Essentials of Human Nutrition, SECOND EDITION Jim Mann A. Stewart Truswell Editors OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Essentials of Human Nutrition Second Edition Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product infor- mation andclinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Essentials of Human Nutrition SECOND EDITION Edited by Jim Mann Professor of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, New Zealand A. Stewart Truswell Professor of Human Nutrition, University of Sydney, Australia 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi S ˜ ao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto and an associated company in Berlin Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 2002 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First edition published 1998 Reprinted 1999 (with corrections), 2000 (twice) Second edition published 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Data available) ISBN 0 19 850861 1 (Pbk) 10987654321 Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd, Guildford & King’s Lynn Preface to the Second Edition We and our contributors are very pleased that Essentials of Human Nutrition has estab- lished itself as a reliable and reader-friendly textbook for students embarking on courses in human nutrition. It has been adopted as a human nutrition course textbook in sev- eral countries, and has proven a useful reference work for medical students, doctors and other health professionals requiring up-to-date, authoritative information on the role of nutrition in human health. Nutrition research and interpretations of it do not stand still. To ensure the infor- mation remains as current as possible we and Oxford University Press have produced this thoroughly revised and updated second edition, three years after the successful first edition—something which is not possible with larger textbooks. All sections have been revised and new chapters added, including one on the topical issue of Functional Foods. This Second Edition has seven new contributors, with contributors coming from Australia, Canada, Germany, The Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. We are very grateful to our contributors for their expertise and cooperation. Jim Mann Stewart Truswell November 2001 This page intentionally left blank Contents Contributors xi Acknowledgements xiv Permissions xv Dedication xix 1 Introduction 1 Stewart Truswell and Jim Mann Part 1 Energy and macronutrients 2 Carbohydrates 11 Janette Brand-Miller 3 Lipids 31 Jim Mann and Murray Skeaff 4 Protein 55 Alan Jackson 5 Energy 79 Joop van Raaij 6 Alcohol 97 Stewart Truswell Part 2 Organic and inorganic essential nutrients 7 Water, electrolytes and acid–base balance 113 James Robinson 8 Major minerals: calcium and magnesium 129 8.1 Calcium 129 Ailsa Goulding 8.2 Magnesium 141 Marion Robinson 9 Iron 145 Patrick MacPhail 10 Trace elements 159 10.1 Zinc 159 Samir Samman viii CONTENTS 10.2 Copper 164 Samir Samman 10.3 Iodine 166 Christine Thomson 10.4 Selenium 172 Christine Thomson 10.5 Fluoride 181 Stewart Truswell and Marion Robinson 10.6 Ultratrace elements 186 Rosalind Gibson 11 Vitamin A and carotenoids 189 Clive West 12 The B vitamins 209 Stewart Truswell and Robyn Milne 13 Vitamins C and E 231 Murray Skeaff 14 Vitamins D and K 249 Stewart Truswell 15 Other biologically active substances in plant foods 259 Claus Leitzmann Part 3 Nutrition-related disorders 16 Overweight and obesity 273 Ian Caterson 17 Protein-energy malnutrition 289 Stewart Truswell 18 Cardiovascular diseases 299 Jim Mann 19 Diet and cancer causation 335 Sheila Bingham 20 Diabetes mellitus 355 Jim Mann 21 The eating disorders: anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa 371 Christopher Fairburn Part 4 Foods 22 Food groups 383 Margaret Allman-Farinelli 22.1 Breads and cereals 383 Trish Griffiths CONTENTS ix 22.2 Legumes 387 Sue Munro 22.3 Nuts and seeds 389 Sue Munro 22.4 Fruit 390 Stewart Truswell 22.5 Vegetables 392 22.6 Milk and milk products 394 Soumela Amanatidis 22.7 Meat and poultry 397 22.8 Fish 399 Samir Samman 22.9 Eggs 400 22.10 Fats and oils 401 Ron Bowrey 22.11 Fat replacers 404 22.12 Herbs and spices 405 Sue Munro 22.13 Sweeteners: nutritive and non-nutritive 407 Janette Brand-Miller 22.14 Food processing 408 Stewart Truswell 23 Food toxicity and safety 415 Peter Williams Part 5 Nutritional assessment 24 Food analysis and food composition tables 435 Philippa Lyons-Wall 25 Dietary assessment 449 Rosalind Gibson 26 Determining nutritional status 467 Rosalind Gibson Part 6 Life stages 27 Pregnancy and lactation 501 Patsy Watson and Clare Wall 28 Infant feeding 513 Donna Secker and Stanley Zlotkin 29 Childhood and adolescence 529 Cynthia Tuttle and Stewart Truswell 30 Sports nutrition 541 Louise Burke [...]... Lecturer in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Sue Munro, BSc, Dip Nutr Diet Associate Lecturer, Human Nutrition Unit G08, University of Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia Winsome R Parnell, BHSc, MSc Senior Lecturer in Human Nutrition Department of Human Nutrition University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand James Robinson, MD, ScD, FRACP, FRSNZ Emeritus Professor... Registered Dietitian, Associate Professor, Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada C Murray Skeaff, BSc., PhD Senior Lecturer in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Christine D Thomson, MHSc, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand... PhD, Dip Nutr Diet Lecturer, Human Nutrition Unit G08, University of Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia A Patrick MacPhail, MB, BCh, PhD, FCP Professor of Medicine, Medical School, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Jim I Mann, MA, DM, PhD, FRACP, FRSNZ Professor in Human Nutrition and Medicine, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Head of Endocrinology, Dunedin Hospital,... FRCPath Professor and Head, School of Biomedical and Human Life Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia Louise M Burke, PhD, BSc (Nutr), Grad Dip Diet Head of Department of Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia Ian Caterson, MB, BS, PhD, FRACP Boden Professor of Human Nutrition, Human Nutrition Unit G08, University of Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia... Human Nutrition, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Paula Hunt, BSc (Hons) State Registered Dietitian, Public Health Nutritionist, Independent Nutrition Consultant, Westwood Lodge, Wells Road, Ilkley, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom Alan A Jackson, MA, MD, FRCP, MRCPCH Professor of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, United Kingdom... New Zealand A Stewart Truswell, AO, MD, DSc, FRCP, FIUNS Professor of Human Nutrition, Human Nutrition Unit G08, University of Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia Cynthia R Tuttle, BSc, PhD, MPH Lecturer, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA Joop van Raaij, PhD Lecturer, Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen Agricultural University, 6700 EV Wageningen,... FRCPsych Wellcome Principal Research Fellow and Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Sheila Bingham, BSc, MA, PhD Deputy Director, MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Welcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, United Kingdom Rosalind S Gibson, BSc, MS, PhD Professor in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Ron Bowrey,... BSc, MApplSci, PhD Senior Lecturer, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University Albany Campus, Auckland, New Zealand Patsy Watson, BHSc, MHSc Programme Leader in Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany Campus, Auckland, New Zealand Clive West, PhD, DSc Professor, Department of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen Agricultural... Emeritus Professor in Physiology, Department of Physiology, Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand Marion Robinson, CBE, MHSc, PhD, FNIC, FRSNZ, FIUNS Emeritus Professor in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand CONTRIBUTORS Samir Samman, BSc, PhD Senior Lecturer, Human Nutrition Unit G08, University of Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia Donna Secker, MSc... for Food Sciences and Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, Wageningen, The Netherlands Helen M Leach, MS, PhD Associate Professor in Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Claus Leitzmann, BSc, MSc, PhD Professor of Human Nutrition, Institut f¨ r Ern¨ hrungswissenschaft, u a University of Giessen, Germany Philippa . work. Essentials of Human Nutrition SECOND EDITION Edited by Jim Mann Professor of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, New Zealand A. Stewart Truswell Professor of Human Nutrition, University of. MRCPCH Professor of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Martijn B. Katan, PhD Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences and Division of Human Nutrition. Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Rosalind S. Gibson, BSc, MS, PhD Professor in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin,