Reading Level 2 - Most Updated.doc

Agreement TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DUY TÂN KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ BỘ MÔN ANH VĂN KHÔNG CHUYÊN GIÁO TRÌNH READING LEVEL 2 LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ Đà Nẵng, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 GRAMMAR 3 OVERVIEW AGREEMENT 4 LES[.]

GRAMMAR 3

Agreement means that a subject and its verb must agree with each other in number

(singular or plural), or the tenses in the main clause and subordinate clause must agree with each other.

Basic rules of subject-verb agreement in number:

 A singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb

 When the subject is an indefinite pronoun or a noun with a quantifier, carefully decide whether you should use a singular or a plural verb

 When the subjects in a sentence are joined by conjunctions, a singular or plural verb may be used depending on each particular conjunction.

Either you or he is

Many companies are Neither you nor I am

Agreement in tense Of main clause and subordinate clause:

 When the main clause is in the present tenses, the subordinate clause may be in various tenses.

 When the main clause is in the past tense, the subordinate clause may be in the past tenses

A Read the following sentences Mark  in the space given if the underlined word is correct and correct the incorrect one

1 Developing new product designs are essential _

2 The CEO plans to open another branch

3 That she will get a promotion are shocking _

4 My coworkers think that I will quit soon

5 The accountant says that statistics are very difficult for him. _ _

B Look at the underlined parts and choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

Singular subject - singular verb, plural subject - plural verb

The basic rule is that a singular subject goes with a singular verb, while a plural subject goes with a plural verb Besides, you must use singular verbs in the following cases:

When the subject is an uncountable noun

When the subject is a gerund or a to-infinitive

When the subject is a noun clause introduced by that

Types of SubjectsExamplesSingular/plural nounThe president is not in now

Companies want to increase their profitsUncountable nounsThe information about the last quarter is in the document.Gerunds or to-infinitivesGoing on a business trip is sometimes hard

To conduct customer surveys is necessaryNoun clauses introduced by thatThat the company went bankrupt was unexpected.

There are some nouns ending in -s, but they are actually singular nouns.

NounsExamplesNoun indicating subjectseconomics politics statistics, mathematicsPronounsTimes Charles WalesEconomics is not easy to understand

The news was so surprising.

Subject-Verb Agreement in Number (1)

Subject – Verb Agreement in Numbers (1)

1 Going on a business trip three times a month too frequent.

2 The displayed furniture not for sale.

I Choose one correct option in the parentheses

1 Holding the conference in our hotel (are, is) advantageous to your company.

2 The requested document (has, have) not yet arrived.

3 Access to this file (are, is) limited to authorized personnel.

4 Each report (contains, contain) information on key economic indicators.

5 That Mr Smith was absent from work (were, was) surprising.

6 The editor (want, wants) to change the layout of the newspaper.

II Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences

7 The firm ………… profit increases with the new marketing strategy.

8 Obtaining a good job………… difficult due to the economic situation.

9 This chemical ………… only approved for use in animal foods.

10 Every area manager ………… required to visit all the offices under his management once a week.

A Fill the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets

1 (look) A few proposals excellent look

2 (be) Some of the facilities _ open at this time

3 (be) Several sales managers happy with the decision at yesterday's seminar

4 (have) Each of the managers different characteristics

Indefinite pronouns one each either neither no one / nobody nothing something someone / somebody anyone / anybody anything everyone / everybody everything+ singular verb

Neither of the + plural noun can be followed by a plural verb.both many sever (a)few+ plural verb

One of the employees has called in sick

Many firms are now hiring lawyers.

Nouns with a quantifier all/ most/ some /lots/ halfof the + singular/uncountable noun+ singular verbof the + plural noun+ plural verbthe numberof a plural noun+ singular verba number+ plural verb

All of the profit goes to the charities

All of the members have to attend the seminar.

(Indefinite Pronouns and Nouns with a Quantifier)

5 (have) I am sure that someone _ _ a copy of the report

6 (be) Many of the important documents in the cabinet _ missing now

B Look at the hints given and choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1 A number of people been laid off in the last two years

A have B has C had D will have

2 Most of the information not reliable

1 All of the old magazines (is, are) available at a discounted price.

2 Some of the executives (refuse, refuses) to reduce expenditures on advertising.

3 The competition between low-cost airlines (has, have) increased.

4 Senior employees in the workplace (know, knows) less about computers.

5 The rest of the guests for the Best Employee Award………… to arrive after 7:00 p.m.

6 Some of the pens in the shipment ………… faulty parts and cannot be used.

1 The applicants (have, has) plenty of experience in foreign trade.

2 Many offices (instruct, instructs) employees about what to do in case of fire.

3 The survey forms (was, were) not filled out completely.

4 The headquarters and the branch office (plan, plans) to reorganize some divisions.

5 A few reports (provides, provide) accurate data on the current market.

6 Our facilities (are, is) available for family and company events every weekend.

7 The company and the striking workers ………… to a settlement.

A has agreed B agrees C have agreed D agreeing

8 The cell phone charges for local calls ………… discounted for the first month.

9 The government ………… taking significant measures to promote the export of domestic goods.

10 Several candidates ………… at least two foreign languages fluently.

A speak B speaks Chas spoken D was spoken

A Read the following sentences and correct the underlined parts in the space provided.

1 Jacky and Sam has agreed to extend the contract

2 Neither she nor I commutes to work by subway

3 He or you is expected to do the presentation

4 His education and his work experience is suitable for this job

5 Either you or your boss have to take responsibility _

6 Not only English but also French are necessary to do the job

B Look at the hints given and choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1 The auditorium as well as the libraries being renovated.

2 The directors and the sales representatives on a business trip every month.

When the subjects in a sentence are joined by the conjunction and, a plural verb is commonly used When the subjects are joined by the conjunction or, their verb must agree with the subject nearest to it

The CEO and the manager are having a meeting now

Three workers or one supervisor has to work on Saturdays.

When the two subjects in a sentence are joined by correlative conjunctions, their verb mostly takes the number of the subject nearest to it In the following structures, the verb will agree with the subject B.

Either A or BNeither A nor BEither you or he needs to fill out this form.Not A but BNeither he nor she is not coming to the seminar.Not only A but (also) BNot only you but also Mr Brown is responsible for the matter.B as well as A

I Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences

1 The piano as well as the pipe organ ………… to be tuned for the big concert

2 The mayor together with his two brothers ………… going to be indicted for accepting bribes

3 Neither of my two suitcases ………… adequate for this trip

4 There ………… a list of committee members on the head-table

5 Everybody in the class ………… done the homework well in advance

6 The jury ………… their seats in the courtroom

7 Neither the teacher nor the students ………… to understand this assignment

8 ………… either my father or my brothers made a down-payment on the house?

9 Hartford is one of those cities that ………… working hard to reclaim a riverfront

10 Some of the grain ………… gone bad

11 John or his brother ………… going to be responsible for this

12 A few of the students ………… doing so well they can skip the next course

13 Either the committee on course design or the committee on college operations

14 One of my instructors ………… written a letter of recommendation for me

II Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject (Homework)

1 Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school.

2 Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting.

3 The dog or the cats (is, are) outside.

4 Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor.

5 George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie.

6 Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer.

7 One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France.

8 The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street.

9 The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch.

10 The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win.

11 Either answer (is, are) acceptable.

12 Every one of those books (is, are) fiction.

13 Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen.

14 (Is, Are) the news on at five or six?

15 Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's favorite subject.

16 Eight dollars (is, are) the price of a movie these days.

17 (Is, Are) the tweezers in this drawer?

18 Your pants (is, are) at the cleaner's.

19 There (was, were) fifteen candies in that bag Now there (is, are) only one left!

20 The committee (debates, debate) these questions carefully.

21 The committee (leads, lead) very different lives in private.

22 The Prime Minister, together with his wife, (greets, greet) the press cordially.

23 All of the CDs, even the scratched one, (is, are) in this case.

1 Htd ( S + V (s/es) – httd ( S + is/am/are) + V-ing

3 Htht ( S + have / has + v3/ed) – qkd ( S + v2/ved) , qkht ( S+had + v3/ ed)

4 Qkd ( S + v2/ved) – qktd ( S + was / were) + V-ing, qkht ( S+had + v3/ ed)

A Choose the correct option for each sentence

1 The president said that he (found / founded) the company in 2000

2 I believe that the cost of living (is / was) too high last year

3 He told us that he (participated / participates) in the training

4 Mr Taylor told me that he (works / worked) until 10 p.m almost every day

5 I found that some of my colleagues (are fired / had been fired).

B Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1 He said that competent managers their employees

A helpi ng B h elp C t o help D helps

2 The CEO announced that sales for three years

Basic rules of agreement in tense

Main clauseSubordinate clausePresent simple, present perfect tensesPresent, future, past tensesPast tensePast tenses

I believe that the company has great potential

He said he had had an interview with ICD Co

ExceptionsTense of subordinate clauseWhen the event is a truth / general factPresent tensesWhen the event is a historical dataPast tenses She says that there was an oil shock in the 1970s.

