90, 195, 196 teleological behaviour 204, 219–20 Wiesel, T 45, 1134–5, 1140 Wiesner, J 732–3, 1071–2 Wiklund, M 863 Wilkes, K V 1240 Wilkes, M V xxxix, 156, 161, 164, 166, 825 Wilkins, J 57, 605–6 Wilks, Y xxxix, 672, 676, 690, 835, 847, 861 Williams, B A O 70 Williams, F 155–6 Williams, P M 239, 750, 1144 Williams, R J., see Rumelhart et al 952, 965 Willis, T 108 Willshaw, D 932, 933–4, 1150, 1152–3, 1155, 1167, 1190–1, 1193; see also Ijspeert et al 1298–9 Wilson, D 424–6, 571, 585 Wilson, D S 565 Wilson, E A 33–4 Wilson, E O 549 Wilson, H 896 Wilson, R A 11–12 Wilson, S W 1322 Wimmer, H 488 Winograd, T 357, 692, 779, 841–2, 855–8, 861, 868, 1399 KRL 778, 856 and military funding 836 and PLANNER 809–10 SHRDLU 685–7, 690, 694, 776, 777, 806, 856 Winston, P H 737, 738, 763–6, 765, 779, 780, 784, 786, 790, 794, 877 1631 Winterstein, D 1028 Wittgenstein, L xlii, 186, 187, 272, 676–7, 1334, 1339–40, 1341, 1395 family resemblances doctrine 675 and language 675, 677, 695, 984 on mental processes 1342, 1391 on thinking 1351 Wolf, A K., see B F Green et al 743 Wolf, H C., see Tenenbaum et al 791 Wolfram, S 1309 Wolpert, D M 901, 1177, 1184–5, 1213 Wolpert, L 583, 1264, 1335 Wood, S 1108 Woodruff, G 487 Woods, W A 683–4, 685, 693–5, 732 Wooldridge, M J 1039; see also d’Inverno et al 1041, 1044 Wos, L 751 Wright, E W., see Libet et al (1979, 1983) 1223 Wright, I P 393 Wuensche, A 1310 Wundt, W 128, 618–19 Yarbus, A L 310 Yates, F A 56 Yin, T C., see Smith et al 1297 Yngve, V xliv, 650, 655, 672–3, 680, 805 Young, J Z 116, 170, 222, 335, 336, 932, 1199–1200, 1346–7 Young, Richard M 493–4, 766 Yovits, M C 913 Zadeh, L A 1108 Zawidzki, T W 652 Zeki, S M 460 Zelen´ , M 1267 y Zenzen, M 1335 Ziff, P 1349, 1381 Ziman, J M 22, 24, 26, 509, 538, 559, 561 Zivanovic, A 1088 Zubek, J P 278 Zuse, K 42, 44, 152–5, 165, 741, 800, 814, 825–6, 835, 1447 Zwaan, R A 997 Zytkow, J M., see Langley et al (1987) 1065–6 ... on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Boden, Margaret A Mind as machine : a history of cognitive science. .. Rhetoric and publication i An explanatory can of worms 18 19 21 26 31 37 39 42 46 49 1.iv Envoi 50 MAN AS MACHINE: ORIGINS OF THE IDEA 51 2.i Machine as Man: Early Days a Ancient automata and Dark Age... couldn’t have happened without the thesaurus, because only ararat has a root likely to be listed against plough in a dictionary The work was practical as well as theoretical, asking how concepts and