(Luận văn) critical factors affect consumers purchase intention towards greeen products in ho chi minh city

t to ng UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY hi ep International School of Business w n lo ad ju y th yi pl al n ua TRAN HUY BAO va n CRITICAL FACTORS AFFECT CONSUMERS’ PURCHASE fu ll INTENTION TOWARDS GREEN PRODUCTS oi m IN HO CHI MINH CITY at nh z z k jm ht vb ID: 22120003 om SUPERVISOR: Dr Vo Xuan Vinh l.c gm MASTER OF BUSINESS (HONOURS) an Lu n va ey t re th Ho Chi Minh City – 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS t to I would like to express my greatly appreciation in thanking people who helped me to ng complete this thesis Firstly, I am very grateful to my advisor, Dr Vo Xuan Vinh, for his hi ep valuable advices I especially appreciate his continual support in responding, reminding, and assisting in all aspects of this endeavor w n On the other hand, I would like to thank my colleagues, friends and classmates for their lo ad valuable encouragement during months that I was working on this thesis Special thanks for y th people who spent their precious time with me in both pilot and main surveys ju Finally, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my family for their support, their yi pl encouragement, and their faith during the time I accomplish my thesis n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re th ABSTRACT One of the largest and the most urgent problems that the world is facing today is the t to environmental pollution which both the government and civilians contribute to solve this issue ng hi In fact, the injurious smoke emitted by cars, buses, trucks, trains, and the wastes from factories, ep namely sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide or nitrogen oxides have been creating more bad effects w on environment For this reason, corporations must find effective environmental solution in n lo reducing the pollution Therefore, green product is one of the suitable solutions which are applied ad in many countries over the world There are also many researches about green product studies; y th however, it is still rather new in Vietnam and green products have not yet approached to ju yi Vietnamese consumers Moreover, the corporations in Vietnam have not had a thorough grasp of pl this kind of product and how consumers reach with green product Thus, this research needs to be al n ua profoundly supported This paper is researched based on the theory and the foundation from the va study of Wilson King, Amran Harun, Rini Suryati Sulong and Jaratin Lily (2014) In that, there n are five factors including eco-label, green packaging, green corporate perception, green product fu ll value and green advertisement which are considered in order to test influence on consumers’ m oi purchase intention This research aims to find out which and how factors of green product affect nh at purchase intention and from that, give recommendations z z By applying both qualitative and quantitative method, the data is collected through in-depth vb jm ht surveys Then, the collected data is analyzed by SPSS software According to reliable results, this paper proposes recommendations for corporations which want to develop green product line k om l.c gm Keywords – Purchase intention, eco-label, green packaging, green corporate perception, green product value, green advertisement an Lu n va ey t re th TABLE OF CONTENTS t to ng LIST OF FIGURES hi ep LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION w 1.1Research Background n lo 1.2Research gap ad 1.3Research Objectives 10 y th 1.4Research scope 10 ju 1.5Research structure of thesis 11 yi pl CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 12 ua al 2.1 Green product 12 n 2.2 Purchase intention 13 n va 2.3 Eco - label 15 fu 2.4 Green packaging 16 ll 2.5 Green corporate perception 17 m oi 2.6 Green product value 17 at nh 2.7 Green Advertisement 18 2.8 Conceptual model 19 z z CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 20 vb ht 3.1 Research approach 20 jm 3.2 Sampling 20 k 3.3 Data collection methods 21 gm 3.4 Measurement scales 22 l.c 3.4 Data analysis methods 24 om CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 26 an Lu 4.1 Respondents’ demographics 26 4.2 Reliability Analysis 28 va 4.3 Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) 31 th 4.5 Multiple Regression Analysis 35 ey 4.4 Correlation Testing 34 t re 4.3.2 EFA for the dependent