(of Main Clause and Subordinate Clause)

Agreement Tense

A falls B fall C had fallen D have fallen

1 Ms Tracy (is preparing, was preparing) the annual report now.

2 Our CEO (will be attending, was attending) an important workshop at this time yesterday.

3 This time tomorrow, Chris (is attending, will be attending) an important conference.

4 She (worked, was working) on her report when the fire took` place.

5 Mr McCain (is returning, was returning) to Korea now.

6 We (were making, will be making) arrangements for the Trade Conference tomorrow.

7 Ms Thomas ………… in the employee development session at 3 o'clock yesterday.

8 The manufacturer ………… changes to its billing procedures now.

9 Wellton supermarket ………… its customers a 20 percent discount until

10 The memo informed us that the company ………… the renovation of the office next month.

B has been carrying out C will be carrying out

1 Mr Heath (has appointed, will have appointed) Richard Barth as a financial officer by next May.

2 Before the results came in, she (had already gone, will have already gone).

3 The price of gas (increases, has increased) considerably since 2000.

4 The revenue of the company (falls, has fallen) significantly for two years.

5 The cost of living in the country ………… by 17 percent over last 15 years.

A will rise B has risen C rising D rise

6 Mr Jantick ………… in the military for six months by the end of the year.

A Fill each gap with the correct form of the word given in brackets.

B Fill the gaps with the adjectives in the box to form correct collocations.

Review

4 be _ to /with conscious equipped engaged superior

Practice with TOEIC Actual Questions

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) best completes the sentence.

1 The article that the population of the world is increasing

2 Both of the applicants scheduled for an interview today.

3 The president and the vice president in the conference room

4 Every country interested in the global trade issue

5 The number of online shopping malls increasing

6 Some of the luggage stolen at the airport

7 The good news that I will get a pay raise

8 Most of the interviewees very punctual

9 The sales meeting place in the auditorium every two months

10 Tim Scott, the founder and CEO of the company, in 2000

11 Fortunately, neither the driver nor the passengers injured

12 The prime minister was in a bribe scandal

D concern ed prime minister bribe scandal

13 This cellular phone is superior the competitors in quality

14 Prices may be to change without notice

D conscio us price without notice

Questions 15 – 16 refer to the following letter.

A number of the workers in the factory off lately That will have a

D is laid bad affect on the rest of the workers in our company Some of them already quit their jobs.

Therefore, we suggest that you hold a meeting to explain the financial situation of the company This will help the employees want to keep working here. lately have an effect on quit hold a meeting financial situation

Special Cases of Subject-Verb Agreement in Number

 Subject-verb agreement for subject relative pronouns

When the antecedent in the main clause is singular or uncountable, the verb in the adjective clause must be in the singular form When the antecedent is plural, the verb in the adjective clause must be in the plural form.

We hired a sales representative who has three years of experience

The managers who have great communication skills will be promoted.

 Subject-verb agreement for modifying phrases

When there is a modifying phrase, e.g a prepositional phrase between a subject and its verb, the verb must agree with the subject, not the modifying phrase.

The store for disabled people makes great profits.

Some of the employees at the company work overtime every day.

Choose the correct option in brackets for each sentence.

1 The competition between the two companies (is / are) tough.

2 Most of the people in the country (agrees / agree) with the new policy.

3 The paintings which (is / are) on the wall in the conference room look beautiful

4 Do you know the woman who (is / are) giving a speech now?

VOCABULARY

An Adjective is a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying it An adjective usually comes before the noun it modifies or after a linking verb Sometimes, it comes after the object of such verbs as find, make, keep, etc.

 A successful project (Modifying the noun project)

 The project is successful: (Functioning as a subject complement)

 I found it easy (Functioning as an object complement)

An Adverb is a word that describes a state or an action in more detail by indicating manner, time, place, cause, or degree An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a whole sentence It is formed by adding the suffix -ly to an adjective (e.g careful - carefully, safe - safely, skillful - skillfully).

 I completely forgot about the meeting (Modifying the verb forgot)

 That was very- useful (Modifying the adjective useful)

 Thank you very much (Modifying the adverb much)

 Unfortunately, / couldn't make it (Modifying the whole sentence)

Note: Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs There are some adjectives that are formed by adding -ly to their nouns. friend - friendly love - lovely

A Look at the following sentences and place the adjectives in brackets in the correct position - (A), (B), (C), or (D).

1 ( various ) (A) ( various ) companies (B) attended (C) the (D) fair.

2 ( useful ) This pamphlet (A) gives (B) information on (C) online (D) shopping.

3 ( difficult ) The (A) work (B) became (C) very (D) .

5 ( convenient ) Find (A) a (B) way (C) to do (D) the work.

B Look at the hints printed in bold and choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1 Everybody knows that it is a market.

In a sentence, an adjective has two functions.

• Modifying a noun a difficult decision (The adjective difficult modifies the noun decision.)

• Modifying a subject or an object: it functions as a complement

The service was very good (The adjective good modifies the subject the service.)

Positions of an adjectiveExamplesPreceding a nounWe made a special plan for you.Following linking verbs like be, become, seem, look, feel as a subject complementJob-searches are becoming hard nowadaysFollowing objects of the verbs keep, find, make as an object complement.Many of the employees find the new system inconvenient.

Functions and Positions of an Adjective

Adjectives (1)

2 All the staff members were during the workshop.

Clothing habits are a matter of personal preference in the United States Most people are free to wear whatever they feel comfortable.

Business people in large urban areas are likely to wear suits or dresses, while clothing in rural areas is less formal Most Americans tend to dress casually when not in formal or business situation.

When eating, most Americans hold a fork in the hand with which they write Americans eat away from home often, and usually they pay for their own meals when dining with friends.

When Americans greet one another, they often exchange a firm handshake They may greet

Strangers on the street by saying Hello or Good morning Friends often greet each other with How are you? And respond with Fine, thanks Americans do not really expect any other answers to the question How are you? because it is a way of saying hello Except in formal situations, people address each other by their given names once they are acquainted.

Although Americans are generally informal people, it would be best to schedule an appointment before going to visit someone, especially in business When an appointment has been made, it is important for those involved to be punctual.

Always sit in a comfortable position

People moved to the urban areas for jobs.

Most people who live in remote rural areas are peasants.

They have offered me the job, but I don't yet have a formal contract.

When Americans greet one another, they often exchange a firm handshake.

It was very informal - more of a chat than an interview.

We expect punctual payment of bills

Choose one correct option in the parentheses.

1 Our staff members had (temporary, differing, qualified) opinions on the matter.

2 Future economic prospects look less (common, unprecedented, promising) than expected.

3 Investors feel (incapable, unanimous, insecure) about the current market

4 It is the obligation of the company to recall (untrue, defective, differing) products

Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences.

5 Retail prices increased after an

6 Mr Gunn served as a replacement for an employee who is on leave.

Questions 7 and 8 refer to the following memorandum.

It is fairly for new businesses to take some time to become profitable

However, it took ChemField only two months to establish a strong customer base in

D level the food industry This resulted from our improvements in serving our

D promising customers' needs To Celebrate our rapid growth, we will be giving all employees a bonus of 20 percent of I their current salaries on the last day of this month We look forward to your ongoing loyalty and dedication to ChemField.

Vocabulary prospect ['prɔspekt] investor [in'vestə] obligation [,ɔbli'gei∫n] recall retail price serve [sə:v] replacement [ri'pleismənt] on leave take time profitable ['prɔfitəbl] establish [is'tổbli∫] customer base result from improvement

[im'pru:vmənt] rapid ['rổpid] growth [grouθ] salary ['sổləri] recall [ri'kɔ:l] loyalty ['lɔiəlti] dedication dedication [dedi'kei∫n]

Adjectives (2)

A Choose the correct adjective in brackets for each sentence.

1 My team had to face the ( awesome / awful ) results.

2 The employee training was quite ( successive / successful ).

3 You should be ( capable / aware ) of the danger of this change.

4 He is ( likely / ready ) to step down.

5 Ms Scott is not ( able / eligible ) for the promotion.

6 This schedule is ( subject / capable ) to change without notice.

B Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1 A number of people attended the conference.

A consider B considerat e C considerab le D considerati on

2 Mr Tanaka is of dealing with unexpected problems in the office.

Confusing adjectives considerable considerate successful successive terrible terrific favorite favorable awfulawesome

Common expressions of adjectives in the TOEIC test be aware ofbe likely to bebe eligible forready tobe able tobe responsible forbe capable ofbe subject to

Smoking has many serious effects The most obvious effect is the deterioration of a smoker's health

Smoking increases the risk of lung disease, increases blood pressure, increases the risk of heart attacks, and reduces the flow of oxygen to the brain Smoking creates respiratory problems A smoker's cough expels phlegm, a thick mucus in the nose and the throat that wants to escape the body.

Prolonged use may lead to emphysema and the need to hook up to a machine to pump enough oxygen into the lungs Another effect of this habit is that smoking breeds halitosis; a smoker's breath always smells foul and repulsive Smoking frequently results in social isolation because fewer people smoke or want to be in the presence of second-hand smoke Friends and acquaintances often bluntly tell their smoking friends that they don't want the smell in their cars or in their homes The strong, offensive odor of smoke clings to smokers' clothing, hair, and skin The final effect of smoking is that it depletes the pocketbook Smoking is now an expensive habit, and the price of cigarettes continues to rise The effects of smoking are many, which leaves one wondering why intelligent people do not find a way to break their harmful addiction.

It’s not a serious problem- we should be able to fix it without too much trouble. obvious

The most obvious explanation is not always the correct one. respiratory

The patient died of respiratory failure. prolonged

A prolonged period of silence occurred after the manager’s talk. repulsive

I think rats and snakes are repulsive. social

They try to address, social problems such as poor health and unemployment. offensive

There were complaints that the advertisement was offensive to women. harmful

Smoking is harmful for health.

1 Choose one correct option in the parentheses.

1 The team made (considerable, confidential, rapid) efforts to collect the data.

2 Everyone congratulated Mr Park on his (modern, late, recent) promotion.

3 Any (improper, complete, appropriate) behavior will not be tolerated in the office.

4 A (recent, pleasant, broad) atmosphere improves work performance.

5 Management expects applicants to have a knowledge of economics.

6 When the installation process is , the "Done" tab will appear on the monitor.

Questions 7 and 8 refer to the following memorandum.

This memo is to refresh everyone's memory on the importance of keeping records private. Please remember that all records must be kept in locked file cabinets

D unprecedented when not in use The company's reputation rests upon your ability to handle

D sensitive client information properly Employees who fail to do so will be warned, and if it happens

I repeatedly, access to the files will be restricted.

Vocabulary make an effort collect [kə'lekt] congratulate [kən'grổtjuleit] promotion [prə'mou∫n] behavior [bi'heivjə] tolerate ['tɔləreit] atmosphere ['ổtməsfiə] work performance installation [,instə'lei∫n]

Adverbs (1)

process ['prouses] appear [ə'piə] refresh [ri'fre∫] private ['praivit] reputation [repju:'tei∫n] rest upon handle ['hổndl] repeatedly [ri'pi:tidli] access [access] restrict [ri'strikt]

A Choose the correct option in brackets for each sentence.

1 The sales clerk (high / highly) recommended this item.

2 The copy machine is (currently / current) out of order.

3 (Unfortunately / Unfortunate), he is not available now.

4 The computer was not working (properly / proper)

5 The R&D team (successfully / successful) completed the project.

6 When it rains, you should drive (careful / carefully).

1 The new policy was difficult to implement policy implement

Most adverbs are formed by adjective + -ly An adverb is used to emphasize a state or an action.

• Modifying a verb They highly recommended the product (Adverb + verb)

• Modifying an adjective That was a very creative idea (Adverb + adjective)

• Modifying another adverb All of the employees worked very hard, (Adverb + adverb)

• Modifying a whole sentence Unfortunately, the tickets are sold out (Adverb + sentence)

Positions of an adverbExamplesPreceding an adjectiveThat is a very useful solution.Preceding or following a verbI strongly agree with it.

She read the manual loudlyStanding at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.Yesterday, I came across my ex-coworker.

Functions and Positions of an Adverb

A extr eme B extr emes C extr emely D to extreme

2 The vice president retired as of last Monday vice president as of last Monday

It is very important to have healthy teeth.

Actually, good teeth help us to chew our food.

They also help us to look nice How does a tooth go bad? The decay begins in a little crack in the enamel covering of the tooth This happens after germs and bits of food have repeatedly collected there, then the decay slowly spreads inside the tooth Eventually, poison goes into the blood, and we may feel quite ill

How can we keep our teeth healthy? Firstly, we ought to voluntarily visit our dentist twice a year He can fill the small holes in our teeth before they destroy the teeth markedly He can examine our teeth to check that they are growing in the right way Unfortunately, many people wait until they have toothache before they see a dentist Secondly, we should brush our teeth with a toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste at least twice a day - once after breakfast and once before we go to bed We can additionally use wooden toothpicks to clean between our teeth after a meal Thirdly, we should eat food that is good for our teeth and our body: milk, cheese, fish, brown bread, potatoes, red rice, raw vegetables, and fresh fruit Chocolate, sweets, biscuits, and cakes are bad, especially when we eat them between meals They are extremely harmful because they stick to our teeth and cause decay.

We've spoken on the: phone but we've never actually met.

Customers repeatedly complained about the service of this hotel.

The authority is hoping, eventually, to create 500 new jobs.

Did he do it voluntarily, or did you make him?

The city's population has increased markedly .

Unfortunately, one of the most competent managers is leaving the company.

Members receive six newsletters a year Additionally, they have the use of a helpline.

It was a very cold house, especially in winter.

These negotiations will be extremely difficult for the company.

1 Oil prices increased (simultaneously, importantly, markedly) two years ago.

2 Companies work (initially, cooperatively, fairly) to find solutions to problems.

3 Clients have (repeatedly, markedly, briefly) requested information on our new products.

4 The employee who (seriously, voluntarily, widely) took on a difficult task was promoted.

Newspaper will be released in Singapore and Taiwan.

6 The country suffered a(n) high unemployment rate for years.

Questions 7 and 8 refer to the following advertisement.

Welcome to the Grand Opening of the Lake Park Plaza!

Please join us as we celebrate our Grand Opening on Friday, March 16 at 1:30 p.m. The Lake Park Plaza shopping center will open for business with a ribbon

D recently cutting The president of the Lake Park Plaza will then give a speech about her long-term vision for the shopping center The speech will be followed by a party which will begin at 2:30 p.m.

Vocabulary solution [sə'lu:∫n] request [ri'kwest] task [tɑ:sk] promote [prə'mout] release [ri'li:s] suffer ['sʌfə] unemployment rate for years grand opening celebrate ['selibreit] president ['prezidənt] speech [spi:t∫] long-term ['lɔηtə:mtə:m] vision ['viʒn]

A Choose the correct option in brackets for each sentence.

1 He worked for Info Tech for (near / nearly) ten years.

2 My boss (hard / hardly) calls in sick.’

3 Employees in the Public Relations Department work (hard / hardly).

4 Some major stockholders arrived (late / lately).

5 He went to a bank (near / nearly) the conference hall.

1 Car prices have decreased due to low demand due to low demand

You will usually find adverbs of frequency following auxiliary verbs or the verb be, and preceding ordinary verbs. always sometimes usuallyrarely / seldom / hardlyoften never

The meeting usually lasts 90 minutes (Preceding the ordinary verb last) Mr

Kim is rarely late for work (Following the verb be) They will never care about it (Following the auxiliary verb will)

Confusing adverbs high - highlylate - latelynear - nearlyhard - hardly

Adverbs having the same form as their adjectives late hard fast

This is a hard task for her to handle (Adjective)

We are trying hard to increase the sales figures (Adverb)

Adverbs (2)

2 My coworker comes in late He is always on time come in late ' on time

As a result of years of research, we know that too much animal fat is bad for our health

Typically, Americans eat a lot of meat and only a small amount of grains, fruit and vegetables

Because of their diet, they currently have high rates of cancer and heart disease In Japan, in contrast, people solely eat large amounts of grains and very little meat The Japanese also have very low rates of cancer and heart disease

In fact, the Japanese live longer than anyone else in the world.

When Japanese people move to the United

States, the rates of heart disease and cancer increase as their diet changes Moreover, as hamburgers, ice cream, and other high-fat foods become popular in Japan, the rates of heart disease and cancer are continually increasing there as well People are also eating more meat and dairy products in other countries, such as

Cuba, Mauritius, and Hungary Not surprisingly, the disease rates in these countries are increasing along with the change in diet

Consequently, doctors everywhere advised people to frequently eat more grains, fruit and vegetables and to eat less meat and fewer dairy products Eating adequately and effectively is one of the ways to maintain good health.

They have a typically English lifestyle currently

The national is currently closed . solely

The department focused solely on research. moreover

More and more people are opposed to the idea of increasing university fees Moreover, there is now evidence that it discourages many students from coming to the UK. continually

Our database is being continuously updated. surprisingly

Not surprisingly, everyone got drunk at the wedding. consequently

They've increased the number of staff and consequently the service is better. frequently

The ten most frequently asked questions are listed. adequately

The programme is adequately funded at this time. effectively

The system could deliver services to local community more effectively.

1 The item is (shortly, temporarily, efficiently) out of stock.

(conveniently, widely, directly) advertised throughout the region.

3 Passwords should be changed (lately, clearly, frequently) to prevent unauthorized access.

4 For technical reasons, the website is (currently, precisely, highly) not accessible.

5 Shareholders should not rely on the fund's investment adviser for assistance.

6 The session will help participants learn how to conduct a survey.

Questions 7 and 8 refer to the following advertisement.

Alpha Auto Body has served Tokyo motorists for over 20 years Since our opening, we have provided our customers with superior customer service We are

located in the city's center near department stores and subway stations Our

D marginally facility is equipped with the latest high-tech machines and computerized systems We ensure you an excellent repair job at a fair price.

Vocabulary out of stock advertise ['ổdvətaiz] region [['ri:dʒən] prevent [pri'vent] unauthorized [ʌn'ɔ:θəraizd] access ['ổkses] shareholder ['∫eə,houldə] rely on fund [fʌnd] investment [in'vestmənt] assistance [ə'sistəns] participant [pɑ:'tisipənt] conduct a survey provide A with B superior [su:'piəriə] locate [lou'keit] be equipped with latest ['leitist] ensure [in'∫uə] fair [fear]

Common Vocabulary in the TOEIC Test

A Match the words in the left column with their corresponding words in the right column.

B Fill the gaps with the adjectives in the box to form correct collocations. legal competitive impressive productive

4 a(n) market complimentary formal public official

Practice with TOEIC Actual Questions

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) best completes the sentence.

Chilean wine's market share increased this year.

2 Your company should take action to solve the problem.

3 The president said that it was the

meeting he has ever had.

4 The team made a presentation in a very

5 We need to finish the report by next

6 Sales directors should go to

7 We found the manual absolutely in dealing with customer complaints.

D importing absolutely deal with customer complaint

8 The more motivated the workers are, the _ the productivity becomes.

9 Please read the instructions as _ as possible.

10 The budget cut made our project _ more difficult.

11 Make sure you have all the _ data with you.

12 They _ renovated the stores in order to attract more customers.

13 We will discuss who is _ for the position.

14 The solar panels were not so _ as we had anticipated.

D most efficient solar panel efficient anticipate

Questions 15-16 refer to the following notice.

We would like to inform you that the employee cafeteria on the second floor will be closed for renovations These renovations will enable us to provide all of our employees with _ service and food than now.

The renovations will take _ three days The snack bar on the third floor will

D more approximately be open for drinks and snacks.

Thank you for your cooperation would like to informemployee cafeteria renovation enable provide cooperation

There's been some significant progress.

People are remaining active into later life.

Choosing the winner was a demanding task.

She was reluctant to leave.

We hold regular monthly meetings.

Police said they were very concerned about the boy's safety.

There has been a visible improvement in your work.

Telecommuting is some form of computer communication between employees' homes and offices. For employees whose jobs involve sitting at a terminal or word processor entering data or typing reports, the location of the computer is of no consequence If the machine can communicate over telephone lines, when the work is completed, employees can dial the office computer and transmit the material to their employers A recent survey in USA Today estimates that there are approximately 8.7 million telecommuters Although the numbers are rising annually, the trend does not appear to be very significant

Clearly, change simply takes time In addition, there has been active resistance on the part of many managers. These executives claim that supervising the telecommuters in a large workforce scattered across the country would be too demanding, or, systems for managing them are not yet developed, thereby complicating the manager’s responsibilities

It is also true that employees who are given the option of telecommuting are often reluctant to accept the opportunity Most people feel that they need regular interaction with a group, and many are concerned that they will not have the same consideration for advancement if they are not more visible in the office setting Some people feel that even when a space in their homes is set aside as a work area, they never really get away from the office.

1 Individuals should provide (annual, qualified, accurate) contact information on packages.

2 Companies use new methods to improve (mounting, maintaining, existing) technology.

3 The food industry is currently expanding at a(n) (active, powerful, rapid) rate.

4 Workers should not feel (sincere, apprehensive, surprising) about voicing their opinions

5 Conducting online transactions is less for the elderly due to their lack of computer skills.

6 The CEO is required to attend a(n) conference to determine ways to achieve yearly goals.

Questions 7 and 8 refer to the following notice

We are sorry to announce that as a result of system crash in our main server, some of the music data on our website was lost For the moment, the data we have will be at www.tempmusic.com Please accept our

apologies for any inconvenience this unexpected problem may have

Vocabulary individual [indi'vidjuəl] provide [prə'vaid] contact information method ['meθəd] expand [iks'pổnd] rate [reit] voice [vɔis] opinion [ə'piniən] conduct ['kɔndʌkt] transaction [trổn'zổk∫n] determine [di'tə:min] achieve [ə't∫i:v] announce [ə'nauns] crash [crash] accept [ək'sept] apology [ə'pɔlədʒi] inconvenience [inkən'vi:njənsi] unexpected

Question types and reading strategy

Questions related to letters or e-mails are often about the purpose of a letter or an e-mail, (an attachment(s) or a request to the recipient.

Questions about the purpose of a letter or an e-mail

Typical questions: What is the purpose of the letter?

Why was the e-mail written?

Reading strategy: The purpose of a letter or an e-mail is usually stated at the beginning of a reading passage, particularly after such expressions as I am writing to ,

This e-mail is to The topic can also be found in the heading Subject: or Re: …

Typical questions: What is enclosed with this letter?

What did Mr Wright send with his e-mail?

Reading strategy: Information about (an) attachment(s) in a letter or an e-mail is usually mentioned at the end of a reading passage Look around the words enclose, send with, attach to find hints for the answer.

Typical questions: What does Mr Ryan ask Ms Jane to do?

What are employees asked to do?

Reading strategy: Requests are usually presented near the end of letters or e-mails.

Questions about a request are often information questions Identify the key word(s) in the question and search for hints for the answer near the end of a reading passage, particularly, the request is often implied in the sentence containing I would appreciate your ~ing or I would be very grateful if you could

In Part 7, most reading passages are in the form of letters such as letters of complaint, order confirmation letters, letters to renew an expired magazine subscription, invitations to special events, thank-you letters, etc E-mails usually mention internal affairs of a company.

READING POINT

Questions related to letters or e-mails are often about the purpose of a letter or an e-mail, (an attachment(s) or a request to the recipient.

Questions about the purpose of a letter or an e-mail

Typical questions: What is the purpose of the letter?

Why was the e-mail written?

Reading strategy: The purpose of a letter or an e-mail is usually stated at the beginning of a reading passage, particularly after such expressions as I am writing to ,

This e-mail is to The topic can also be found in the heading Subject: or Re: …

Typical questions: What is enclosed with this letter?

What did Mr Wright send with his e-mail?

Reading strategy: Information about (an) attachment(s) in a letter or an e-mail is usually mentioned at the end of a reading passage Look around the words enclose, send with, attach to find hints for the answer.

Typical questions: What does Mr Ryan ask Ms Jane to do?

What are employees asked to do?

Reading strategy: Requests are usually presented near the end of letters or e-mails.

Questions about a request are often information questions Identify the key word(s) in the question and search for hints for the answer near the end of a reading passage, particularly, the request is often implied in the sentence containing I would appreciate your ~ing or I would be very grateful if you could

In Part 7, most reading passages are in the form of letters such as letters of complaint, order confirmation letters, letters to renew an expired magazine subscription, invitations to special events, thank-you letters, etc E-mails usually mention internal affairs of a company. lesson 11

Common expressions used in letters or e-mails

 Expressions showing the topic of e-mails: Subject:, Re:

 Expressions showing the purpose of letters or e-mails: I am writing to, I want you to know, This e-mail is to

 Expressions showing attachments: enclose, send with, attach

 Expressions showing requests: I would appreciate your ~ing, I would be grateful if you could, Please

The questions below refer to the following letter.

Questions: 1 What is the purpose of this letter?

(A) To ask for an exchange (B) To inform a wrong delivery

2 What is enclosed with this letter?

(A) An invoice (B) The faulty product

3 What does Mr Jefferson request ?

1 From the word purpose, you can easily see that the question is about the purpose of the letter The purpose is often stated at the beginning of a letter. According to the first sentence in the letter, I am writing to inform you that the products

I ordered from your company on September 10 were wrongly delivered, choice (B) To inform a wrong delivery is the correct answer.

2 From the key word enclosed, you can understand that the question is about an attachment The key word enclosed can be found near the end of the letter; then hints for the correct answer can be found there Based on the sentence

Enclosed with this letter are the invoice and the catalogue, choice (A) An invoice is the correct answer.

3 The key word request indicates that the question asks about the request mentioned in the letter The key word request is paraphrased as I would be grateful if you could send me at the end of the letter where hints for the correct answer can be found Choice (B) A warranty is the correct answer.

Paraphrasing practice Practice paraphrasing the following sentences by choosing the correct option.

1 We assure you that your order will arrive within seven days.

= Delivery is to take place within a specific time.

2 I send a copy of your flight itinerary with my letter.

= please find the information on your travel plans.

3 I have attached the technical specifications for the AC20 to this e-mail.

= A list of the product's is included with the e-mail.

4 Thank you for fin\ding the data that I had asked you about.

= I appreciate your taking the time to the requested information.

Vocabulary assure [ə'∫uə, ə'∫ɔ:] order [ 'ɔ:də ] take place specific [ spə'sifik ] guarantee [,gổrən'ti:] itinerary [i'tinərəri] enclose [ in'klouz] revise [ri'vaiz] attach [ə'tổt∫ ] technical ['teknikl] specification [ , spesifi'kei∫n] include [in'klu:d] cost [kɔst] detail ['di:teil] appreciate [ə'pri:∫ieit] locate [lou'keit] fill out

5 Schedule your appointment a week before you want to have your car checked

A Appointments for car maintenance should be made a week in advance

B You should check your car service appointment one week ahead of time.

6 Please give me information about the conference facilities at your hotel

A I would like some details about the meeting rooms at your hotel

B I want to have a meeting about the services available at your hotel.

7 Improperly disposing of motor oil can contaminate drinking water

A Motor oil must be disposed of in specific areas

B Disposing motor oil inappropriately can pollute drinking water.

8 Mr Sigh is in charge of organizing the reception for the overseas investors

A Mr Sigh takes responsibility for planning a welcome party.

B Mr Sigh is the receptionist for the overseas branch.

Vocabulary schedule ['∫edju:l] appointment [ə'pɔintmənt] maintenance ['meintinəns] in advance ahead of facility [fə'siliti] improperly [im'prɔpəli] dispose [dis'pouz] contaminate [kən'tổmineit] inappropriately

[ , inə'proupriitli] pollute [pə'lu:t] be in charge of overseas [ , ouvə'si:z] investor [in'vestə] take responsibility for +

Questions 9 refers to the following letter.

9 What is enclosed in the letter?

Questions 10 refers to the following e-mail.

What must one do if one receives a confidential file accidentally?

B Send it to the supervisor

Our law firm has recently decided to move to a more spacious office due to an increase in the number of employees in the last year.

Additional furniture, office supplies, and equipment are needed for our new location As we were very satisfied with the quality of goods and services you have provided in the past, we look forward to working with you to furnish our new office I would appreciate your giving us a cost estimate for the items mentioned in the enclosed document

FROM: Christopher Knight, Personnel Manager

This e-mail is to notify staff that all data contained in the personnel information files is confidential It should only be shown to authorized executives Reviewing or sharing any information you find with a third party, is strictly forbidden and could result in termination of employment If you are given access to a file by mistake, please report it to me immediately. additional [ə'di∫ənl] location [lou'kei∫n] be satisfied with quality ['kwɔliti] furnish ['fə:ni∫] estimate ['estimit] quote [kwout] personnel [pə:sə'nel] confidential [,kɔnfi'den∫l] authorized ['ɔ:θəraiz] executive [ig'zekjutiv] third party forbidden [fə'bidn] termination [,tə:mi'nei∫(ə)n] employment [im'plɔimənt] access ['ổkses] by mistake accidentally [ổksi'dentəli]

Questions 11-12 refer to the following letter.

11 What is the purpose of this letter?

A To ask about a phone service plan

B To praise the customer service

D To complain about a billing issue

12 What does Ms Hay request the company do?

Vocabulary bill [bil] turn out insist [in'sist] prove [pru:v] attach [ə'tổt∫] highlight ['hailait] reimburse [ri:im'bə:s] incorrect [ , inkə'rektli] charge [t∫ɑ:dʒ] statement ['steitmənt] reflect [ri'flekt]

For the past several months, my cell phone bill has been much higher than usual So, I contacted the customer service department to find out why It turns out that there are many phone calls that I did not make on bill.

However, the customer service insists that these calls were made from my cell phone.

But many of the calls were made when I was out of the country Enclosed is a copy of my plane ticket to prove that I was not in the country I have also attached a copy of my recent bills and highlighted the calls that I did not make.

Please reimburse me for the incorrect charges and send a statement that reflects the changes Thank you for your attention to this matter.

Susan Hay attention [ə'ten∫n] praise [preiz] exchange [iks't∫eindʒ] defective [di'fektiv] complain [kəm'plein] refund [ri:'fʌnd]

Part 7, some reading passages are about advertisements for jobs and products Job advertisements often involve recruiting managers /secretaries /manager assistants, etc. Product advertisements focus on household appliances, membership, houses for rent, restaurants, hotels, etc.

Question Types and Reading Strategy

Questions concerning advertisements are mostly about the purpose of advertising, the position / product advertised the object of the advertisements, advertisers, etc In job advertisements, there are usually questions about requirements and application procedures; whereas in product advertisements, questions often focus on features and good points of a product! Service.

Questions about the purpose of advertising and the position / product advertised

Typical questions: What is the purpose of this advertisement?

What position is being advertised?

Reading strategy: The purpose of the advertisement or the position / product advertised is often stated at the beginning of a reading passage Therefore, hints for the correct answer are located at the beginning of the reading passage.

Questions about requirements and application procedures in job advertisements

Typical questions: What is NOT a requirement for the position?

How can people apply for the position?

Reading strategy: Qualifications and requirements are often mentioned in the middle of a reading passage, whereas application procedures are presented at the end Questions for these are usually information or NOT / TRUE questions You need to identify the key word(s) in the question, and then locate hints in the middle or at the end of the reading passage for the correct answer.

Questions about features and good points of a product / service in product advertisements

Typical questions: What is NOT stated as a feature of the service?

What is the advantage of the product?

Letters and E-mails

Common expressions used for requirements requirement bachelor's degree knowledge of qualification proficiency in (= fluency in) a successful candidate experience in a related field computer literate social skills bilingual in French and English

The questions below refer to the following advertisement.

Questions: 1 What position is being advertised?

2 What is NOT a requirement for the position?

3 How can people apply for the position?

1 Identify the key word position in the question Hints for the answer can be found at the beginning of the advertisement through the section Vacancy Choice (A) Sales manager is the correct answer.

2 Read the question and identify this is a NOT question based on the word NOT Identify the key word requirement in the question Hints for the answer can be found in the middle of the reading passage Choice (A) Qualifications is a restatement of college degree or higher; choice (C) Computer skills is a restatement of ability to use accounting software and excellent compiling skills; choice (D) Foreign language is expressed by language competence - business English and Japanese Choice (B)Driver's license is not mentioned in the reading passage; therefore, it is the correct answer.

3 Identify the key word apply for and the question word How This question asks about the method or the procedure to apply for the position advertised Hints for the answer can be found at the end of the advertisement, download the application form at the company website and e-mail it to recruit@worldwide.com; then, choice (B) By e- mail is the correct answer.

Preparing practice Practice paraphrasing the following sentences by choosing the correct option.

1 The Internet is an inexpensive means of advertising.

= A website is a way to promote your business.

2 All of our monitors are guaranteed to last more than ten years.

= Our displays are well made and extremely .

3 To make up for the drop in profits, the company fired 30 workers last quarter.

= The company employees last quarter.

4 We are seeking those who have acquired broad experience in the service industry.

= Those who have experience in the hospitality industry will be welcomed.

Vocabulary inexpensive [iniks'pensiv] means [mi:nz] promote [prə'mout] guarantee [gổrən'ti:] last [lɑ:st] display [dis'plei] durable ['djuərəbl] relevant ['reləvənt] make up drop [drɔp] profit ['prɔfit] fire ['faiə] quarter ['kwɔ:tə] dismiss [dis'mis] seek [si:k] acquire [ə'kwaiə] broad ['brɔ:d] hospitality industry extensive [iks'tensiv ]

5 We offer the most competitive prices in the automobile industry.

A We provide high-quality and low-price auto transport service.

B Compared to most car companies, our prices are quite low.

6 The product will be sold across the country on October 15.

A The product will be available nationally in the middle of October.

B By the second week of October, the product will be sold out.

7 Researchers will primarily work in the office, but some fieldwork will be required.

B Researchers are required to do fieldwork after completing their office work.

8 S-Mart stores will now be open 24 hours a day in order to better serve their customers

A To improve service, S-Mart will be open around the clock

B Poor service has led S-Mart to extend its hours.

Vocabulary competitive [kəm'petitiv] quality ['kwɔliti] transport ['trổnspɔ:t] compare [kəm'peə] across the country available [ə'veiləbl] nationally ['nổ∫nəli] be sold out primarily ['praimərəli] fieldwork ['fi:ldwə:k] require [ri'kwaiə] at times complete [kəm'pli:t] in order to improve [im'pru:v] around the clock lead [led] extend [iks'tend]

Question 9 refers to the following advertisement.

Smith Falls Apartments have two spacious bedrooms, a sunny living room, bath with both a tub and shower, and a fully-equipped kitchen Our amenities include a swimming pool, a fitness center, and a Laundromat There is plenty of parking nearby Maintenance costs of the complex are included in the rent In order to become a tenant a $2,000 security deposit and a recommendation from a previous landlord are required.

Question 10 refers to the following advertisement.

10 What is stated as a requirement for the job?

B Proof of residence in Calgary

Vocabulary equip [i'kwip] amenity [ə'mi:niti] maintenance ['meintinəns] rent [rent] tenant ['tenənt] security deposit recommendation

[ , rekəmen'dei∫n] landlord ['lổndlɔ:d] regional ['ri:dʒənl] expansion [iks'pổn∫n] base [beis] headquarters ['hed'kwɔ:təz] extensively [iks'tensivli] qualified proficient [prə'fi∫nt] hospitality industry preferred [pri'fə:d] proof [pru:f] residence ['rezidəns] fluency

Questions 11-12 refer to the following job advertisement.

Alfredo's, western Canada's favorite Italian restaurant chain, is looking for regional managers to help with its expansion into two new provinces All regional managers will be based at our corporate headquarters in Calgary,but will be asked to travel extensively throughout the country Qualified applicants must be proficient in both English and French and understand the market differences among the various regions of Canada Minimum of three years of experience in the hospitality industry is preferred.

11 What is one of the stated job responsibilities?

A Giving instructions to the technical staff

D Providing technical information to clients

12 What is NOT a requirement for this job?

The Coleman Co is searching for a quality control engineer who will provide support and technical advice regarding all of our manufactured goods The quality control engineer will be expected to support the operational division to find solutions for engineering and quality concerns. The quality control engineer will also be expected to communicate with customers on technical issues.

We require that all candidates applying for this position have a bachelor's;degree in mechanical engineering as well as a minimum of five years' experience in the field Additionally, a successful candidate will have strong communication skills Candidates who are able to speak several different languages will be preferred A rewarding salary will be offered and will depend upon the candidate's experience. search [sə:t∫] advice [əd'vais] regarding [ri'gɑ:diηtə:m] manufactured goods operational [ , ɔpə'rei∫ənl] division [di'viʒn] solution [sə'lu:∫n] be expected to + V issue ['isju:] apply for bachelor's degree field [fi:ld] prefer [pri'fə:(r)] rewarding [ri'wɔ:diηtə:m] state [steit] responsibility[ri,spɔnsə'biləti] instruction [in'strʌk∫n] supervise ['su:pəvaiz] maintain [mein'tein] proficiency [prə'fi∫nsi] related [ri'leitd] interpersonal [intə'pə:snl]

Questions related to notices or announcements are usually about the purpose or recipients of notices or announcements, the possible locations of notices or announcements, the information related to specific dates, or the requests for those concerned.

Questions about the purpose or recipients of notices or announcements

Typical questions: What is the purpose of the notice?

Who is the notice intended for?

Reading strategy: The purpose or intended reader of a notice or an announcement is mainly stated at the beginning of a reading passage.

Hints for the answer related to the topic or purpose can be found at the beginning of a reading passage.

Hints that help choose the answer for the question related to the intended reader of the notice or announcement can be inferred from the whole reading passage Pay particular attention to the beginning of the reading passage.

Questions about the information or event related to specific dates in notices or announcements Typical questions: What will happen on April 19?

In Part 7, reading passages may involve office announcements and public announcements Typical office announcements are about new regulations, a staff training event, equipment maintenance, etc Public announcements mention some instructions, computer operations, transportation broadcasts, etc.

Advertisements

What is the subject of the event on September 2?

Reading strategy: Information or an event related to specific dates is often stated in the middle of a reading passage Since this is usually an information question, the specific date in the question is the key word Hints for the answer can be found in the middle of the reading passage.

Questions about the requests in notices or announcements

Typical questions: What are recipients of this notice asked to do?

When should Ms Pablo be contacted?

Reading strategy: Requests in a notice or an announcement often appear at the end of a reading passage These are mainly information questions and NOT / TRUE questions Identify the key word(s) in the question and then find hints for the answer at the end of the reading passage.

Common expressions used in notices or announcements

 Purpose of notices or announcements: We are pleased to announce ~

 Expression related to specific dates or places: The event will take place at ~.

 Expression related to requests: If you have any questions, please contact ~.

The questions below refer to the following announcement.

Questions: 1 Who is the announcement intended for?

Intended reader of the announcement

A Local residents B City hall staff

2 What will happen on January 10 ?

A The construction of the garbage disposal begins.

B The meeting results are announced.

3 What should a person do if he has any question?

A Go to the city hall B Make a phone call

1 The question is about the intended reader of the announcement The information that helps choose the answer is inferred from the whole reading passage As stated at the beginning of the reading passage, The Springfield City government is going local area, and the word Residents in the second paragraph, it can be inferred that this notice is aimed at the local people in Springfield City Therefore, choice (A) Local residents is the correct answer.

2 This question is about an event related to a specific date mentioned in the announcement.

So, January 10 is the key word that helps locate the information for the answer As stated in the announcement, The meeting agenda together with its results will be publicized on the city website on January 10, choice (B) The meeting results are announced is the correct answer.

3 The question asks about a certain request - if he has any questions The hints related to requests are mentioned at the end of the reading passage The announcement says, If you have any questions, please contact the Environment Department, Springfield City Hall, at 810-2833; therefore, choice (B) Make a phone call is the correct answer.

1 As requested, the swimming pool will remain open for three extra hours.

= The request to the pool hours of operation has been approved.

2 Pre-registration is required to secure a place in the lecture course.

= You need to sign up to ensure a seat in the lecture.

3 If you have a question, please ask a salesperson.

= All should be directed to one of the sales representatives.

4 Led by Mr Collins, the seminar on safety procedures at the factory will be held this Friday.

= Mr Collins will the seminar on the proper use of machinery.

Vocabulary request [ri'kwest] remain [ri'mein] approve [ə'pru:v] extend [iks'tend] extract ['ekstrổkt] pre-registration

[pri:,redʒi'strei∫n] secure [si'kjuə] sign up ensure [in'∫uə] in a hurry in advance direct [di'rekt] inquiry [in'kwaiəri] concern [kən'sə:n] safety procedure proper ['prɔpə] conduct ['kɔndʌkt] train [trein]

5 A ban on this movie is in effect from February 14 until further notice.

A It is illegal to watch the movie until February 14.

B A ban of indefinite duration has been placed on this film.

6 A schedule of the week's events is available to conference attendees on the website.

B Attendees may sign up for events on the conference website.

7 Due to a server update, there will be an interruption to the online services.

A Due to a server error, the online system requires updating.

B A service disruption is expected while our system is being updated.

8 A $50 non-refundable deposit is required to make a reservation at our hotel.

A Customers will not get their deposit back if they cancel their reservations.

B Customers must pay a penalty of $50 when they cancel their reservations.

