the united nations security council and war the evolution of thought and practice since 1945 aug 2008

THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL AND WAR The Changing Character of War Programme is an inter-disciplinary research group located at the University of Oxford, and funded by the Leverhulme Trust THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL AND WAR The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 Edited by VAU G H A N LOW E A DA M RO B E RT S JENNIFER WELSH D O M I N I K Z AU M Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß The several contributors 2008 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2008 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid free paper by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire ISBN 978 19 953343 5 10 Acknowledgements This volume originated in a seminar series on ‘The UN Security Council and War’, held at Oxford University under the aegis of the Oxford Leverhulme Programme on the Changing Character of War in 2004 and 2005 In light of the high quality of the papers, and the range of new questions they raised about the relationship between the Security Council and war, we decided to continue the project, to commission further research and contributions, and to publish the best of the resulting material We are very grateful to Sir Frank Berman for his generous comments and his contribution of the section on accountability to the introduction, and to Sir Michael Wood, whose comments on a range of chapters and on the introduction have been enormously helpful Col Christopher Langton of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, has provided valuable help on Appendix We also thank Tarun Chhabra, Par Engstrom, Carolyn Haggis, Taylor Owen, Miriam Prys, and Matias Spektor, all doctoral students at the Department of Politics and International Relations at Oxford, who provided valuable research assistance for some of the chapters and for the appendices, as well as Emily Paddon, who translated the first draft of Chapter 20 from French into English For his work on several of the appendices, we also thank John Dunbabin Special thanks go to Devika Hovell, a doctoral student at Balliol College, who has done more than we could have asked of her in helping to prepare the chapters for publication Finally, we would like to thank all those who participated in the seminar series and commented on the papers, including Chaloka Beyani, Jeremy Carver, Valpy FitzGerald, Yuen Foong Khong, Charles Garraway, Ian Hurd, Andrew Hurrell, Laura James, Neil MacFarlane, Priyanjali Malik, Jochen Prantl, Henry Shue, and Stefan Talmon Our work for this book benefited from much help from the library staff in four major libraries in Oxford: the Law Library, the Social Sciences Library, the Codrington Library at All Souls College, and the Bodleian Library – the latter being a depositary library for UN papers as well as holding valuable archives in the United Nations Career Records Project Finally, we would like to acknowledge the generous financial support that this project received from the Centre for International Studies and the Oxford Leverhulme Programme on the Changing Character of War, both of which are at the Department of Politics and International Relations at Oxford University Without their support, this volume would not have been possible V.L.; A.R.; J.W.; D.Z January 2008 Jacket Illustration The Security Council Chamber, 31 January 1992 At the Council’s first summit-level meeting, the fifteen member states were represented by thirteen heads of state and government, plus two foreign ministers This gathering, at a high point of optimism about the UN, issued a declaration on the central role of the Council in maintaining world peace and upholding the principle of collective security The declaration also invited Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali to make recommendations on strengthening the UN’s capacity in peacekeeping, peace-making, and preventive diplomacy This led to the publication in June 1992 of An Agenda for Peace, with a set of ambitious proposals to enhance the capacity of the UN to respond to the challenges of the post-Cold War world The mural, by the Norwegian artist Per Krogh (1889–1965), encapsulates an earlier vision of a reformed world It depicts a phoenix rising from its ashes, as a symbol of the world being rebuilt after the Second World War Above the dark sinister colours at the bottom, different images in bright colours illustrate hopes for a better future Equality is symbolized by a group of people weighing out grain for all to share (UN Photo/Milton Grant) Contents List of Acronyms List of Contributors Introduction The Editors PA RT I : xi xvii T H E F R A M E WO R K A Council for All Seasons: The Creation of the Security Council and Its Relevance Today Edward C Luck 61 The Charter Limitations on the Use of Force: Theory and Practice Christine Gray 86 Proposals for UN Standing Forces: A Critical History Adam Roberts 99 PA RT I I : T H E RO L E S O F T H E S E C U R I T Y COUNCIL The Security Council and the Great Powers Nico Krisch The Security Council, the General Assembly, and War: The Uniting for Peace Resolution Dominik Zaum 133 154 viii contents The Security Council and Peacekeeping Mats Berdal The Sanctions Era: Themes and Trends in UN Security Council Sanctions since 1990 David Cortright, George A Lopez, and Linda Gerber-Stellingwerf 10 The Security Council’s Authorization of Regional Arrangements to Use Force: The Case of NATO Dan Sarooshi The Security Council in the Post-Cold War World Jeremy Greenstock PA RT I I I : 175 205 226 248 CASE STUDIES 11 The United Nations, the Security Council, and the Korean War William Stueck 265 12 The Suez Crisis and the British Dilemma at the United Nations Wm Roger Louis 280 13 The Security Council and the Arab–Israeli Wars: ‘Responsibility without Power’ Bruce D Jones 298 14 The Security Council and the India–Pakistan Wars Rahul Roy-Chaudhury 324 15 The Security Council and East Timor Peter Carey with Pat Walsh 346 16 The Security Council and the Iran–Iraq War Charles Tripp 368 17 The Security Council and the 1991 and 2003 Wars in Iraq James Cockayne and David M Malone 384 contents ix 18 The