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Agreement TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DUY TÂN KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ BỘ MÔN ANH VĂN KHÔNG CHUYÊN GIÁO TRÌNH READING LEVEL 2 LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ Đà Nẵng, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 GRAMMAR 3 OVERVIEW AGREEMENT 4 LES[.]

Đà Nẵng, 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTSPage CHAPTER 1 - GRAMMAR 3

OVERVIEW: AGREEMENT 4

LESSON 1: Subject – Verb Agreement in Numbers (1) ……… 5

LESSON 2: Subject – Verb Agreement in Numbers (2) ……… 7

LESSON 3: Subject – Verb Agreement in Numbers (3) ……… 9

LESSON 4: Agreement Tense ……… 12

CHAPTER 3 – READING POINT ……… 37

LESSON 11: Letters and E-mails ……… 38

LESSON 12: Advertisements ……… 43

LESSON 13: Notices / Announcements ……… 49

LESSON 14: Articles / Reviews ……… 55

LESSON 15: Memorandums ……… 62

2

Further exercises

CHAPTER 1

3

Agreement means that a subject and its verb must agree with each other in number

(singular or plural), or the tenses in the main clause and subordinate clause must agree witheach other.

Basic rules of subject-verb agreement in number:

 A singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb  When the subject is an indefinite pronoun or a noun with a quantifier, carefully

decide whether you should use a singular or a plural verb

 When the subjects in a sentence are joined by conjunctions, a singular or pluralverb may be used depending on each particular conjunction.

The computer is Each report is Either you or he is

Printers are

Many companies are Neither you nor I am

Agreement in tense Of main clause and subordinate clause:

 When the main clause is in the present tenses, the subordinate clause may be invarious tenses.

 When the main clause is in the past tense, the subordinate clause may be in the pasttenses

4

A Read the following sentences Mark  in the space given if the underlined word iscorrect and correct the incorrect one

1 Developing new product designs are essential _2 The CEO plans to open another branch 3 That she will get a promotion are shocking _ 4 My coworkers think that I will quit soon

5 The accountant says that statistics are very difficult for him. _ _

B Look at the underlined parts and choose the correct option to complete eachsentence.

Singular subject - singular verb, plural subject - plural verb

The basic rule is that a singular subject goes with a singular verb, while a plural subject goes with a plural verb Besides, you must use singular verbs in the following cases:

When the subject is an uncountable noun When the subject is a gerund or a to-infinitive When the subject is a noun clause introduced by that

Types of SubjectsExamplesSingular/plural nounThe president is not in now

Companies want to increase their profitsUncountable nounsThe information about the

last quarter is in the document.Gerunds or to-infinitivesGoing on a business trip is

sometimes hard

To conduct customer surveys is necessaryNoun clauses introduced by thatThat the company went bankrupt was unexpected.

Confusing singular nouns

There are some nouns ending in -s, but they are actually singular nouns.

NounsExamplesNoun indicating subjectseconomics politics statistics,

mathematicsPronounsTimes Charles WalesEconomics is not easy to understand

The news was so surprising.

Subject-Verb Agreement in Number (1)

(Singular / Plural Nouns)

lesson 1

1 Going on a business trip three times a month too frequent.

PRACTICEI Choose one correct option in the parentheses.

1 Holding the conference in our hotel (are, is) advantageous to your company.2 The requested document (has, have) not yet arrived.

3 Access to this file (are, is) limited to authorized personnel.

4 Each report (contains, contain) information on key economic indicators.5 That Mr Smith was absent from work (were, was) surprising.

6 The editor (want, wants) to change the layout of the newspaper.

II Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences.

7 The firm ………… profit increases with the new marketing strategy.A anticipates

B anticipate

C are anticipatedD anticipating

8 Obtaining a good job………… difficult due to the economic situation.A have remained

B are remaining

C remain D remains

9 This chemical ………… only approved for use in animal foods.

10 Every area manager ………… required to visit all the offices under his management once a week.

A is B are C were D have

A Fill the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets

1 (look) A few proposals excellent look2 (be) Some of the facilities _ open at this time

3 (be) Several sales managers happy with the decision at yesterday's seminar 4 (have) Each of the managers different characteristics

Indefinite pronouns

one each either neither no one / nobody nothing something someone / somebody anyone / anybody anything everyone / everybody everything+ singular verb

Neither of the + plural noun can be followed by a plural verb.both many sever (a)few+ plural verb

One of the employees has called in sick Many firms are now hiring lawyers.Nouns with a quantifier

all/ most/ some /lots/ halfof the + singular/uncountable noun+ singular verbof the + plural noun+ plural verbthe numberof a plural noun+ singular verba number+ plural verb

All of the profit goes to the charities

All of the members have to attend the seminar.