variable 33 n 4.3.1 EFA for independent variables 31 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS 40 t to 5.1 Main findings 40 ng 5.2 Managerial implications 43 hi 5.3 Limitations and future research 44 ep REFERENCES 46 APPENDIX A 52 w n APPENDIX B 58 lo ad APPENDIX C 63 ju y th APPENDIX D 65 yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re th LIST OF FIGURES t to Figure 2.1: A Research Model………………………………………………………… … 19 ng hi ep w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re th LIST OF TABLES t to ng hi Table 2.1: Objectives for a green product……………………………………… 13 Table 4.1: Respondents' characteristic…………………………………………… .27 Table 4.2a: Reliability Statisticsa………………………………………………… 29 Table 4.2b: Reliability Statisticsb……………………………………………………………30 Table 4.3: KMO and Bartlett's Test of Independent Variables………………… 31 Table 4.4: Rotated Component Matrix for Independent Variable……………… 32 Table 4.5: Table KMO and Bartlett's Test………………………………………………… 33 Table 4.6: Rotated Component Matrix for The Dependent Variable……………………….33 Table 4.7: Correlations…………………………………………………………………… 34 Table 4.8: Model Summary……………………………………………………………… 35 Table 4.9: ANOVA…………………………………………………………………………36 Table 4.10: Coefficients…………………………………………………………………….36 Table 4.11: Summary of hypotheses testing result…………………………………………39 Table 5.1: Research questions, related hypotheses and results………………… 40 ep w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re th CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION t to 1.1 Research Background ng Nowadays, modern industry develops with gigantic growth rate Along with both hi ep population and economic growth, the world is facing environmental degradation including Vietnam The Doi Moi policy which was started by government in 1986 has brought high w n economic growth rate but it also causes harm in environment Evidently, ten years later, Quy lo ad Vo (as cited in Mai & Nguyen, 2003), who is president of the Center for Natural Resources y th and Environmental Studies at the National University in Hanoi, stated that “Vietnam is being ju confronted with a number of serious Environmental problems, including deforestation, yi pl degradation of land resources, shortages of fresh water, over-exploitation of biological ua al resources, threats to ecosystems, and increasing pollution” n Because modern industry brings many problems; hence, it is responsible to find out va n solution Government appeals incessantly to everyone for environmental protection which ll fu contributes to increase people’s awareness “The mass media in Vietnam have recently begun m oi to distribute a large quantity of news related to various environmental problems” (Pham & at nh Rambo, 2003) For this reason, people might be aware of the associations between major z environmental issues, such as water and air pollution, land degradation and chemical z vb contamination, and everyday consumption items, such as clothing, food, housing and jm ht transport (Adams, 1990; McKusick, 1990) Simultaneously, people increasingly recognize k environmental problems which increase by manufacturing activities in the world (Chen, gm 2011) Therefore, people take consumptions not only for needs but also green, cleanliness and l.c environmental friendliness of products, guarantee for future life of their progeny “More and om more consumers have started to assess the environmental impact of product/service choices an Lu and to change their behavior in purchasing, consuming and dispensing of the product” (Ting, 1991) For instance, over 70 percent of Americans reported that they contributed to protect th are based primarily on their own personal experiences and observations In other words, they ey to environmental issues A research refers that “Respondents’ concerns about the environment t re products (Hueber, 1991) Especially, in Vietnam, people have recently begun to pay attention n va environment, and 49 percent said that they would avoid buying harmful environmental are concerned about environmental problems that they can directly sense (e g., smell, see, t to hear) or that directly affect their health and lives.” (Pham & Rambo, 2003) Indeed, in the ng case of Vedan, consumers immediately ostracized Vedan when that company eliminated hi ep harmful toxic for health of people living near Thi Vai River (Ngo, 2011) To put forward an effective solution, marketing researchers appreciate consumers’ w n growing