Security Council and the Wars in the Former Yugoslavia Susan L Woodward 406 19 The Security Council and the Bosnian Conflict: A Practitioner’s View Rupert Smith 442 20 The Security Council and the Afghan Conflict Gilles Dorronsoro 21 The Security Council and Three Wars in West Africa Adekeye Adebajo 22 The Security Council in the Wings: Exploring the Security Council’s Non-involvement in Wars J P D Dunbabin 452 466 494 PA RT I V: T H E S E C U R I T Y C O U N C I L A N D T H E C H A N G I N G C H A R AC T E R O F WA R 23 The Different Functions of the Security Council with Respect to Humanitarian Law Georg Nolte 24 The Security Council and Humanitarian Intervention Jennifer M Welsh 25 The Security Council and the Administration of War-torn and Contested Territories Richard Caplan 519 535 563 26 The Security Council and International Law on Military Occupations David Scheffer 580 27 The Security Council and Terrorism Jane Boulden 608 28 The Security Council and the Use of Private Force Sarah V Percy 624 index SC Res 552 (1984) 377 SC Res 567 (1985) 89 SC Res 568 (1985) 89 SC Res 571 (1985) 89 SC Res 573 (1985) 89, 92 SC Res 574 (1985) 89 SC Res 577 (1985) 89 SC Res 582 (1986) 375 SC Res 588 (1986) 379 SC Res 598 (1987) 375, 381 SC Res 611 (1988) 89, 92 SC Res 612 (1988) 375 SC Res 622 (1988) 455 SC Res 632 (1989) 186 SC Res 644 (1989) 185 SC Res 653 (1990) 185 SC Res 661 (1990) 205 SC Res 673 (1990) 386 SC Res 678 (1990) 89, 91, 98, 303, 387, 401 SC Res 687 (1991) 89, 91, 208, 388, 389, 394 , 402, 404 SC Res 689 (1991) 386 SC Res 692 (1991) 386 SC Res 706 (1991) 391 SC Res 712 (1991) 391 SC Res 713 (1991) 407, 408, 417, 426 SC Res 731 (1992) 611 SC Res 733 (1992) 407, 540 SC Res 740 (1992) 418 SC Res 746 (1992) 540 SC Res 748 (1992) 611 SC Res 749 (1992) 421, 425, 426 SC Res 751 (1992) 539, 540 SC Res 752 (1992) 426 SC Res 753 (1992) 419 SC Res 755 (1992) 419 SC Res 757 (1992) 422 SC Res 758 (1992) 427 SC Res 760 (1992) 427 SC Res 761 (1992) 427 SC Res 762 (1992) 419 SC Res 764 (1992) 427 SC Res 776 (1992) 194, 428 SC Res 777 (1992) 422 SC Res 778 (1992) 391 SC Res 779 (1992) 422 SC Res 780 (1992) 427 SC Res 781 (1992) 428, 446 SC Res 786 (1992) 428 SC Res 787 (1992) 428 SC Res 788 (1992) 472 SC Res 794 (1992) 539, 541 SC Res 795 (1992) 422 SC Res 808 (1993) 427, 521, 522 SC Res 813 (1993) 446 SC Res 814 (1993) 539 SC Res 816 (1993) 428, 431 SC Res 817 (1993) 422 SC Res 819 (1993) 232, 447 SC Res 820 (1993) 426, 431 SC Res 824 (1993) 232, 435, 448, 529 SC Res 827 (1993) 533 SC Res 836 (1993) 232 SC Res 837 (1993) 521 SC Res 841 (1993) 35, 542 SC Res 844 (1993) 238 SC Res 851 (1993) 530 SC Res 862 (1993) 543 SC Res 864 (1993) 530 SC Res 866 (1993) 472, 527 SC Res 867 (1993) 543 SC Res 872 (1993) 545 SC Res 883 (1993) 217, 611 SC Res 885 (1994) 556 SC Res 912 (1994) 110, 502, 545 SC Res 913 (1994) 431 SC Res 914 (1994) 431 SC Res 917 (1994) 543 SC Res 918 (1994) 110, 546 SC Res 925 (1994) 110 SC Res 929 (1994) 111, 546 SC Res 940 (1994) 35, 542, 543 544, 590 SC Res 941 (1994) 529, 530 SC Res 942 (1994) 431 SC Res 943 (1994) 431 SC Res 948 (1994) 590 SC Res 949 (1994) 394 SC Res 955 (1994) 521, 533 SC Res 964 (1994) 544 SC Res 970 (1994) 436 SC Res 975 (1995) 544, 590 SC Res 981 (1995) 419 SC Res 986 (1995) 391 SC Res 998 (1995) 116, 436 SC Res 1003 (1995) 436 SC Res 1004 (1995) 436 SC Res 1007 (1995) 544, 590 SC Res 1013 (1995) 220 SC Res 1015 (1995) 436 SC Res 1020 (1995) 190 SC Res 1031 (1995) 90, 170, 437, 566, 573 SC Res 1035 (1995) 437 SC Res 1037 (1996) 423 SC Res 1038 (1996) 422 SC Res 1044 (1996) 611 SC Res 1048 (1996) 544, 590 SC Res 1051 (1996) 395 SC Res 1054 (1996) 611 779 780 index SC resolutions (cont.) SC Res 1060 (1996) 395 SC Res 1070 (1996) 611 SC Res 1076 (1996) 456 SC Res 1088 (1996) 170 SC Res 1120 (1997) 530, 531 SC Res 1132 (1997) 476 SC Res 1137 (1997) 395 SC Res 1145 (1998) 423 SC Res 1160 (1998) 91, 549 SC Res 1172 (1998) 341 SC Res 1181 (1998) 476, 527 SC Res 1189 (1998) 463 SC Res 1192 (1998) 218 SC Res 1193 (1998) 457, 460 SC Res 1199 (1998) 91, 438, 549 SC Res 1203 (1998) 91, 438 SC Res 1208 (1998) 526, 530, 531 SC Res 1214 (1998) 460, 463, 527 SC Res 1216 (1998) 509 SC Res 1231 (1999) 525 SC Res 1236 (1999) 220, 359 SC Res 1239 (1999) 439, 530, 531 SC Res 1244 (1999) 170, 550, 567, 571, 591 SC Res 1246 (1999) 359, 551 SC Res 1257 (1999) 359 SC Res 1261 (1999) 532 SC Res 1262 (1999) 551 SC Res 1264 (1999) 256, 350, 358, 359, 592 SC Res 1265 (1999) 524, 548 SC Res 1267 (1999) 39, 218, 460, 463, 528, 611 SC Res 1269 (1999) 529, 611, 621 SC Res 1270 (1999) 254, 469, 477 SC Res 1272 (1999) 352, 359, 553, 567, 592 SC Res 1279 (1999) 255 SC Res 1284 (1999) 396 SC Res 1289 (2000) 23, 478 SC Res 1291 (2000) 524 SC Res 1296 (2000) 526, 527, 531, 548 SC Res 1299 (2000) 254 SC Res 1304 (2000) 523 SC Res 1306 (2000) 479 SC Res 1310 (2000) 462 SC Res 1315 (2000) 530, 531, 532 SC Res 1318 (2000) 15 SC Res 1320 (2000) 256 SC Res 1333 (2000) 214, 219, 459, 460, 463, 523 SC Res 1335 (2001) 522 SC Res 1343 (2001) 221, 79 SC Res 1355 (2001) 523 SC Res 1359 (2001) 529, 530 SC Res 1363 (2001) 221, 611, 614 SC Res 1366 (2001) 523, 526 SC Res 1368 (2001) 97, 453, 463, 611 SC Res 1369 (2001) 522 SC Res 1373 (2001) 35, 97, 214, 219, 318, 404, 453, 532 SC Res 1377 (2001) 615 SC Res 1378 (2001) 523, 524 SC Res 1386 (2001) 170, 461, 522 SC Res 1390 (2002) 219 SC Res 1397 (2002) 319, 529 SC Res 1398 (2002) 522 SC Res 1400 (2002) 525 SC Res 1401 (2002) 462, 595 SC Res 1402 (2002) 319 SC Res 1405 (2002) 529, 533 SC Res 1410 (2002) 592 SC Res 1422 (2002) 164 SC Res 1423 (2002) 164 SC Res 1429 (2002) 524, 528, 529, 530 SC Res 1430 (2002) 522 SC Res 1435 (2002) 120, 529, 533 SC Res 1437 (2002) 422 SC Res 1441 (2002) 398 SC Res 1456 (2003) 224, 529 SC Res 1457 (2003) 221 SC Res 1464 (2003) 528 SC Res 1466 (2003) 522 SC Res 1468 (2003) 525, 526, 528, 533 SC Res 1472 (2003) 524, 596 SC Res 1478 (2003) 635 SC Res 1479 (2003) 481, 524, 528, 634 SC Res 1483 (2003) 521, 572, 581, 596, 599, 600, 601, 603 SC Res 1484 (2003) 523 SC Res 1493 (2003) 202, 522 SC Res 1495 (2003) 524, 528, 529, 530 SC Res 1497 (2003) 475 SC Res 1500 (2003) 257, 602 SC Res 1502 (2003) 521, 523, 524 SC Res 1506 (2003) 202 SC Res 1509 (2003) 469, 475, 522 SC Res 1511 (2003) 602 SC Res 1528 (2004) 