Subject-Verb Agreement in Number (2) (Indefinite Pronouns and Nouns with a Quantifier)

lesson 2

5 (have) I am sure that someone _ _ a copy of the report 6 (be) Many of the important documents in the cabinet _ missing now

Be ( is/ am / are)

B Look at the hints given and choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1 A number of people been laid off in the last twoyears

2 Most of the information not reliable

PRACTICEPART 1

I Choose one correct option in the parentheses.

1 All of the old magazines (is, are) available at a discounted price.

2 Some of the executives (refuse, refuses) to reduce expenditures on advertising.3 The competition between low-cost airlines (has, have) increased.

4 Senior employees in the workplace (know, knows) less about computers.

II Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences.

5 The rest of the guests for the Best Employee Award………… to arrive after 7:00 p.m.

A expectsB expecting

C are expectedD is expected

6 Some of the pens in the shipment ………… faulty parts and cannot be used.

A has B is C was D have

PART 2

I Choose one correct option in the parentheses.

1 The applicants (have, has) plenty of experience in foreign trade.

2 Many offices (instruct, instructs) employees about what to do in case of fire.3 The survey forms (was, were) not filled out completely.

4 The headquarters and the branch office (plan, plans) to reorganize some divisions.5 A few reports (provides, provide) accurate data on the current market.

6 Our facilities (are, is) available for family and company events every weekend.

II Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences.

7 The company and the striking workers ………… to a settlement.

A has agreed B agrees C have agreed D agreeing

8 The cell phone charges for local calls ………… discounted for the first month.

9 The government ………… taking significant measures to promote the export of domestic goods.

10 Several candidates ………… at least two foreign languages fluently.

A speak B speaks Chas spoken D was spoken

A Read the following sentences and correct the underlined parts in the spaceprovided.

1 Jacky and Sam has agreed to extend the contract

2 Neither she nor I commutes to work by subway

3 He or you is expected to do the presentation

4 His education and his work experience is suitable for this job

5 Either you or your boss have to take responsibility _

6 Not only English but also French are necessary to do the job

B Look at the hints given and choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1 The auditorium as well as the libraries being renovated.

2 The directors and the sales representatives on a business trip every month.

Coordinating conjunctions and & or

When the subjects in a sentence are joined by the conjunction and, a plural verb is commonly used When the subjects are joined by the conjunction or, their verb must agree with the subject nearest to it

The CEO and the manager are having a meeting now Three workers or one supervisor has to work on Saturdays.Correlative conjunctions

When the two subjects in a sentence are joined by correlative conjunctions, their verb mostly takes the number of the subject nearest to it In the following structures, the verb will agree with the subject B.

Either A or BNeither A nor BEither you or he needs to fill out this form.Not A but BNeither he nor she is not coming to the seminar.Not only A but (also) BNot only you but also Mr Brown is responsible for the matter.B as well as A

Subject-Verb Agreement in Number (3) UNIT 3

Lesson 3

I Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences.

1 The piano as well as the pipe organ ………… to be tuned for the big concert

13 Either the committee on course design or the committee on college operations ………… these matters

14 One of my instructors ………… written a letter of recommendation for me

A have B has

II Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject (Homework)

1 Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school.

2 Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting.3 The dog or the cats (is, are) outside.

4 Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor.5 George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie.6 Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer.

7 One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France.8 The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street.

9 The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch.10 The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win.

11 Either answer (is, are) acceptable.

12 Every one of those books (is, are) fiction.13 Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen.14 (Is, Are) the news on at five or six?

15 Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's favorite subject.

16 Eight dollars (is, are) the price of a movie these days.17 (Is, Are) the tweezers in this drawer?

18 Your pants (is, are) at the cleaner's.

19 There (was, were) fifteen candies in that bag Now there (is, are) only one left!20 The committee (debates, debate) these questions carefully.

21 The committee (leads, lead) very different lives in private.

22 The Prime Minister, together with his wife, (greets, greet) the press cordially.23 All of the CDs, even the scratched one, (is, are) in this case.