environmental consciousness and begin to recognize the value of green products lo ad Based on the findings of the previous articles, the researcher comes to the point that people y th become more concerned about the environment as well as green products Actually, people ju are becoming more knowledgeable about nature and ecology and the positive impact of the yi pl green products on nature There are so many articles, comments, evaluations, definitions or ua al issues that concern green products topic Conceivably, “More and more companies are n involved in turning the region’s growing environmental awareness into an expanded business va n opportunity rather than an obstacle.” (Barrett, 1990) Consequently, in early 1980s, green fu ll marketing began in Europe and became more and more popular in other continents (Preece, m oi Pheng, Padfield & Padfield, 2011) For the time being, green products are brought into the at nh world such as recycled paper, environmentally-friendly packaged products, energy-efficient light bulbs, electric steam irons, cleaning goods as well as organic foods z z 1.2 Research gap vb jm ht Around the world, green marketing developed with many practical activities and was also a field research in many companies Foreign countries like Europe and North America k l.c gm conducted many researches about green marketing, especially consumers’ green purchase behavior, in order to support for marketers (Afzaal, Ali, Israr & Waseem, 2011) Furthermore, om previous researches conducted to identify young consumer intention buying green products an Lu in Hong Kong (Lee, 2010) or investigated green products through green energy, consumption, constructional materials in Sweden (Haraldsson, 2001; Rex & Baumann, 2007; Emilsson, th products accordingly because of special process which guarantees low pollution, resource ey not involved in Vietnam Hence, companies are discreet in manufacturing “Green” for their t re much in the context of Vietnam The consumer purchase intention on green products are also n va 2008) However, this is still rather new form of marketing and has not yet been researched saving and safety for health If any company takes the lead in the application of this kind of t to marketing, it will attain competitive advantages as well as positive evaluation from ng consumers “Not only does environmental responsiveness help organizations to remain hi ep competitive and increase market share but also there is some evidence showing increases in customer loyalty” (D’ Souza et al., 2006) w n In general, green products are not only unfamiliar to consumers in Vietnam but also lo ad rare researched in the awareness of consumer purchase intention Therefore, there is an urgent ju y th quest to investigate the critical factors affect green purchase intentions of consumers in order to fill in the research gap in developing green marketing yi pl 1.3 Research Objectives al n ua By improving environment in Vietnam and achieving the success in green products, va this research is to support for corporations which find out the relationship between specific n factors and consumers’ purchase intention of green products in Ho Chi Minh City In order fu ll to evaluate problems above, this study aims to answer for these following research questions oi m (RQ) below: nh at RQ1: Is there a positive relation between eco-label and consumers’ purchase z intention in Ho Chi Minh City? z jm purchase intention in Ho Chi Minh City? ht vb RQ2: Is there a positive relation between green packaging and consumers’ k RQ3: Is there a positive relation between green corporate perception and gm consumers’ purchase intention in Ho Chi Minh City? om purchase intention in Ho Chi Minh City? l.c RQ4: Is there a positive relation between green product value and consumers’ purchase intention in Ho Chi Minh City? an Lu RQ5: Is there a positive relation between green advertisement and consumers’ n va The research attempts to cover all aspects of the problem However, there are some to scopes in the research Firstly, due to the limitation of finance and geography, this research 10 th limitations about times, geography, human resources, and finances For that reason, it leads ey t re 1.4 Research scope  Green products are t to Products which are manufactured with recycled materials or more compact, more ng energy efficient and less wasteful of materials in general Green products bring safe hi ep and healthy environment for human beings instead of traditional toxic products For instance, green products include energy – efficient light bulbs, eco bags, electric steam w irons, recycled paper, organic foods, etc… n lo ad (Source: Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources And Environment) ju y th If yes, please answer the following questions: yi n 25 to 39 ll fu Over 55 oi m 40 to 54 va 18 to 24 n Your age: ua Female al Male pl Your gender: at nh Your marital status: Single z z Married vb jm ht Married with children Others k gm Education level: College Bachelor’s degree  Master’s degree om l.c High school diploma or less education Doctor/Engineer Home-maker Others……………… Your income (VND): 53 th Businessman ey Teacher t re Worker n Office staff va Student an Lu Your career: t to < millions 5 – 15 millions 15 – 30 millions 30 – 50 millions ng > 50 millions hi ep w n lo ad PART II y th INFORMATION ON PURCHASE INTENTION AND ju FACTORS AFFECTING PURCHASE INTENTION yi pl ua al There are items of purchase intention towards green product and factors impacting on n purchase intention included: eco-label, green packaging, green corporate perception, green va n product value, and green advertisement ll fu  Purchase intention: the purchase probability and willingness associated with an m oi intention category at the percentage of individuals that will actually buy a product at nh (Whitlark et al., 1993)  Eco-label: the mean of information tool that usually utilized logo to convey information z z to consumers on the environment implications of buying a product (Tang et al., 2004) vb jm ht For example, “eco-friendly”, “environmentally safe”, “recyclable”, “biodegradable” and “ozone‐friendly” k l.c gm  Green packaging: to contain, protect and present the green information through sequence of producing, handling and transporting good to the point of arrival with state om of good as the moment of production (Panwar, 2004) an Lu  Green corporate perception: the companies have strategic targets which make a profit not only for the day but also for long-term profitability and environmentally friendly va n sustainability (Aysel, 2012) 54 th attributes to attract consumers (Chen & Chang, 2012) ey quality and price Companies develop products with both green features and high-value t re  Green product value: the way consumer perceives about safe of product in aspect of  Green advertisement: the attributes of the advertised product or associated production t to process contributed to environmental protection or with other positive effects to the ng environment (Chan, 2004) hi ep Please indicate your how much you agree/ disagree with following statements (1= strongly disagree, 2= disagree, 3= neutral, 4= agree, 5= strongly agree): w n lo ad Strongly Disagree y th Strongly agree ju yi PURCHASE INTENTION (Wilson et al., 2014) – items pl I would buy green products that are not harmful to ua al the environment n I plan to switch to a green version of a product n va oi m reasons ll fu I consider switching to other brands for ecological I consider buying green products because they nh at contribute to less pollution z z ht vb ECO – LABEL (Wilson et al., 2014 & Thanika et al., 2012) – items k jm I consider what is printed on eco-labels to be accurate an Lu n va ey t re That the packaging is made from recyclable materials om GREEN PACKAGING (Wilson et al., 2014) – items l.c Sufficient information is provided on eco-labels gm The information on eco-labels is usually easy to understand Green label is prerequisite criteria to consider a green product Green advertisements are always trustworthy th 55 That the packaging is biodegradable t to ng That the packaging is recyclable hi ep That the packaging is reusable That the product has no excessive packaging w n GREEN CORPORATE PERCEPTION (D’Souza et al., 2006; Smith & Perks, 2010) – lo ad items y th Companies should place higher place priority on ju reducing pollution than on increasing their own yi profitability pl n ua al Companies should place higher place priority on environmental protection than on increasing their own profitability Companies create byproducts, recycle and re-use to eliminate waste n va ll fu oi m Companies use alternative energy sources in production and manufacturing processes at nh z Companies use space - saving warehousing or storage facilities to reduce environmental impact z vb GREEN PRODUCT VALUE (Wilson et al., 2014) – items k om l.c gm I purchase this product because it has more environmental benefits than other products jm This product’s environmental functions provide very good value for me ht This product’s environmental performance meets my expectations an Lu va I purchase this product because it has more environmental concerns than other products n I purchase this product because it is environmentally friendly ey t re GREEN ADVERTISEMENT (Wilson et al., 2014 & Thanika et al., 2012) – items th Green advertisements are attractive 56 t to ng hi ep The contents of green advertisements are of great relevance to my daily life Green advertisement should promote environmental friendly products in a credible manner Environmental advertisements are not exaggerated for Green Products w n Overall, I’m satisfied with the information currently available on the eco-label of the products I purchase lo ad ju y th yi Thank you for your contribution pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re th 57 t to APPENDIX B QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN (VIETNAMESE VERSION) ng BẢNG KHẢO SÁT VỀ NHÂN TỐ ẢNH HƯỞNG ĐẾN Ý ĐỊNH MUA SẢN PHẨM XANH CỦA NGƯỜI TIÊU DÙNG Ở THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHI MINH hi ep Thân chào anh/chị, w Tôi Trần Huy Bảo Tôi học viên Viện đào tạo Quốc tế thuộc trường Đại học kinh n lo tế TP.HCM Hiện làm đề tài nghiên cứu “Những yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến ý ad y th định mua sản phẩm xanh người tiêu dùng thành phố Hồ Chí Minh.” Mục đích ju nghiên cứu để có phản hồi từ khách hàng ý định mua Sản phẩm yi Xanh, nhằm cung cấp thông tin cho doanh nghiệp có ý định phát triển tiếp thị xanh pl ua al vào chiến lược cơng ty hiệu quả, góp phần cải thiện môi trường đồng thời tạo n Sản phẩm Xanh tốt cho sức khỏe người tiêu dùng n va Ở khơng có quan điểm hay thái độ hay sai, mà tất thông tin ll fu hữu ích cho nghiên cứu Vì vậy, tơi mong anh/chị dành thời gian trao đổi số suy oi m nghĩ anh/chị vấn đề nh at Cảm ơn hợp tác anh/chị ! z z k jm THÔNG TIN CÁ NHÂN ht PHẦN I vb  gm Anh chị sinh sống ở: om l.c an Lu TP.Hồ Chí Minh Các tỉnh khu vực khác n va ey th Chưa nghe t re Anh/chị nghe Sản phẩm xanh chưa? Đã nghe  Sản phẩm xanh 58 t to ng hi ep w sản phẩm sản xuất từ nguyên liệu tái chế sản phẩm tiết kiệm lượng gây lãng phí nguyên liệu nói chung Sản phẩm xanh mang đến mơi trường thân thiện sức khỏe cho người tiêu dùng thay cho việc sử dụng sản phẩm truyền thống có chất độc hại Ví dụ, bóng đèn tiết kiệm điện, túi sinh học, bàn ủi nước, giấy tái chế, thực phẩm hữu cơ,… (Nguồn: Bộ Tài nguyên Môi trường) n lo Nếu nghe, anh/chị vui lòng trả lời câu hỏi sau: ad ju y th Giới tính anh/chị: Nam Nữ yi pl n ua al 25 đến 39 Hơn 55 n va Tuổi anh/chị: 18 đến 24 40 đến 54 ll fu Tình trạng nhân anh/chị: Độc thân Đã kết Đã có Khác oi m at nh z Trình độ học vấn anh/chị: Tốt nghiệp THPT trở xuống Đại học z jm ht vb Trung cấp/ Cao đẳng  Cao học k Nghề nghiệp anh/chị: Học sinh/ sinh viên Công nhân Doanh nhân Nội trợ om l.c gm Nhân viên văn phòng Giáo viên Bác sĩ/ kỹ sư  Khác (ghi rõ cụ thể)…… n va 5 - 15 triệu 30 - 50 triệu an Lu Thu nhập anh/chị (VND): 50 triệu ey t re th 59 PHẦN II t to THÔNG TIN VỀ Ý ĐỊNH MUA SẢN PHẨM XANH VÀ NHỮNG NHÂN TỐ ẢNH ng HƯỞNG ĐẾN Ý ĐỊNH MUA SẢN PHẨM XANH hi ep Có bốn tiêu chí ý định mua sản phẩm xanh nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến ý định mua sản phẩm xanh: nhãn sinh thái, đóng gói sản phẩm xanh, nhận thức xanh doanh w n nghiệp, giá trị sản phẩm xanh quảng cáo xanh lo  Ý định mua sản phẩm xanh: thực tế có khả sẵn lịng mua sản phẩm xanh với ad y th ý định cá nhân mình, ju  Nhãn sinh thái: cơng cụ hữu hiệu việc sử dụng dán nhãn truyền tải thông tin đến yi pl người tiêu dùng ngụ ý môi trường mua sản phẩm ua al  Đóng gói sản phẩm xanh: chứa đựng, bảo vệ giới thiệu thông tin xanh thông qua n quy trình sản xuất, chun chở hàng hóa đến địa điểm giao hàng va n  Nhận thức xanh doanh nghiệp: hãng sản xuất có mục tiêu chiến lược làm lời ll fu cho doanh nghiệp không cho mà hướng tới lợi nhuận dài hạn trì oi m việc tạo sản phẩm thân thiện với môi trường at nh  Giá trị sản phẩm xanh: người tiêu dùng nhận thức sản phẩm có đáng tin cậy hay khơng khía cạnh chất lượng giá Các hãng sản xuất phát triển sản phẩm với z z đặc điểm xanh thuộc tính mang giá trị cao để thu hút người tiêu dùng vb jm ht  Quảng cáo xanh: quảng cáo sản phẩm đóng góp việc bảo vệ mơi trường hay có tác động tích cực đến mơi trường k gm Anh/chị vui lòng cho biết mức độ đồng ý/ không đồng ý anh/chị với phát biểu l.c (Đánh dấu  vào trịn; đó, 1=hồn tồn khơng đồng ý, 2=khơng đồng ý, om 3=phân vân, 4=đồng ý, 5=hoàn toàn đồng ý) an Lu n Hoàn toàn đồng ý va Hồn tồn khơng đồng ý 60 th Tơi mua sản phẩm xanh khơng độc hại đến mơi trường ey t re Ý ĐỊNH MUA SẢN PHẨM XANH t to ng hi ep Tơi dự tính chuyển qua sử dụng sản phẩm mang đặc tính xanh Tơi xem việc chuyển qua dùng sản phẩm mang nhãn hiệu xanh lý sinh thái bảo vệ mơi trường Tơi mua sản phẩm xanh làm giảm nhiễm môi trường w n lo ad NHÃN SINH THÁI ju y th Tôi thấy nội dung in nhãn sinh thái xác Thơng tin nhãn sinh thái thường dễ dàng hiểu Nhãn sinh thái điều kiện tiên để xem sản phẩm xanh Quảng cáo xanh luôn đáng tin cậy yi pl n ua al va n Những thông tin đầy đủ cung cấp nhãn sinh thái ĐÓNG GÓI SẢN PHẨM XANH ll fu oi m at nh Đóng gói làm từ vật liệu tái chế Đóng gói sản phẩm xanh tự hủy z z k Khơng đóng gói thừa sản phẩm xanh jm Đóng gói sản phẩm xanh đươc sử dụng lại ht vb Đóng gói sản phẩm xanh tái chế om an Lu n va Doanh nghiệp trọng ưu tiên việc bảo vệ môi trường gia tăng lợi nhuận l.c Doanh nghiệp nên trọng ưu tiên việc giảm ô nhiễm môi trường (chất thải từ khói, bụi, nước,…) gia tăng lợi nhuận gm NHẬN THỨC XANH CỦA DOANH NGHIỆP ey t re Doanh nghiệp tạo sản phẩm phụ, tái chế sử dụng lại chất thải th 61 t to Doanh nghiệp sử dụng nguồn lượng thay quy trình sản xuất chế tạo sản phẩm xanh ng hi ep Doanh nghiệp sử dụng kho chứa hàng tiết kiệm chỗ phương tiện lưu kho phù hợp để giảm thiểu tác động môi trường GIÁ TRỊ SẢN PHẨM XANH w Tính sản phẩm xanh đáp ứng kỳ vọng n lo ad y th Các tính thuộc mơi trường sản phẩm xanh ju có giá trị với tơi yi Tơi mua sản phẩm xanh có nhiều lợi ích môi pl al trường sản phẩm khác n ua Tơi mua sản phẩm xanh liên quan đến môi va trường nhiều sản phẩm khác n Tơi mua sản phẩm xanh thân thiện đến môi ll oi m QUẢNG CÁO XANH fu trường k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu Sản phẩm xanh quảng bá quảng cáo kêu gọi bảo vệ mơi trường có TPHCM thể cách trung thực Nói chung tơi hài lịng mua sản phẩm xanh với thơng tin sẵn có nhãn sinh thái z Quảng cáo xanh nên quảng bá sản phẩm thân thiện với môi trường cách đáng tin cậy z Nội dung quảng cáo xanh có liên quan mật thiết đến sống thường ngày at nh Quảng cáo xanh thu hút cách ấn tượng n va XIN CHÂN THÀNH CẢM ƠN ANH CHỊ ĐÃ HOÀN THÀNH BẢN KHẢO SÁT ! ey t re th 62 t to APPENDIX C TOTAL VARIANCE EXPLAINED IN EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS ng Table C1: Total Variance Explained of Dependent Variables hi ep Total Variance Explained Initial Eigenvalues w n Total % of Cumulative Variance % Total % of Cumulative Variance % Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Cumulative Variance % 22.005 22.005 5.061 22.005 22.005 3.529 15.343 15.343 3.186 13.851 35.856 3.186 13.851 35.856 3.303 14.361 29.704 2.807 12.203 48.059 2.807 12.203 48.059 3.158 13.732 43.436 2.680 11.651 59.710 2.680 11.651 59.710 3.016 13.115 56.551 2.003 8.707 pl 68.417 2.003 8.707 68.417 2.729 11.867 68.417 877 3.814 72.231 697 3.030 667 2.900 544 2.364 10 519 2.258 82.782 11 467 2.028 84.811 12 439 1.910 86.720 13 426 1.851 88.571 14 393 1.707 90.278 15 381 1.657 91.936 16 325 1.412 93.348 17 288 1.252 94.600 18 262 1.139 95.738 19 252 1.097 96.835 20 229 996 97.831 21 197 856 98.687 22 172 748 99.435 23 130 565 100.000 ju 5.061 y th ad lo Component Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings yi n ua al 75.261 va 78.161 n 80.525 ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis n va ey t re th 63 Table C2: Total Variance Explained of Independent Variable t to ng hi Total Variance Explained Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Component Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative % 2.953 73.826 73.826 2.953 73.826 73.826 459 11.471 85.297 348 8.710 94.007 240 5.993 100.000 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis ep w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re th 64 t to APPENDIX D HISTOGRAM, NORMAL REGRESSION & SCATTER PLOT OF ng DEPENDENT VARIABLE hi ep w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm Figure D1: Histogram of PI an Lu n va ey t re th 65 t to ng hi ep w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb Figure D2: Normal Plot of PI om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re th 66 t to ng hi ep w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re th 67 vb Figure D3: Scatter Plot of PI