202, 481, 525 SC Res 1530 (2004) 50 SC Res 1535 (2004) 522, 601 SC Res 1538 (2004) 392 SC Res 1540 (2004) 35, 404, 532, 603 SC Res 1542 (2004) 202, 527, 590 SC Res 1544 (2004) 524 , 529 SC Res 1545 (2004) 202, 510, 522, 523, 524, 525 SC Res 1546 (2004) 604 , 605 SC Res 1547 (2004) 522.559 SC Res 1550 (2004) 620 SC Res 1556 (2004) 124, 506, 525, 559 SC Res 1559 (2004) 32 SC Res 1564 (2004) 525, 527, 560 index SC Res 1565 (2004) 215, 523, 524, 526 SC Res 1566 (2004) 35 , 522 , 529, 617 SC Res 1572 (2004) 215, 482, 524, 528 SC Res 1574 (2004) 524 SC Res 1577 (2004) 528 SC Res 1590 (2005) 202 SC Res 1591 (2005) 526, 528, 560 SC Res 1592 (2005) 523 SC Res 1593 (2005) 526, 560 SC Res 1595 (2005) 321 SC Res 1598 (2005) 529 SC Res 1606 (2005) 527 SC Res 1607 (2005) 635 SC Res 1620 (2005) 488 SC Res 1624 (2005) 16, 529, 612 SC Res 1625 (2005) 16 SC Res 1633 (2005) 523 SC Res 1634 (2005) 528 SC Res 1635 (2005) 522 SC Res 1637 (2005) 522, 605 SC Res 1641 (2005) 525 SC Res 1643 (2005) 483, 524 SC Res 1645 (2005) 130, 576 SC Res 1649 (2005) 523, 526, 528 SC Res 1653 (2006) 523, 530 SC Res 1662 (2006) 522 SC Res 1667 (2006) 125 SC Res 1670 (2006) 514 SC Res 1672 (2006) 525, 526, 528 SC Res 1674 (2006) 522, 532, 548, 557, 587, 607 SC Res 1679 (2006) 561 SC Res 1681 (2006) 515 SC Res 1701 (2006) 202 SC Res 1704 (2006) 366 SC Res 1706 (2006) 124 SC Res 1738 (2006) 548 SC Res 1746 (2007) 595 SC Res 1769 (2007) 561 Secretary General 526 trump card, SC resolutions as 37 voting 19, 32 Schori, Pierre 483 Schramme, Jacques 629 ă Schroder, Gerhard 397, 400 SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organization), Pakistan’s membership of 326 Secretariat of SC 251 2, 253, 300 Secretary General see also particular Secretary Generals (eg Annan, KoW) role in Afghanistan 458 Bosnia and Herzegovina 232 3, 237 9, 241, 247 East Timor 352 5, 357 India Pakistan wars 336 Security Council see SC 781 self defence see also use of force Afghanistan 453 4, 463 anticipatory action 94, 95, 97 Bosnia and Herzegovina 232 3, 429, 434, 449 Charter provisions 9, 14, 35, 70, 86 7, 92, 94 collective self defence 9, 14, 90, 93, 97, 230, 254, 463 customary law 94 developing countries 94 great powers, SC and 149 50 India Pakistan wars 331, 339 Israel’s attack on Iraq’s nuclear reactor 1981 95 national liberation movements, use of force by 88, 93, 94 NATO 232 peacekeeping operations 22 preventive action 98 relation to self determination 95 reporting of actions 94 SC Res 1368 (2001) 611 September 11, 2001 attacks on United States 97, 622 Sierra Leone 254 terrorism 97, 463 4, 611, 622 United States 97 8, 463 4, 622 vagueness of provisions 70 self determination Bosnia and Herzegovina 424, 428 break ups of countries, management of 411, 416 24 East Timor 347 51, 354, 356, 363 relation to self defence 95 SC, strength of record on 54 territorial administration 565 Threats by mercenaries to 627, 628, 632, 633 7, 640 UN Charter, provisions regarding use of force 95 Yugoslavia, former 416 24 semi permanent members, proposal for 32 see also reform of SC September 11, 2001 attacks on United States 611 12, 620 Afghanistan 97, 463 US involvement in Middle East after 321, 322 Iraq War (2003) 383, 396 self defence 97, 622 UN Charter, provisions regarding use of force 97 Serbia 413, 415 24 see also Kosovo; Yugoslavia, former Bosnia and Herzegovina 409, 424 5, 429 37, 446 51, 512 Kosovo 437 9, 548 50, 592 782 index Serbia (cont.) NATO bombing 407, 410, 424 sanctions 423 Sevan, Benon 458 Seychelles 631, 634, 635 ˆ Shah, Zaher 462 Shameem, Shaista 628 Sharon, Ariel 317 Shastri, Lal Bahadur 337 shipping, attacks on commercial 377 SHIRBRIG rapid deployment plan 119 20 Shrinagesh, SM 333 shuttle diplomacy 302, 306, 309, 312 Sierra Leone 467 70, 476 80 see also UNAMSIL, UNOMSIL, UNIOSIL amnesties for war crimes 477 arms embargo 476 diamond trade 215, 479, 480, 490 disarmament 479 80 ECOMOG (Economic Community CeaseWre Monitoring Group) 467, 469, 476 8, 487, 491 ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) 468, 476 9, 485 elections 479 80 Government of National Unity 477 internal armed conXicts 468 International Contact Group 479, 489 Liberia 469, 479 80 ´ Lome Accord 477, 479 National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) 469 oil embargo 476 peace process 479 80 peacebuilding oYces, establishment of 488, 491 peacekeeping operations in 23, 193, 197 8, 254, 469, 477 80, 486 reconstruction 480 resources 492 Revolutionary United Front (RUF) 469, 476 80, 490 role of mercenaries 632 3, 634 role of Nigeria 477 8, 491 sanctions 215, 221, 489, 490 SC Res 1132 (1997) 476 SC Res 1181 (1998) 476, 527 SC Res 1231 (1999) 525 SC Res 1270 (1999) 254, 469, 477 SC Res 1289 (2000) 23, 478, SC Res 1299 (2000) 254 SC Res 1306 (2000) 479 SC Res 1315 (2000) 530, 531, 532 SC Res 1400 (2002) 525 SC Res 1620 (2005) 488 self defence 254 ‘sobel’ phenomenon 469 Special Court in Sierra Leone 490 Special Investigative Panels 221 UN Special Representative 476, 478 United Kingdom 254, 260, 478, 489 war crimes 477 Silajdzic, Haris 431 Simla Agreement (1972) 329, 340, 343, 345 Singh, Hari 327, 330 Sino Indian War (1962) 325, 326, 335 Six Day War (1967) 161, 305 Six plus Two group 458 Slovenia 408 14, 420 see also Yugoslavia, former smaller powers role in drafting the Charter 65, 67, 73 5, 77 81 relationship with great powers 135 8, 148 Smith, Rupert 436 ´ Soares, Mario 356 Solomon Islands 506 Somalia see also UNITAF, UNOSOM arms embargo 540 ceaseWre 540 humanitarian intervention 539 41, 554, 555 ‘New International Order’ 507 Operation Restore Hope 555 refugees 540 resources 502 SC Res 733 (1992) 407, 540 SC Res 746 (1992) 540 SC Res 794 (1992) 539, 541 SC Res 751 (1992) 539, 540 SC Res 814 (1993) 539 SC Res 837 (1993) 521 SC Res 885 (1994) 556 state sovereignty 541 use of force, authorization of 540 Soong, TV 79 Soro, Guillaume 483 South Africa apartheid 18, 504 ˆ and Cote d’Ivoire 482 Permanent Mandates Commission of League of Nations 574 sanctions 206 SC Res 387 (1976) 89 SC Res 418 (197) 206 SC Res 567 (1985) 89 SC Res 568 (1985) 89 SC Res 571 (1985) 89 SC Res 574 (1985) 89 index SC Res 577 (1985) 89 and West Africa 491 South Korea see Korean War (1950 3) sovereign equality principle 135 sovereignty see state sovereignty Soviet Union Afghanistan 371 2, 452, 454 Arab Israeli wars 161, 166, 307 12, 314, 322 boycott of SC 266 7, 277 China’s seat at UN, issue of 266, 277 Cold War 495 collapse of 314 Congo 160, 169 70, 172, 501 Cuban Missile Crisis 496 disarmament 18 19 Eastern Europe, inXuence in 505 Egypt 312 GA, role of 278 Gulf War (1991) 385 Hungary (1956), intervention in 160, 164 5, 505 India Pakistan wars 324, 326, 335, 339, 345 Iran Iraq War (1980 8) 369, 371 2, 378, 380 Korean War 266 8, 270 2, 275 8, 495 Non Aligned Movement (NAM) 326 peacekeeping operations 169 71 Second Kashmir War (1965) 324 spheres of inXuence 165, 504 Suez crisis 283, 285, 287, 290 4, 296 UN Charter 171 Uniting for Peace Resolution 155 61, 164 6, 169 73 veto Cold War 495 India Pakistan wars 326, 335, 339, 345 Korean War 272, 273, 277 Uniting for Peace Resolution 155, 156 60, 173 Yugoslavia, former 411, 414 Spain Iraq War (2003) 401 Madrid Bombings (2004) 620, 622 Special Representatives of the SG Afghanistan 458 ˆ Cote d’Ivoire 483 East Timor 351, 352 Liberia 472 3, 475 Sierra Leone 476, 479 West Africa 472 3, 475 6, 479, 488 spheres of inXuence 165, 504 Srebrenica 436, 447 50 massacre 27, 116, 127, 196, 199, 436, 447, 511 safe areas 435, 448 50 Sri Lanka 504 783 Stalin, Joseph 65 6, 78, 496 stand by arrangements for peacekeeping forces 116, 118 standing forces 99 130 , 250 Agenda for Peace (1992) 106, 114 16, 129 air force 100 Brahimi Report (Report of the Panel on Peace Operations) 121 Canadian study on rapid reaction capability (1995) 118 19 Cold War 100 collective security 106, 129 criticisms 125 30 decision making body, suitability of SC as military 127 decline of standing force idea since 1995 120 EU rapid reaction capacities 123 Wnancial contributions 113, 128 Xexibility of options, lack of 112 13 full time standing force, proposal for 73 Group of 77 in GA, criticism by 127 Guard Force, proposal for 101 humanitarian intervention 114, 124, 126 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty 122 Joint Inspection Unit, report of 120 Korean War 103 Military StaV Committee 100 national contributions 100 1, 113, 128 30 Netherlands Non paper for UN Rapid Deployment Brigade (1995) 117 18, 120 peace enforcement units 106 permanent forces 106 Quick Reaction Force 107, 125 rapid response capability 99 100, 106 7, 114 22 UNPROFOR (UN Protection Force) 116 17 regional partnerships 122 4, 127, 128, 130 reports 1995 2006 120 SHIRBRIG initiative (1995) 119 20 size of forces required 125 standby arrangements 20, 73, 114 15, 119, 122 4, 129 30 Charter provisions 8, 87 8, 100 2, 106, 119 20, 122, 128 UN Emergency Peace Service 128 UN Field Service 103 UN High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change 122 UN Joint Inspection Unit, report of 120 UN Legion, proposal for 103 UN Panel of Field Observers 103 784 index standing forces (cont.) UN peace force, proposal for 104 UN peace force reserve, proposal for 104 UN Rapid Deployment Brigade 117 18 UN Rapid Reaction Force 114 17 UN Standby Arrangements System (UNAS) 114 UN Volunteer Reserve 103 United States 102, 104, 107, 115, 121, 127 Urquhart proposal (1993) 107 8, 117 18 voluntary individually recruited UN Force 107 World Summit Outcome document (2005) 123 Stanley, Timothy 107 state sovereignty Afghanistan 455 Bosnia and Herzegovina 424, 429, 431 decolonization 17 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) 29, 122, 547, 557 Rwanda 547, 548 Somalia 541 UN Charter 251 Yugoslavia, former 408 11, 414 15, 418, 420, 423 status of forces agreements 588 Stettinius, Edward 69, 72 3, 77, 78 Stoltenberg, Thorvald 419 Suchetgarh Agreement (1972) 340, 342 Sudan 610 11 see also AMIS; Darfur, Sudan; UNAMID; UNMIS African Union mission 124 5, 492, 506, 509, 514, 559 61 Annan, KoW 558 consent 96, 124 5, 409, 561 genocide 560 humanitarian intervention 96, 124, 558 61 International Criminal Court, reference to 560 sanctions 211, 213, 214, 221, 223, 558 9, 611 SC Res 1547 (2004) 522, 559 SC Res 1556 (2004) 124, 506, 525, 559 SC Res 1564 (2004) 525, 527, 560, SC Res 1574 (2004) 524 SC Res 1590 (2005) 202 SC Res 1591 (2005) 526, 528, 560 SC Res 1593 (2005) 526, 560, SC Res 1672 (2006) 525, 526, 528 SC Res 1679 (2006) 561 SC Res 1706 (2006) 124 SC Res 1769 (2007) 561 standing forces 124 UN failures 53, 57, 96, 124 5, 253, 260, 499, 536, 561 UN reluctance to act 559 United States 504, 559 60 use of force, authorization of 561 Suez crisis (1956) 280 97, 304 06 see also UNEF air attacks on Egypt, launch of 290 1, 293 Australia 297 Canada 293 ceaseWre 291 2, 294 Commonwealth 283 4, 297 decolonization 297 France 284 5, 287 96, 304 GA 283 5, 291, 294 6, 304 GA Res 1001 (1956) 305 Hungary, Russian attack on 290, 293 4, 296 India 297 Israel 284 5, 287 95 maritime conference, proposal for 283, 287 nationalization of Canal Company, reversal of 287 peacekeeping operation, proposal for 292 3, 295 7, 305 police operation, British and French claims to be conducting 288 9, 294 prelude to crisis at UN 285 SC Res 118 (1956) 287 SC Res 119 (1956) 160, 285, 291 ` Sevres Accord 287 six principles of 13 October 1956 287 Soviet Union 283, 285, 287, 290 4, 296 unilateral action 281 United Kingdom 280 97 United States 281, 283 4, 290 2, 297 Uniting For Peace Resolution 154 5, 160, 167, 171 2, 285, 291 veto 285, 289 90, 500 Suharto 352, 353, 355 6, 364 Sweden 222 Switzerland 222 Syria Arab Israeli wars 319, 320 Lebanon, inXuence on elections in 320 non permanent membership of SC 319 United States 321 Taiwan 266, 497 9, 502 Taliban 456 64, 594 see also Afghanistan arms embargo 218 20, 460 Wnancial assets, freezing of 460 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) 462 Pakistan 461 index sanctions 218 20, 221, 457, 459 61, 528, 611, 613 14, 618, 619, 623 terrorism 218 20, 221, 457, 463 4, 611, 613 14, 618, 619, 623 travel bans 219 20 United States 456, 459 61 Tashkent Agreement (1966) 325, 337 8, 345 Taylor, Charles 211, 215, 221, 469, 471, 473 4, 476, 479, 488, 489, 490 technical assistance 616 17 territorial administration see also ONUC; UNMIK; UNTAES; UNTAET; UNTEA accountability 573 Brahimi Report (Report of the Panel on Peace Operations) 575 capacity building 567 conXict management, as 563 conservatorship concept 568 decolonization 565 dependent territories 565 gender