1 Htd ( S + V (s/es) – httd ( S + is/am/are) + V-ing2 Htd – tld ( S + will + V)

3 Htht ( S + have / has + v3/ed) – qkd ( S + v2/ved) , qkht ( S+had + v3/ ed)4 Qkd ( S + v2/ved) – qktd ( S + was / were) + V-ing, qkht ( S+had + v3/ ed)A Choose the correct option for each sentence

1 The president said that he (found / founded) the company in 2000 2 I believe that the cost of living (is / was) too high last year

3 He told us that he (participated / participates) in the training

4 Mr Taylor told me that he (works / worked) until 10 p.m almost every day 5 I found that some of my colleagues (are fired / had been fired).

B Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1 He said that competent managers their employees

2 The CEO announced that sales for three years

Basic rules of agreement in tense

Main clauseSubordinate clausePresent simple, present perfect tensesPresent, future, past tensesPast tensePast tenses

I believe that the company has great potential He said he had had an interview with ICD Co Exceptions

ExceptionsTense of subordinate clauseWhen the event is a truth / general

factPresent tensesWhen the event is a historical dataPast tenses

She says that there was an oil shock in the 1970s.

Agreement in Tense

(of Main Clause and Subordinate Clause)lesson 4

A falls B fall C had

PRACTICEPART 1

I Choose one correct option in the parentheses.

1 Ms Tracy (is preparing, was preparing) the annual report now.

2 Our CEO (will be attending, was attending) an important workshop at this time yesterday.

3 This time tomorrow, Chris (is attending, will be attending) an important conference.

4 She (worked, was working) on her report when the fire took` place.5 Mr McCain (is returning, was returning) to Korea now.

6 We (were making, will be making) arrangements for the Trade Conference tomorrow.

II Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences.

7 Ms Thomas ………… in the employee development session at 3 o'clock yesterday.

A participates

B to participate C is participatingD was participating8 The manufacturer ………… changes to its billing procedures now.

A implements

B implemented C implementingD is implementing

9 Wellton supermarket ………… its customers a 20 percent discount until Monday.

A offeredB is offering

C will be offeringD was offering

10 The memo informed us that the company ………… the renovation of the office next month.

A is carrying out

B has been carrying out C will be carrying outD is being carrying out

PART 2

I Choose one correct option in the parentheses.

1 Mr Heath (has appointed, will have appointed) Richard Barth as a financial officer by next May.

2 Before the results came in, she (had already gone, will have already gone).3 The price of gas (increases, has increased) considerably since 2000.

4 The revenue of the company (falls, has fallen) significantly for two years.

II Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences.

5 The cost of living in the country ………… by 17 percent over last 15 years.

6 Mr Jantick ………… in the military for six months by the end of the year.

A been served

B has served C will serve D will have served

A.Fill each gap with the correct form of the word given in brackets.

1 be _ (will) to do 2 be _ (involvement) in 3 be _ (capability) of 4 be _ (vulnerability) to 5 be _ (likelihood) to do 6 be _ (pay) to

7 be _ (attend) to 8 be _ (benefit) to

B.Fill the gaps with the adjectives in the box to form correct collocations.

Lesson 5

concerned comparable

valid subject1 be _ to

2 be _ about 3 be _ for 4 be _ to /with

5 be _ to 6 be _ with 7 be _ of 8 be _ in

Practice with TOEIC Actual Questions

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D)

bestcompletes the sentence.

1 The article that thepopulation of the world is increasing A saying

B says C say D is said

article population

2 Both of the applicants scheduled for an interview today.

global trade issue

5 The number of online shopping malls increasing

B are

9 The sales meeting place in the auditorium every twomonths

A is taking B is taken C take D takes

take place auditorium

10 Tim Scott, the founder and CEO ofthe company, in 2000

12 The prime minister was in abribe scandal

13 This cellular phone is superior the competitors in quality

14 Prices may be to changewithout notice

Questions 15 – 16 refer to the following letter.

bad affect on the rest of the workers in our company Some of them already quit their jobs.

16 A haveB hadC hasD having

Therefore, we suggest that you hold a meeting to explain the financial situation of the company This will help the employees want to keep working here.

latelyhave an effect on quithold a meeting financial situation

Grammar Step UP!

Special Cases of Subject-Verb Agreement in Number

 Subject-verb agreement for subject relative pronouns

When the antecedent in the main clause is singular or uncountable, the verb in theadjective clause must be in the singular form When the antecedent is plural, the verb inthe adjective clause must be in the plural form.

We hired a sales representative who has three years of experience

The managers who have great communication skills will be promoted.

 Subject-verb agreement for modifying phrases

When there is a modifying phrase, e.g a prepositional phrase between a subject and itsverb, the verb must agree with the subject, not the modifying phrase.