Vocabulary ban [bổn] in effect until further notice illegal [i'li:gəl] indefinite [in'definit] duration [djuə'rei∫n] available [ə'veiləbl] attendee [əten’di:] sign up interruption [,intə'rʌp∫n] disruption [dis'rʌp∫n] non-refundable

[,nɔn ri:'fʌndəbl] deposit [di'pɔzit] reservation [, rezə'vei∫n] penalty ['penlti]

Question 9 refers to the following announcement.

The 23 rd Annual Battleford Science Fair will take place at Riedel University from May 1 to 7 The fair draws over 3,000 students, parents, and industry leaders from Riedel County each year and is in need of volunteers Volunteers will organize the awards ceremony In addition, we need a team to take responsibility for selling snacks and refreshments If you are interested in volunteering, contact Bob Marshall, Battleford Science Fair coordinator, for further information.

9 What is the purpose of this announcement?

A To recruit volunteers for the science fair

B To provide information on an awards ceremony

C To draw students to the science fair

Question 10 refers to the following announcement.

What is mentioned in the announcement?

A Tickets can be purchased online.

B There are no afternoon performances on weekends.

C They may have difficulty finding a place to park.

Vocabulary take place draw [drɔ:] volunteer [,vɔlən'tiə] aware [ə'weə] take responsibility for refreshments [ri'fre∫mənts] coordinator [kou'ɔ:dineitə(r)] recruit [ri'kru:t] exchange [iks't∫eindʒ] no later than state [steit] matinee ['mổtnei] award [ə'wɔ:d] limited ['limitid]

Questions 11-12 refer to the following notice.

Tickets for the performance can be exchanged no later than 48 hours before the time stated on the tickets All evening performances will begin at 8 p.m., and weekend matinees start at 2:30 p.m Audience members are asked to arrive early, as latecomers will not be allowed to enter the concert hall, Please be aware that there is limited parking near the Art Center Street parking is also available for a small fee.

Belhaven is pleased to provide on-site classes from Harvey University for our staff. Until now, our company has supported staff who take courses on the university campus. However, management believes that it wilt be more beneficial to bring the classes to the company This will save time by reducing unnecessary commuting Half of the enrollment fee will be paid by the company, and a university credit will be given upon completion of each course.

Introduction to Accounting Mon, Fri 6:00 p.m - 8:00 p.m Room 202

Introduction to Marketing Tue, Thur 6:00 p.m - 9:00 p.m Room 202

Business Administration Mon, Wed 6:00 p.m - 8:00 p.m Room 203

If you are interested in taking a class, please download a registration form from the HR Department's website Further instructions are displayed on the bulletin board.

11 What is NOT a stated feature of the company's on-site classes?

A They will award university credits.

B They will save staff time by minimizing travel time.

C They will be available at no charge.

D They are run by a university.

12 What should employees do if they are interested in attending a class?

B Ask for their supervisors' approval

Vocabulary on-site [ɔn:sait] beneficial [, beni'fi∫əl] reduce [ri'dju:s] unnecessary [ʌn'nesisəri] commuting [kə'mju:t] enrollment fee credit ['kredit] completion [kəm'pli:∫n] accounting [ə'kauntiηtə:m] administration [əd,minis'trei∫n] take a class registration [,redʒi'strei∫n]

HR Department feature ['fi:t∫ə] minimize ['minimaiz] run [rʌn] approval [ə'pru:vəl] obtain [əb'tein]

Questions concerning articles or reviews usually ask about the topic or main idea of an or a review, specific details, or true/false information.

Questions about the topic or main idea of an article or a review

Typical questions: What is the main idea / topic of the article?

What is the article mainly about?

Reading strategy: The topic or main idea is mainly stated at the beginning of a reading passage.

As this is a topic/main idea question, hints for the correct answer can be found at the beginning of a reading passage.

Questions about the specific details in an article or a review

Typical questions: According to the article, what will happen in ten years?

What is NOT mentioned as an advantage of recruiting online?

Reading strategy: Find the key word(s) in the question, then locate relevant information in a reading passage.

As this is an information or a NOT / TRUE question, it is important to, first, identify the key word(s) in the question, and then locate relevant information in a reading passage.

Questions about the true/false information in an article or a review

Typical questions: What is mentioned in the article?

What is NOT stated in the article?

Reading strategy: Identify the key words in the given answer choices, then locate relevant information in a reading passage.

As this is a NOT / TRUE question, you need to compare each of the answer choices with information in a reading passage In case of NOT question, choose the answer choice which is different from the details presented in a reading passage; however, in case of TRUE question, choose the choice that matches the reading passage.

Common words used in economic articles / reviews analyst interest rate headquarters monopoly shareholder bankruptcy financial crisis legal net profit stock market capital fiscal year

M & A (merger and acquisition) productivity subsidiary company competitive flourish recession predict

In Part 7, reading passages may be in the form of newspaper articles or reviews These mainly discuss national industries, corporate trends, nature conservation, energy saving, etc Bedsides, information related to daily life such as news about movies or performances/restaurant ratings is also the topics of articles or reviews.

Notices / Announcements

The questions below refer to the following article.

1 The topic or main idea of the article is stated at the beginning of the article Hints for the correct answer can be found in Last week; the Energy Management Bureau claimed that gas bills are going to increase dramatically this winter Therefore, choice (A) Increase in gas bills is the correct answer.

2 This question focuses on specific information with such key words as experts, advise. Locate the key words experts, advise in the reading passage and find hints for the correct answer The article states, Experts advise that people should tightly close all windows or narrow chinks in the doors of their houses to minimize heat escape, which can help save about 20% of their gas bills Therefore, choice (B) Keep heat inside the house is the correct answer.

3 This question requires your understanding of the whole reading passage You need to check each of the answer choices with the relevant information in the passage Choice (A) is mentioned in the reading passage under the meteorological forecast of this year's lower temperature Choice (B) is mentioned under the increase in crude oil prices worldwide Choice (D) is mentioned in difficulties in natural gas supply It is stated in the article that crude oil production in the Gulf of Mexico not seeming to recover soon,but not Crude oil production in the Gulf of Mexico is interrupted; thus, choice (C) is the correct answer.

1 The hotel has recently renovated one hundred guest suites.

= Many guest suites at the hotel have recently been

2 The number of people living in Harborfront has grown lately.

= Harborfront has had a recent rise in

3 Cold weather leads to higher heating costs.

= Heating costs as the temperature outside decreases.

4 The dangers of cigarettes are emphasized in the posters.

= The posted signs people of the risk of smoking.

Vocabulary recently ['ri:sntli] renovate ['renəveit] suite [swi:t] lease [li:s] remodel [ri:'mɔdl] lately ['leitli] rise [raiz] population [,pɔpju'lei∫n] popularity [,pɔpju'lổrəti] lead [li:d] temperature ['temprət∫ə] decrease ['di:kri:s] emphasize ['emfəsaiz] post [poust] risk [risk] warn [wɔ:n] endanger [in'deindʒə(r)]

5 Caltrex is best known for its healthy relationship with its staff.

A Caltrex is famous for maintaining good employee relations.

B Caltrex is very satisfied with its famous employees.

6 The Pearl Group is headquartered in Tokyo.

A The first branch office of the Pearl Group is established in Tokyo.

B The main office of the Pearl Group is situated in Tokyo.

7 Economists attributed the economic recovery to the state's lowering of interest rates.

A In response to the stronger economy, the government decided to change interest rates.

B The economy improved because the government reduced interest rates.

8 Costa Co acquired FNB to strengthen its position in the educational software market.

A FNB was purchased by Costa Co to reinforce its status in the industry.

B Costa Co bought FNB in order to make it the largest manufacturer in the industry.

Vocabulary be known for maintain [mein'tein] be satisfied with headquarter ['hed'kwɔ:təz] branch [brɑ:nt∫] establish [is'tổbli∫] situated ['sitjueitid] attribute A to B recovery [ri'kʌvəri] lower ['louə] interest rate in response to acquire [ə'kwaiə] strengthen ['streηtə:mθn] reinforce [ri:in'fɔ:s] status ['steitəs] manufacturer [mổnju'fổkt∫ərə]

Question 9 refers to the following article.

Most people interested in starting a hotel face tough challenges The hospitality industry is dominated by established international brand names with enormous operating budgets, which are difficult to compete with as an independent company, Hotel industry leader James Wellington advises hopeful hoteliers that their dreams can come true if they target their niche market and concentrate on distinguishing themselves from their competitors.

9 What is stated as a difficulty when starting a new hotel?

A Managing their large operating budgets

B Competing with well-known rivals

C Establishing it as an international brand

Question 10 refers to the following review.

10 What is NOT mentioned about the restaurant?

B Customers can enjoy lunch at reduced prices.

C It prepares the day's specials every day.

Visitors to Lorenzo's Restaurant in Palm Springs are never disappointed From the decor to the menu, every detail has been carefully considered The extensive menu includes Italian and French dishes, as well as the unique creations of the Owner, Chef Paolo The restaurant specializes in pasta, but features some steaks as well Lunch is offered at 15 percent off the regular price Take advantage of this offer and try the delicate risotto or potato gratin for lunch. face [feis] hospitality industry dominate ['dɔmineit] established [is'tổbli∫t] operating budget compete [kəm'pi:t] independent [indi'pendənt] niche market concentrate on distinguish A from B consider [kən'sidə] specialize ['spe∫əlaiz] feature ['fi:t∫ə] take advantage of delicate ['delikət] prepare [pri'peə]

Questions 11-12 refer to the following article.

11. W hat is the main idea of the article?

A How to evaluate employee performance

B How to build a good reputation

C How to create a warm office atmosphere

12 What is mentioned in the article?

A Employers should provide employees with educational programs.

B Employers have to evaluate their rewarding programs regularly.

C Employees are inspired by interesting tasks.

D Employees tend to think of job training as boring.

Want top marks when it comes to employee morale?

There are many different methods to motivate a group or individual workers While increased pay is often the primary motivator, there are others such as promotions and memberships in fitness clubs, So it is important for employers to establish a rewarding program This will ensure their loyalty and dedication to the company.

Another way to motivate employees is to build workers' self-esteem: Compliments at staff meetings are a good example By providing positive recognition, an employer will be able to reinforce the practices that he wants the staff to continue.

In most occupations, workers list interesting work as the most important factor in Job motivation If leaders allow their workers to use the time and resources to take on new challenges, the results can be very rewarding for all. morale [mə'rɑ:l] method ['meθəd] motivate ['moutiveit] primary ['praiməri] promotion [prə'mou∫n] establish [is'tổbli∫] rewarding [ri'wɔ:diηtə:m] loyalty ['lɔiəlti] self-esteem [self i'sti:m] compliment ['kɔmplimənt] recognition [rekəg'ni∫n] reinforce [,ri:in'fɔ:s] practice ['prổktis] occupation [,ɒkjʊ'pei∫n] motivation [mouti'vei∫n] evaluate [i'vổljueit] performance [pə'fɔ:məns] reputation [,repju:'tei∫n] atmosphere ['ổtməsfiə] inspire [in'spaiə] tend [tend]

Questions concerning a memo are usually about the topic or purpose of the memo, (a) specific detail(s), or memo-related further information.

Questions about the topic or purpose of a memo

Typical questions: What is the memorandum about?

What is the purpose of this memo?

Reading strategy: The topic or purpose of a memo is often stated in the first part of a reading passage.

As this is a question about the topic or purpose, hints for the correct answer be located at the beginning of a reading passage In particular, the purpose or topic is often mentioned in the heading written as Subject: or Re:

Questions about (a) specific detail(s) in a memo

Typical questions: Which department does Mr Lee work at?

What does the company plan to do?

Reading strategy: Specific details are often mentioned in the middle of a memo.

As this is an information question, identify the key word(s) in the question, then find hints for the answer around the key word(s) in the middle of a reading passage.

Questions about memo-related further information

Typical questions: Who should be contacted for more information?

What should people who have any questions do?

Reading strategy: Memo-related further information is often written at the end of a reading passage.

As this is an information question, identify the key word(s) in the question, then locate the key word(s) around the end of a reading passage and find hints fort correct answer.

Common memo topics in the TOEIC test

To congratulate an employee on a promotion

To inform the staff of maintenance activities

To request the cooperation for a cleaning operation

To remind employees of a company policy

Memorandums appeared in the later 19th century since there was an increasing need for internal communication across distances and between levels of management of businesses Initially, the term “memorandum” was used, but by the 1920s, when the internal documents were already widely spread, it was shortened to memo, In the modern time, e-mails have, to some extent, replaced memos.

In Part 7, reading; passages may be in the form of memos which are pieces, of correspondence sent between employers and employees within a company or between companies to inform of a changed venue, a new decision, a request, a staff transfer, etc They are more private and more formal than e-mails but less formal than letters Memos may have their own specific format:there are mostly a heading and a body No salutations, complimentary closings, and formal signatures are included in memos.

Articles / Reviews

The questions below refer to the following memo.

1 This question is about the topic of the memo The topic of the memo is stated at the first part of the reading passage Hints for the answer can be found in You are invited to a farewell party to Mr Jackson on Friday, October 31 because he is going to retire The correct answer is choice (B) An employee farewell party

2 This question is about a specific detail in the memo with the key word Mr Jackson, including the question word How long Locate the word Mr Jackson in the middle of the reading passage, then find hints for the correct answer around it It is stated in Mr. Jackson since he joined the company 15 years ago Therefore, the correct answer is choice (B) 15 years.

3 This is a question about memo-related further information Identify the key word suggestions in the question, then locate the key word at the end of the reading passage, and find hints for the correct answer around it Suggestions is paraphrased as interesting ideas The reading says, If you come up with any interesting ideas or any questions, please e-mail to msbrown@market.com or call the extension number 117 at any time.

Choice (A) Make a phone call is the correct answer.

1 We are looking to simplify our ordering procedures.

= We are trying to make our ordering procedures

2 It would make me very happy to take on the project you proposed.

= I will definitely the assignment that was suggested by you.

3 I am writing to debate the claims you recently made in your article.

= I with some of the statements made in your article.

4 The least amount of time needed to complete the project is seven days.

= In order to complete the project, we will require a of one week.

Vocabulary be looking to + V simplify ['simplifai] procedure [prə'si:dʒə] take on propose [prə'pouz] definitely ['definitli] assignment [ə'sainmənt] accept [ək'sept] except [ik'sept] debate [di'beit] claim [kleim] article ['ɑ:tikl] statement ['steitmənt] disagree [disə'gri:] least [li:st] amount [ə'maunt] complete [kəm'pli:t]

5 I wanted to thank you for meeting with me and letting me express my thoughts.

A I appreciate your giving me the time to share my ideas with you.

B I would like to express my gratitude for your ideas suggested at the meeting.

6 It is suggested that the filters be changed at least every four months.

A The four filters need to be replaced.

B The filters need to be replaced regularly.

7 If you happen to lose your card, notify our representative at the toll-free number listed.

A The company issues a replacement card at no cost.

B When a card is lost, customers should call our office at no charge.

8 We are invited to a welcome party for recently hired employees.

A The event is to honor new staff members.

B The event is to reward a group of employees.

Vocabulary express [iks'pres] appreciate [ə'pri:∫ieit] share [∫eə] gratitude ['grổtitju:d] replace [ri'pleis] regularly ['regjuləri] notify ['noutifai] representative [repri'zentətiv] toll-free number listed [listid] issue ['isju:] at no cost at no charge invite [in'vait] welcome party recently ['ri:sntli] hire ['haiə] honor ['ɔnə] reward [ri'wɔ:d]

Question 9 refers to the following memorandum.

The company has decided to change our spending policy Office operating costs must be kept to a minimum This is because the recent economic downturn has led to much lower profits this year All departments are encouraged to find ways to reduce spending At the next staff meeting, we would like a representative from each department to present cost-cutting suggestions.

9 What is the purpose of this memorandum?

A To notify employees of a staff meeting

B To inform employees of a new company policy

C To report the annual profits of the company

Question 10 refers to the following memorandum.

10. W hat is NOT stated about Edmund Park?

A He joined the company as a student.

B He was successful as a sales manager.

C He has been working in foreign countries.

Vocabulary spending ['spendiηtə:m] policy ['pɔləsi] operating costs keep to a minimum downturn ['dɒʊntɜ: n] profit ['prɔfit] encourage [in'kʌridʒ] cost-cutting annual ['ổnjuəl] promotion [prə'mou∫n] regional ['ri:dʒənl] vice-president work one's way role [roul] prove [pru:v] talent ['tổlənt] improve [im'pru:v] overseas [ouvə'si:z] join the company foreign ['fɔrin]

Questions 11-12 refer to the following memorandum.

To: The staff of Weston Clarkson, Inc.

I am pleased to announce the promotion of Edmund Park from the regional sales manager to the vice-president of marketing Mr Park has been with our company for the past 25 years He started as a student intern and worked his way up in the company In his role as a sales manager, Mr Park has proved his talents by improving sales by 27 percent We are excited to see what his leadership and ideas will bring to our overseas marketing department.

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