mainstreaming 577, 578 governance, provision of 567, 570, 577 independence, promotion of 567 Jerusalem, proposal for administration of 569 jurisdiction of local courts 575 legitimacy, challenge to 28 military occupation, as distinguished from 571 non self governing territories 564 Permanent Mandates Commission of League of Nations 574, 576 purpose 566 reconstruction 577 reintegration, promotion of 567 reporting obligations 573 role of SC 570 San Francisco negotiations 568 self determination 565 Trieste, plans for establishment of Free Territory of 568 UN Trusteeship Council 565 Trusteeship System, comparison with 564 5, 574 UN Peacebuilding Commission 576 territorial integrity Kosovo 439, 549 50 threats by mercenaries 634, 635, 637 Yugoslavia, former 407, 411 12, 419, 421 terrorism 608 23 Afghanistan 457, 461 al Qaeda 611 14, 617 18 Israel Palestinian conXict 316, 318, 321, 322 assassination, condemnation of 609 785 Assessment and Technical Assistance OYce 616 capacity building 615 Cold War 608, 609 10 compensation fund 617 condemnations 609, 611, 620 cooperative measures 612 Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC) 614 17, 619 20 Counter Terrorism Executive Directorate (CTED) 616, 619, 620 decolonization, consequence of 49 deWnition of terrorism 610, 619 21 East Africa, attacks on embassies in 218 19, 457, 461, 463, 611 Wnancing 612, 614 15 freezing Wnancial assets 617 reporting requirements 614 15, 618 G7 609 10, 621 GA 610 11, 612, 620 Hamas 316 hijackings 609, 610 hostages in US embassy in Teheran, taking of 371 human rights and use of force 622 humanitarian law, SC resolutions on 529 30, 532 incitement 616 independence struggles 610 India Pakistan wars 325, 344, 497 Information and Administrative OYce 616 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 615 16 international conventions 610 Iraq War (2003) 396 Libya, handing over of terrorist suspects by 610 11 London bombings (2005) 612, 622 Madrid Bombings (2004) 620, 622 methods of attacks, conventions dealing with 610 Munich Olympics (1972), attack on Israelis at 609 national liberation movements, terrorists distinguished from 95 national measures to ensure non support of terrorist activity 612, 613 15, 617 P5 609, 621 reporting requirements 614 16, 618 20 SC committees 1267 Committee 613 14, 618 1540 Committee 617, 618 ad hoc committee 610 Counter Terrorism Committee 614 17 786 index terrorism (cont.) experts, use of 619 mass destruction, weapons of 617, 618 reporting requirements 614 16, 618 19 Taliban, sanctions on 613 14, 618, 619 SC Res 286 (1970) 609 SC Res 731 (1992) 611 SC Res 748 (1992) 611 SC Res 883 (1993) 217, 611 SC Res 1044 (1996) 611 SC Res 1054 (1996) 611 SC Res 1070 (1996) 611 SC Res 1189 (1998) 463 SC Res 1192 (1998) 218 SC Res 1269 (1999) 529, 611, 621 SC Res 1368 (2001) 97, 453, 463, 611 SC Res 1373 (2001) 35, 97, 214, 219, 318, 404, 453, 532 SC Res 1377 (2001) 615 SC Res 1378 (2001) 523, 524 SC Res 1390 (2002) 219 SC Res 1456 (2003) 224, 529 SC Res 1530 (2004) 50 SC Res 1535 (2004) 522, 601 SC Res 1566 (2004) 35, 522, 529, 617 SC Res 1624 (2005) 16, 529, 612 self defence 97, 463 4, 611, 622 September 11, 2001 attacks on United States 97, 463, 611 12, 620, 622 Sudan, handing over suspects by 610 11 Taliban 457, 463 4, 611, 613 14, 618, 623 technical assistance 616 17 threats to international peace and security 621 training camps 461, 497 treaties and conventions 610, 621 UN Charter 95, 97, 620 UN High Level Panel Report on Threats, Challenges and Change 622 UN OYce on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 615 16 United Kingdom 612, 622 United States Afghanistan 457, 462 East Africa, attacks on embassies in 218 19, 457, 461, 463, 611 self defence 622 September 11, 2001 attacks on United States 611 12, 620, 622 use of force and human rights 622 victims’ compensation fund 617 18 war on terrorism 97, 463 5, 622 weapons of mass destruction 612 3, 617, 618 working group 1666 618 Tevoedjre, Albert 481, 483 Thant, U 181, 306 7, 336, 501, 502, 537 Tharoor, Shashi 195 6, 200, 315, 433 threats to international peace and security see also UN Charter 1945 Angola 254 collective security 14 deWnition of threats 35 determination of 5, 7, 35, 64, 71 Haiti 541 human rights, massive and systematic breaches of 548 humanitarian intervention 537 53 India Pakistan wars 328 internal armed conXicts 35 Iran Iraq War (1980 8) 370 Iraq 370, 538 Korean War 267 Kosovo 591 League of Nations multiple threats 64 70 new threats, existence of 96 Rwanda 548 terrorism 621 UN Charter Uniting for Peace Resolution 163 Yugoslavia, former 411, 416 Tibet 500 Tickler, Peter 630 Timor Leste see East Timor Touval, Saadie 200 traditional norms, conXict with 577 training camps for terrorists 461, 497 travel bans al Qaeda 218 20 Bonn Berlin Process 222 Liberia 479 Taliban 219 20 targeted sanctions 213 14, 222 treaties and conventions see also Geneva Conventions (1949) Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) (1996) 341 disarmament 18 19 Genocide Convention (1948) 524, 545 humanitarian law, SC resolutions on 524 Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (1968) 27 terrorism 610, 621 UN Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries (1989) 627 UN Convention on Rights of Child 1989, support for protocol on children in armed conXict to 532 index tribunals see international criminal tribunals Trieste 568 truces Arab Israeli wars 301 3, 310 India Pakistan wars 332 resolutions 302 Truce Commission 301 UNTSO (UN Truce Supervision Organization) 302 Yom Kippur war 310 Truman, Harry S 72, 80, 268 9, 274 5, 300 trust territories 565 accountability 574 cessation of status of 565 colonialism 575 Jerusalem 569 non self governing territories 565 petitions from inhabitants, acceptance of 574 revival of, proposals for 564 territorial administration, comparison with 574 UN Charter 574 UN Trusteeship Council 565 Tudjman, Franjo 409, 432, 572 Turkey 538 UN authorized military operations 24 5, 123 30 see also enforcement operations; Gulf War (1991); Korean War; use of force Afghanistan 170, 245, 462 3, 594 Bosnia and Herzegovina 116 17, 127, 170, 226 47, 425, 427 37 command and control 24 Congo 123, 198 Darfur, Sudan 559 61 East Timor 347, 359, 593 EU battlegroups 123 forceful