The store for disabled people makes great profits.

Some of the employees at the company work overtime every day.

Let’s check!

Choose the correct option in brackets for each sentence.

1 The competition between the two companies (is / are) tough.

2 Most of the people in the country (agrees / agree) with the new policy.

3 The paintings which (is / are) on the wall in the conference room look beautiful 4 Do you know the woman who (is / are) giving a speech now?

CHAPTER 2

Adjectives & Adverbs

An Adjective is a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or

quantifying it An adjective usually comes before the noun it modifies or after a linkingverb Sometimes, it comes after the object of such verbs as find, make, keep, etc.

 A successful project (Modifying the noun project)

 The project is successful: (Functioning as a subject complement)

 I found it easy (Functioning as an object complement)

An Adverb is a word that describes a state or an action in more detail by indicating manner,

time, place, cause, or degree An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb,or a whole sentence It is formed by adding the suffix -ly to an adjective (e.g careful -carefully, safe - safely, skillful - skillfully).

 I completely forgot about the meeting (Modifying the verb forgot)

 That was very- useful (Modifying the adjective useful)

 Thank you very much (Modifying the adverb much)

 Unfortunately, / couldn't make it (Modifying the whole sentence)

Note: Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs There are some adjectives that are formed byadding -ly to their nouns.

friend - friendly love - lovely

A Look at the following sentences and place the adjectives in brackets in the correctposition - (A), (B), (C), or (D).

1 (various) (A) (various) companies (B) attended (C) the (D) fair.

2 (useful) This pamphlet (A) gives (B) information on (C) online (D) shopping.3 (difficult) The (A) work (B) became (C) very (D) .

4 (useful) (A) I (B) found (C) it (D) .

5 (convenient) Find (A) a (B) way (C) to do (D) the work.6 (expensive) (A) H&P Co (B) sells (C) products (D) .

B Look at the hints printed in bold and choose the correct option to complete eachsentence.

1 Everybody knows that it is a market.

C competitively

D competition

• Modifying a subject or an object: it functions as a complement

The service was very good (The adjective good modifies the subject the service.) N Adj

Positions of an adjective

Positions of an adjectiveExamplesPreceding a nounWe made a special plan for

you.Following linking verbs like be, become, seem, look, feel as a subject

complementJob-searches are becoming hard nowadaysFollowing objects of the verbs keep, find, make as an object complement.Many of the employees find the

new system inconvenient.

Functions and Positions of an Adjective

UNIT 6lesson 6

2 All the staff members were during the workshop.

AMERICAN HABITS

Clothing habits are a matter of personal

preference in the United States Most people arefree to wear whatever they feel comfortable.Business people in large urban areas are likely towear suits or dresses, while clothing in rural areasis less formal Most Americans tend to dresscasually when not in formal or business situation.

When eating, most Americans hold a fork in thehand with which they write Americans eat awayfrom home often, and usually they pay for their ownmeals when dining with friends.

When Americans greet one another, they oftenexchange a firm handshake They may greet

Strangers on the street by saying Hello or Good

morning Friends often greet each other with Howare you? And respond with Fine, thanks Americans

do not really expect any other answers to the

question How are you? because it is a way of saying

hello Except in formal situations, people addresseach other by their given names once they areacquainted.

Although Americans are generally informal

people, it would be best to schedule an appointmentbefore going to visit someone, especially inbusiness When an appointment has been made, it isimportant for those involved to be punctual.

LANGUAGE FOCUS personal

Most people who live in remote

rural areas are peasants.

 formal

They have offered me the job,

but I don't yet have a formal

It was very informal - more of a

chat than an interview.

 punctual

We expect punctual payment of

bills

Choose one correct option in the parentheses.

1 Our staff members had (temporary, differing, qualified) opinions on the matter.

2 Future economic prospects look less (common, unprecedented, promising) thanexpected.

3 Investors feel (incapable, unanimous, insecure) about the current market

4 It is the obligation of the company to recall (untrue, defective, differing) products

Actual questions

Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences.

5 Retail prices increased after an rise in oil prices.A abundant

B accomplished C informedD unprecedented

6 Mr Gunn served as a

replacement for an employee who is onleave.

Questions 7 and 8 refer to the following memorandum.

From: Ralph F McKinney, CEOTo: All ChemField employees

It is fairly for new businesses to take some time to become profitable However, it took ChemField only two months to establish a strong customer base in7 A insecure

B common C evenD level

the food industry This resulted from our improvements in serving our 8 A mature

B straightC continuousD promising

customers' needs To Celebrate our rapid growth, we will be giving all employeesa bonus of 20 percent of I their current salaries on the last day of this month We look forward to your ongoing loyalty and dedication to ChemField.

prospect ['prɔspekt]investor [in'vestə]obligation [,ɔbli'gei∫n]recall

retail price

serve [sə:v]

replacement [ri'pleismənt]on leave

take time

profitable ['prɔfitəbl]establish [is'tæbli∫]customer base

result from improvement

[im'pru:vmənt]rapid ['ræpid]

growth [grouθ]salary ['sæləri]recall [ri'kɔ:l]loyalty ['lɔiəlti]

dedication [dedi'kei∫n]

lesson 7

AChoose the correct adjective in brackets for eachsentence.

1 My team had to face the (awesome / awful) results.

2 The employee training was quite (successive / successful).3 You should be (capable / aware) of the danger of this change.4 He is (likely / ready) to step down.

5 Ms Scott is not (able / eligible) for the promotion.

6 This schedule is (subject / capable) to change without notice.

1 A number of people attended the conference.

Common expressions of adjectives in the TOEIC test

be aware ofbe likely to bebe eligible forready tobe able tobe responsible forbe capable ofbe subject to

Useful Adjectives

Smoking has many serious effects The most

obvious effect is the deterioration of a smoker's health Smoking increases the risk of lung disease, increases blood pressure, increases the risk of heart attacks, and reduces the flow of oxygen to the brain Smoking creates

respiratory problems A smoker's cough expels phlegm, a thick mucus in the nose and the throat that wants to escape the body.

Prolonged use may lead to emphysema and the need to hook up to a machine to pump enough oxygen into the lungs Another effect of this habit is that smoking breeds halitosis; a smoker's breath always smells foul and repulsive Smoking frequently results in social

isolation because fewer people smoke or want to be in the presence of second-hand smoke Friends and acquaintances often bluntly tell their smoking friends that they don't want the smell in their cars or in their homes The strong, offensive odor of smoke clings to smokers' clothing, hair, and skin The final effect of smoking is that it depletes the pocketbook Smoking is now an expensive habit, and the price of cigarettes continues to rise The effects of smoking are many, which leaves one wondering why intelligent people do not find a way to break their harmful addiction.

LANGUAGE FOCUSserious

It’s not a serious problem-

we should be able to fix it without too much trouble.

The most obvious

explanation is not always the correct one.

They try to address, social

problems such as poor health and unemployment.

1 Choose one correct option in the parentheses.

1 The team made (considerable, confidential, rapid) efforts to collect the data.2 Everyone congratulated Mr Park on his (modern, late, recent) promotion.

3 Any (improper, complete, appropriate) behavior will not be tolerated in the office.4 A (recent, pleasant, broad) atmosphere improves work performance.

Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences.

5 Management expects applicants tohave a knowledge ofeconomics.

Questions 7 and 8 refer to the following memorandum.

From: Olivia Johnson To: All staff

This memo is to refresh everyone's memory on the importance of keeping records private.Please remember that all records must be kept in locked file cabinets

7 A confidentialB former C limited

D unprecedented

when not in use The company's reputation rests upon your ability to handle 8 A apprehensive

B competitive C sincereD sensitiveclient information properly Employees who fail to do so will be warned, and if it happensI repeatedly, access to the files will be restricted.

atmosphere ['ætməsfiə]work performance

installation [,instə'lei∫n]

lesson 8process ['prouses]

appear [ə'piə]refresh [ri'fre∫]private ['praivit]

reputation [repju:'tei∫n]rest upon

handle ['hændl]repeatedly [ri'pi:tidli]access [access]restrict [ri'strikt]

AChoose the correct option in brackets for eachsentence.

1 The sales clerk (high / highly) recommended this item.2 The copy machine is (currently / current) out of order.3 (Unfortunately / Unfortunate), he is not available now.4 The computer was not working (properly / proper)

5 The R&D team (successfully / successful) completed the project.6 When it rains, you should drive (careful / carefully).

BLook at the hints printed in bold and choose thecorrect option to complete each sentence.

1 The new policy was difficult to implement policy implement

Positions of an adverb

Positions of an adverbExamplesPreceding an adjectiveThat is a very

useful solution.Preceding or following a verbI strongly agree with it.

He spoke clearly

She read the manual loudlyStanding at the beginning or at the end of a

sentence.Yesterday, I came across my ex-coworker.

Functions and Positions of an Adverb