intervention within states 25 global context 250 Haiti 509, 541 4, 580 90 humanitarian intervention 535 Iraq 25, 385 Iraq (since 2003) 89, 91, 604 Kosovo 91, 96, 438 9, 548 50 implementation of peace agreements 25 Rhodesia 88 Rwanda 109 10, 113, 546 sanctions, coercion in support of 25 self defence 25 Somalia 539 41 Standing forces 109 10, 132 UN Charter 9, 20 1, 25, 88 91 Uniting for Peace Resolution 20, 170 787 West Africa 467 UN Charter 1945 see also GA; reform of UN; SC; threats to international peace and security accountability of SC 40 aggression, deWnition of 7, 11, 35, 67 70 amendments 82, 260 Chapter I Chapter V Chapter VI 7, 119 20, 180, 350 Chapter VII 9, 254 humanitarian intervention, use of force for 536, 558, 561 standing forces 101, 111 territorial administration 568 UN authorized military operations 25 Chapter VIII 10, 128, 228 31, 427, 440 1, 467 collective security 12 17, 251 consent 561 drafting of the Charter 61 85 decolonization 12 disarmament 12 great powers, SC and 135 internal armed conXicts 254 League Covenant, comparison with 5, 7, 10 12, 74 living document, as 84 overview 10 paciWc settlement of disputes peacekeeping forces 7, 20, 180, 187, 194 Preamble principal organs of UN purposes and principles 4, 36 regional arrangements 10, 227 32 sanctions 206 SC 3, 6, 259 61 self defence, right of 9, 536 state sovereignty 251 terrorism 620 Trusteeship System 574 UN authorized military operations 25 variations from Charter scheme 19 21 UN Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries (1989) 627 UN Convention on Rights of Child 1989 532 UN Emergency Peace Service 128 UN Field Service 103 UN General Assembly see GA UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Bosnia and Herzegovina 425 Kosovo 439, 549 788 index UN High level Panel Report on Threats, Challenges and Change (2004) 122, 224, 407, 492 collective security 15 16, 61, 83 4, 91 humanitarian intervention 557, 558 terrorism, deWnition of 622 UN Charter, provisions regarding use of force 96 UN Joint Inspection Unit, report of 120 UN Legion, proposal for 103 UN Protected Areas (UNPAs) 432, 450 see also safe areas UN Rapid Deployment Brigade 117 18 UN Rapid Reaction Force 114 17 UN Security Council see SC UN Special Representatives see Special Representatives UN Trusteeship Council 565 UN Volunteer Reserve 103 UNAMA (UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan) 462, 595 see also Afghanistan UNAMET (UN Assistance Mission in East Timor) 359 62, 551 2, 555 see also East Timor; and UNTAET UNAMI (UN Assistance Mission for Iraq) 24, 257, 602 see also Iraq; Iraq, war in (2003); military occupation of Iraq UNAMIR (UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda) 110, 111, 113, 190, 545 see also Rwanda UNAMSIL (UN Mission in Sierra Leone), 191 unanimity, principle of creation of SC 73 7, 79 81 great powers, SC and 139, 142, 147 P5 142 peacekeeping operations 193 Permanent Members 73 4, 79 terrorism 621 UNAS (UN Standby Arrangements System) 141 UNAVEM (UN Angola VeriWcation Mission) 185, 190, see also Angola UNCIP (UN Commission on India Pakistan) 329 33 see also India Pakistan wars UNDOF (UN Disengagement Observer Force) 310 see also Arab Israeli wars UNEF (UN Emergency Force) see also Suez crisis (1956) authorization 154 Egypt, withdrawal from 306 Wnancing 169 GA, authorization by 154 impartiality 171 report on 171 Suez crisis 154 5, 171 2, 285, 295 7, 305 UNEF I operation 179 80 UNEF II operation 180, 310, 311 Uniting for Peace Resolution 154 5, 168 73 UNGOMAP (UN Good OYces Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan) 185, 455 see also Afghanistan UNIFIL (UN Interim Force in Lebanon) 311 12, 313, 316, 318, 321 see also Arab Israeli Wars; Lebanon UNIIMOG (UN Iran Iraq Military Observer Group) 381see also Iran Iraq War (1980 8) UNIOSIL (UN Integrated OYce in Sierra Leone) 480 see also Sierra Leone UNIPOM (UN India Pakistan Observation Mission) 338 see also India Pakistan wars UNITAF (UniWed Task Force) 539 41, 554 see also Somalia United Kingdom Arab Israeli wars 300 2, 308, 322 Bosnia and Herzegovina 427 8, 433, 436, 449 colonies 285 drafting of the UN Charter 64 5, 67 8, 70, 73 9, 285 East Timor 351, 353 4, 363 Gulf War (1991) 384, 387 humanitarian intervention 96 India Pakistan wars 342 Iran Iraq War (1980 8) 371, 380 Iraq 389, 390, 391 Iraq war (2003) 397 8, 400 Kosovo 166, 438 9, 549 50 London bombings (2005) 612, 622 military occupation of Iraq 581 3, 589, 596 606 Sierra Leone 254, 260, 478, 489 terrorism 612, 622 veto 260, 502 United States Afghanistan 97, 453 6, 458 65, 484, 594 Arab Israeli wars 300, 303 4, 307 13, 322 axis of evil 397 Bosnia and Herzegovina 142, 425, 427, 429 32, 446, 450 Congo 160 ˆ Cote d’Ivoire 481 covert action 505 drafting of the UN Charter 64 79 Cuban Missile Crisis 496 Darfur, Sudan 559 60 disarmament 18 19 Dominican Republic 505 index East Africa, attacks on embassies in 218 19, 457, 461, 463, 611 East Timor 351, 358, 363, 552 Egypt 312 Grenada 505 Guantanamo Bay 484 Gulf War (1991) 385 Haiti 544, 589 90 humanitarian intervention, use of force for 559 60 Hungary, response to Soviet invasion of 164 India Pakistan wars 326, 335, 339, 342, 344 India US civil nuclear deal (2006) 344 Iran Iraq War (1980 8) 369, 371 4, 378 82 Iraq 389 92, 395 military occupation of Iraq 581 3, 589, 596 600 sanctions 208, 210 war (2003) 257, 396 404 Israel 502 Korean War 266 79, 496 Kosovo 438, 549 50 Lebanon 311 12 military occupation of Iraq 581 3, 589, 596 606 NATO 506 Operation Enduring Freedom 97, 595 overt or semi overt interventions 505 Pakistan, relationship with 326, 335, 339, 342 Palestine, declarations of support for statehood of 319 Presidential Decision Directive 25 on multilateral peace operations 115, 545 reform of SC 34 Rwanda 544 sanctions 208, 210 SC, diYcult relationship with 51, 133 53 self defence 97 8, 622 3, 463 September 11, 2001 attacks on United States 611 12, 620 Somalia 502, 507 spheres of inXuence 165, 504 Suez crisis (1956) 281, 283 4, 290 2, 297 Syria 321 Taliban 456, 459 61 terrorism 97 8, 318, 321 2, 457, 462 5, 611, 620 Teheran embassy hostage crisis at 371 Uniting for Peace Resolution 155, 157 60, 164 5, 172 veto 313, 317 19, 326, 335, 502 Vietnam war 503 war on terror 97 8, 463 5, 622 West Africa 489 789 Yugoslavia, former 410 12, 417 23, 441 Uniting for Peace Resolution 377 (1950) 20, 103, 154 74, 285 Afghanistan 455 Arab Israeli wars 155, 161 8, 174 changing use of resolution 163 Cold War 156, 159, 164, 170 collective security 156, 158, 168, 171, 173 Congo (UN Operation in the Congo (ONUC) 160, 168 73 decreasing use of resolution 163 emergency special sessions 155, 157 62, 166 Hungary, Soviet invasion of 160, 164 5, 167 India Pakistan wars 339 initiator, changing 163 Israel Arab states criticism of 155, 161 and Palestinians 155, 161 4, 167 8, 174 wall, construction of 162, 167 issues, changes in 167 Korean War 155, 156 9, 267, 272, 273, 275 8, 496 Kosovo, NATO action in 165 measures, changes in 167 peacekeeping 168 73 SC Res 119 (1956) 160, 285, 291 SC Res 120 (1956) 160, 291 SC Res 129 (1958) 160 SC Res 157 (1960) 160 SC Res 462 (1980) 160 SC Res 500 (1982) 160 SC, GA’s relationship with 155 Soviet Union 155 61, 164 6, 169 73 Suez Crisis (1956) 154 5, 160, 167, 171 2, 285, 291 UNEF (UN Emergency Force) 154 5, 168 73 veto 155, 156 61, 163 5, 168, 173 UNMEE (UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea) 120, 514 UNMIBH (UN Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina) 190, 573 see also Bosnia and Herzegovina; Yugoslavia, former UNMIH (UN Mission in Haiti) 191, 543, 544, 590 see also Haiti UNMIK (UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo) 191, 550, 566 7, 570 3, 576 7, 591 see also Kosovo; and Yugoslavia, former UNMIL (UN Mission in Liberia) 475, 485 see also Liberia UNMIS (UN Mission in Sudan) 124 see also Sudan UNMISET (UN Mission of Support in East Timor) 366, 593 see also East Timor 790 index UNMOGIP (UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan) 329, 336, 338, 339, 342 see also India Pakistan wars UNMOT (UN Mission of Observers in Tadjikistan) 191 UNMOVIC (UN Monitoring, VeriWcation and Inspection Commission) 396, 399 400 see also Iraq UNOCA (UN OYce for the Coordination of Humanitarian and Economic Assistance Programmes in Afghanistan) 458 see also Afghanistan ˆ UNOCI (UN Operation in Cote d’Ivoire) 481 see also Afghanistan UNODC (UN OYce on Drugs and Crime) 615 16 UNOGIL (UN Observer Group in Lebanon) 305 see also Lebanon UNOMIG (UN Observer Mission in Georgia) 191 UNOMIL (UN Observer Mission in Liberia) 191, 472 4, 489 see also Liberia UNOMSIL (UN Observer Mission in Sierra Leone) 476 see also Sierra Leone UNOSOM (UN Operation in Somalia) 22, 191, 507, 540 1, 554 see also Somalia UNOTIL (UN OYce in Timor Leste) 366 see also East Timor UNOWA (UN OYce for West Africa) 470, 488 UNPREDEP (UN Preventive Deployment Force), 190 see also UNPROFOR; Yugoslavia, former UNPROFOR (UN Protection Force) 191, 425 37, 442, 444 50 see also Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; UNPREDEP; Yugoslavia, former Bosnia and Herzegovina 232 42, 429, 437, 440, 444 composition 440, 444 headquarters 444 limitations 446 rapid reaction capability 116 17 rules of engagement 429 standing forces 116 17, 127 strategy 445 successor 437 UNRWA (UN Relief and Works Agency) 512 see also Arab Israeli wars UNSCO (UN OYce of the Special Coordinator for the Occupied Territories) 314 15, 322 see also Arab Israeli wars UNSCOM (UN Special Commission) 394 see also Iraq UNSCOP (UN Special Committee on Palestine) 300 1, 322 see also Arab Israeli wars UNSMA (UN Special Mission to Afghanistan) 458 see also Arab Israeli wars UNTAC (UN Transitional Administration in Cambodia) 57, 190, 191, 192, 570 UNTAES (UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium) 190, 423, 566 7, 570, 572 see also Croatia; Yugoslavia, former UNTAET (UN Transitional Administration in East Timor) 347, 352, 359, 363, 366, 566 7, 570, 577 8, 593 see also East Timor UNTAG (UN Transition Assistance Group) 23, 185 see also Namibia UNTSO (UN Truce Supervision Organization) 302 see also Arab Israeli wars Urquhart, Brian 107 8, 117 18, 301, 302, 306, 370, 630, 638 Uruguay 71 use of force see also authorization of force; enforcement operations; humanitarian intervention; self defence; UN authorized military operations anticipatory action 94, 95, 97 authorized military operations 88, 89 91 coalitions of the willing 89, 90 Cold War 87, 88 92, 94 collective security 17, 86 7, 90 2, 98 colonialism 94, 95 condemnations 92 customary international law 87, 94 diYculty of SC agreeing on military action 51 decision making, Wve criteria of legitimacy for 90 decolonization 88 developing countries 93, 94 enforcement 92 enlargement of SC 90 guidelines 556 humanitarian intervention 96 internal armed conXicts 87 9, 93 international conXicts, characterization as 87 interpretation of Charter, divisions on 94 interstate conXicts 89 last resort 84 legality 26 31, 86 98, 536 legitimacy decision making 90 enlargement of SC 90 national liberation movements, use of force by 88, 93, 94 NATO, use of force by 96 index new threats, existence of 96 P5 87 peacekeeping operations 88 9, 176, 180 1, 186, 200, 203 poor management of force by SC52 preventive action 98 pro democratic invasions 95 prohibition on use of force in Article 2(4) 92 provisional measures 86 reform 91 regional arrangements 226 32 regional organizations, involvement of 90 sanctions 93 self defence 86 8, 90, 94 anticipatory action 94, 95, 97 customary law 94 developing countries 94 preventive action 98 reporting of actions 94 scope of 94 self determination 95 terrorism 97 self determination 95 standing forces 87, 88, 126 7, 129 30 terrorists 95, 97 threats to international peace and security, types of 8, 87 UN Charter provisions for 86 98 UN High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change 91 2, 96, 97, 98 UN security system 86 92 UN World Summit 91 2, 97 unilateral humanitarian intervention 96 war on terror 97 use of private force see mercenaries USSR see Soviet Union Uzbek Islamic Movement 457 Vajpayee, Atal Behari 341 van Baarde, Ted 520 van den Broek, Hans 413 van Mierlo, Hans 117 Vance, Cyrus 415 16, 418 22, 426, 445 7, 504 Vandenberg, Arthur 101 Velayati, Ali Akbar 381 Vendrell, Francesc 459 veto Arab Israeli wars 259, 298, 313, 317 19 Australian proposal to limit 135 Big Four 75 China 502 Cold War 405, 501 791 drafting of the UN Charter 63, 67, 75, 78 82, 135 great powers, SC and 135 7, 141 India Pakistan wars 258, 326, 335, 339, 345 ‘New International Order’ 507 Iraq 502, 539 Iraq War (2003) 502 Israel 259, 298, 313, 317 19, 502 Korean War 496 League of Nations 11 non involvement in wars, SC 501 Permanent Members 82, 251, 259 60 reform of SC 32 Russia 502 Soviet Union Cold War 495 India Pakistan wars 326, 335, 339, 345 Korean War 272, 273, 277 Suez crisis 285, 289 90 United Kingdom 260, 502 United States 313, 317 18, 326, 339, 502 Uniting for Peace Resolution 155 61, 163 5, 168, 173 voting victims’ compensation fund 617 18 Vieira de Mello, Sergio 194, 257, 602 Vietnam War 503 Volcker Inquiry 52, 209, 391 2, 403 voting in SC see also decision making by SC; veto creation of SC 78, 82 great powers, SC and 135, 139 reform of SC 32 SC resolutions 19, 32 Wade, Abdoulaye 485 Waldheim, Kurt 180, 311, 352, 353 4, 363 4, 370 Walzer, Michael 554 war see armed conXicts, nature of; internal armed conXict; international armed conXict warlords 249, 462 Washington Agreement (1994) 429, 432 Warsaw Pact 505 Wassenar Arrangement 222 Watson Institute, reports of 222 weapons see also nuclear weapons; weapons inspection in Iraq; weapons of mass destruction atomic weapons 18, 70, 321, 394 6, 399, 400 biological weapons 397 chemical weapons by Iraq, use of 374 6, 377, 383 792 index weapons (cont.) missions to investigate allegations of use of particular weapons 24 weapons inspections in Iraq 388, 394 400 expulsion of inspectors 394 Gulf War (1991) 384 Iraq, war in (2003) 384, 398 400 Ongoing Monitoring and VeriWcation (OMV) 394 sanctions 384 UNSCOM (UN Special Commission) 394 weapons of mass destruction see also biological weapons; chemical weapons; nuclear weapons capacity of SC to respond to new threats 70 IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) 18, 321, 394 6, 399, 400 Iraq 394, 396 400 SC Res 1540 (2004) 612 13, 618 terrorism and 612 13, 617, 618 Webster, Charles K 68, 70, 76, 79, 80 Weizmann, Chaim 301 Welles, Sumner 75 Welsh, Jennifer 171 West Africa 466 93 see also ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African ˆ States); Cote d’Ivoire; Liberia; Sierra Leone Benin 631, 634 capacity building, resources for 492 European Union 489 France 485 7, 489, 491 Guinea Bissau 509 Nigeria 477 8, 481 2, 484, 486 7, 491, 630 perceptions of SC 485 regional instability conXict management, regional approach to 470, 489 security mechanism for dealing with 467 role of SC 485 sanctions 489, 490 security system, development of 467 South Africa 491 UN Charter Chapter VIII 467 UN Special Representative 488 United Kingdom 489 United States 489 UNOWA (UN OYce for West Africa) 470, 488 West Irian/West Papua 500 Western European Union (WEU) 216 Western Sahara 430 Wheeler, Nicholas 537, 550, 554 WhitWeld, Teresa 358 Wiranto 362 Wolfensohn, James 362 Wolfowitz, Paul 398 world government 17 World Summit (2005) see also reform of UN; and UN High Level Panel Report humanitarian intervention, use of force for 557 Peacebuilding Commission 252 Peacebuilding Support OYce 252 UN Charter, limitations on use of force 91 2, 97 world wars, prevention of 47 8, 62 Wye River Agreements (1998) 314 15 Yalta negotiations (1945) 61, 63, 78 9, 135 Yom Kippur war (1973) 309 11 Yugoslavia, former, see also Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; ICTY, Kosovo; sanctions against former Yugoslavia; Serbia; UNPROFOR; UNTAES Agenda for Peace 407 Albania 410, 423 arms embargo 52, 413, 415, 416 Austria 414 bombing campaign 407, 410, 424 Brahimi Report (Panel on Peace Operations) 407 Brioni Agreement 412 13 break ups of countries, management of 411, 416 24 ceaseWres 415 16, 418, 421, 424 China 417 collective security 407, 411 17 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) 408, 411 13, 416 Dayton talks 423 Eastern Slavonia 423 economic crisis 408 elections 409 European Union 408 9, 412 24, 441 France 412, 414 16 G7 413 GA 419 Germany 412 14, 418 21 Greece 423 Helsinki Principles 412, 414 15 humanitarian intervention 416 International Conference on Former Yugoslavia (ICFY) 419, 422 ICTY 38, 440 Macedonia 409 10, 413, 421 Montenegro 410, 413, 422 index NATO 407 10, 416, 424 Ohrid Framework 423 preventive deployments 409 10 referenda 409 10 Russia 417, 424 sanctions 211, 423 SC Res 713 (1991) 407, 408, 417, 426 SC Res 740 (1992) 418 SC Res 749 (1992) 421, 425, 426 SC Res 752 (1992) 426 SC Res 755 (1992) 419 SC Res 758 (1992) 427 SC Res 760 (1992) 427 SC Res 762 (1992) 419 SC Res 761 (1992) 427 SC Res 764 (1992) 427 SC Res 776 (1992) 194 SC Res 777 (1992) 422 SC Res 780 (1992) 427 SC Res 781 (1992) 428 SC Res 786 (1992) 428 SC Res 787 (1992) 428 SC Res 795 (1992) 422 SC Res 816 (1993) 428 SC Res 817 (1993) 422 SC Res 819 (1993) 232 SC Res 820 (1993) 426 SC Res 824 (1993) 232 SC Res 836 (1993) 232 SC Res 844 (1993) 238 SC Res 913 (1994) 431 SC Res 914 (1994) 431 SC Res 941 (1994) 529 SC Res 942 (1994) 431 SC Res 943 (1994) 431 793 SC Res 970 (1994) 436 SC Res 998 (1995) 116, 436 SC Res 1003 (1995) 436 SC Res 1004 (1995) 436 SC Res 1015 (1995) 436 SC Res 1031 (1995) 90, 170, 437, 566, 573 SC Res 1035 (1995) 437 SC Res 1088 (1996) 170 SC Res 1423 (2002) 164 secessions 408 10 self determination 416 24 Serbia 407, 409 10, 413, 415 24 Slovenia 408 14, 420 Soviet Union 411, 414 Srebrenica massacre 27, 116 17, 127, 199, 232 42, 436, 447 safe areas 448 50 state sovereignty 408 11, 414 15, 418, 420, 423 statehood, recognition of 412 15, 419 23 territorial integrity, threats to 407, 411 12, 419, 421 UN Protected Areas (UNPAs) 409, 418 19 United States 410 12, 417 23, 441 use of force 407, 410 19, 424 Vance Owen Plan 418 19 weakness of SC 52 Western European Union 412 Zia ul Haq, Muhammed 497 ‘Zionism is Racism’ GA Res 3379 (1975) 162, 315 16 Zisk Marten, Kimberley 578 ... 11 The United Nations, the Security Council, and the Korean War William Stueck 265 12 The Suez Crisis and the British Dilemma at the United Nations Wm Roger Louis 280 13 The Security Council and. .. 16 The Security Council and the Iran–Iraq War Charles Tripp 368 17 The Security Council and the 1991 and 2003 Wars in Iraq James Cockayne and David M Malone 384 contents ix 18 The Security Council. .. The Security Council shall consist of Wfteen Members of the United Nations The Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern