Applyying gis and remote sensing technology to detect mangrove forest cover change in ha an district, quang yen town, quang ninh province in 2000 2014

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY STUDENT THESIS APPLYING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY TO DETECT MANGROVE FOREST COVER CHANGE IN HA AN DISTRICT, QUANG YEN TOWN, QUANG NINH PROVINCE IN 2000 - 2014 Major: Advanced Curriculum in Natural Resources Management Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environment Management Student: Nguyen Vu Bach Student ID: 1054010901 Class: K55 Natural Resources Management Course: 2010 – 2014 Advanced Education Program Developed in Collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Asso.Prof Tran Quang Bao Ph.D Ha Noi, November 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I LITERATURE REVIEWS 1.1 Climate change: 1.2 Roles of Mangrove forest: 1.3 Remote sensing: II OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Scopes 2.3 Methods: 2.3.1 Data Sources: 2.3.2 Field survey method: 2.3.3 Image classification method 10 2.3.4 Method mapping fluctuations mangrove forests: 10 2.3.5 Characteristics of Landsat images for the study area: 10 2.3.6 Fluctuations of mangrove forests in 2000 – 2014: 14 III RESULTS 17 3.1.Processing mangrove forest area 17 3.2 Mapping mangrove forest in Ha An over time 18 3.3 Evaluating the accuracy of Landsat image interpretation methods 19 3.4 Fluctuations mangroves in 2000 – 2014 20 3.3 Cause of fluctuations mangrove period 2000 – 2014: 22 IV DISCUSSION 23 V CONCLUSION 24 LIST OF ACRONYMS Notation Meaning NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index OLI Operational Land Imager TIRs Thermal Infrared Sensor LIST OF TABLES Table Name Page 2.1 Landsat Data used for data analysis 2.2 The specifications of the Landsat images 12 3.1 Mangrove forest area each year in the study area 19 3.2 Evaluation accuracy table in 2014 19 3.3 Fluctuation mangrove in 2000 - 2005 20 3.4 Fluctuation mangrove in 2005 – 2010 20 3.5 Fluctuation mangrove in 2010 - 2014 20 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 2.2 Name Location of studied areas: Viet Nam, Quang Ninh province, Quang Yen town, Ha An district Overview classification methods and image processing of Landsat remote sensing Page 3.1 Landsat satellite image of study area in 2014 13 3.2 Studied area in year 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014 14 3.3 NDVI of studied area in each year 15 3.4 NDVI of mangrove in each year 16 3.5 Distribution of coastal mangroves overtime in Ha An district, Quang Yen Town, Quang Ninh 17 3.6 Location of 20 points in the field to check the accuracy in 2014 18 3.7 Maps of mangroves fluctuation periods 2000 - 2005, 2005 - 2010, 2010 - 2014 21 3.8 Fluctuations of mangroves period 2000 – 2014 21 ACKNOWLEDGMENT With the permission of the Vietnam Forestry University, Faculty of Forest Resources and Environment Management, I have completed the thesis: "Applying GIS and remote sensing technology to detect mangrove forest cover change in Ha An district, Quang Yen town, Quang Ninh province in 2000 – 2014” To perform this topic, I have received the enthusiastic support of teachers from Vietnam Forestry University, the Institute for Forest Ecology and Environment, local officials and the rangers of Ha An district, Quang Yen town, Quang Ninh province After completion of thesis, I would like to deeply thank supervisor Asso.Prof Tran Quang Bao Ph.D I would also like to thank MSc Pham Van Duan who has guided and helped me in the process of analyzing and processing data Because of my private limitations in term of expertise knowledge, surely, there are some certain shortcomings and inadequacies in my thesis Therefore, I truthfully expect to receive active and frank responses from lectures as well as contributing opinions from friends so that I can promote my research later I sincerely thank you! Hanoi, 10 November 2014 Students INTRODUCTION With a coastline of over 3,260 kilometers of territory on the mainland, Vietnam has a large mangrove area ranked second in the world after the mangrove forest at the mouth of the Amazon River (South America) According to statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam had over 400 thousand hectares of mangroves in 1943 However, for over six decades ravaged by war coupled with overfishing, by 2006, Vietnam only about 155 thousand hectares of mangroves It must be said that in the years after the war, the shrimp farm is one of the main reasons that mangroves disappearing Image analysis of the Mekong Delta in 2011, the area of mangroves typical show, in 1973-2008, more than half of mangroves have been converted into shrimp farms, causing serious erosion Vietnam was the first country in Southeast Asia accede to the Ramsar Convention on wetlands waters, and as of 2013, Vietnam had five wetlands are recognized as a Ramsar site, including mangrove forests, which is Xuan Thuy National Park - Nam Dinh Bau Sau in Cat Tien National garden belongs - Dong Nai, Tram Chim National Park, Tam Nong district, Dong Thap and Ca Mau Cape National Park, Ngoc Hien district, Ca Mau Province In the current period, together with the strong development of science and technology, satellite imagery and remote sensing technology is the way to bring about tremendous changes in the management of resources With the introduction of a series of satellite remote sensing power supply with increasing resolution, remote sensing techniques have made great progress in almost every field is applied In forest industry, remote sensing techniques have been used for about 30 years to build the kind of forest status map and classify forest state, the partition key forest fires, monitoring changes forest resources Coastal mangrove forest play an important role for biodiversity conservation, coastal habitat protection, and prevention negative effects of sea level rise However, due to global warming, pressure of economic development in poor country Spatial coveraged mangrove has reduce significantly in recent decades both in regional and national scale For the purpose of further understanding of how mangrove forest change overtime and give some fact evidence of mangrove change at specific area With support from Remote Sensing and GIS technology We have implemented the thesis: "Applying GIS and remote sensing technology to detect mangrove forest cover change in Ha An district, Quang Yen town, Quang Ninh province in 2000 – 2014” I LITERATURE REVIEWS 1.1 Climate change: The warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global mean sea level The Earth’s average surface temperature has risen by 0.76° C since 1850 The global average surface temperature is likely to rise by a further 1.8-4.0°C this century, and by up to 6.4°C in the worst case scenario Nowadays there are so many factories that exhale really destructive substances and pollute the air We all know very well that air is something we can’t live without When we breathe the polluted air, we can get seriously ill Another issue are the greenhouse gasses They are gasses which trap heat in the atmosphere Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide occur naturally and maintain a gabitable planet but excess concentratión emitted solely through human activities For example carbon dioxide is entering the atmosphere because of human activities like burning of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) All vehicles exhale too much damaging substances Another huge problem is that the sea levels are rising worldwide Also the expansion of ocean water is caused by warmer ocean temperatures Mountain glaciers and small ice caps are melting as well as Greenland’s Ice Sheet and the Antarctic Ice Sheet The temperature is rising which means that ice is melting faster and faster 1.2 Roles of Mangrove forest: Mangroves are also known as rich centers of biodiversity as they provide a home and shelter for many species including fish, birds, frogs, snakes, insects and several endangered crocodiles Mammals also occupy these forests ranging from small animals like swamp rats and monkeys to large carnivores like tigers, that use the dense foliage as cover Mangroves are also important nursery areas for many species of fish Overfishing is a global problem and we are fishing at an accelerated rate without allowing fish stocks to recover Mangroves are a vital resouurces in providing breeding grounds for fish Along with protecting coastlines from erosion by acting as a natural barrier and flood defense, mangroves also filter pollutants from river run-off and prevent harmful buildup of sedimentation from reaching the oceans and nearby marine habitats such as coral reefs Mangroves and coral reefs have a symbiotic (mutual beneficial) relationship – the reef protects the coast where the mangroves grow from being eroded by the sea, and the forest traps sediment washed from the land preventing it reaching the reef Both mangrove forests and coral reefs found in coastal areas provide protection and breeding grounds for fish – a key source of income and nutrition for people in these regions 1.3 Remote sensing: Remote sensing has flourished over the last three decades when providing digital imagery, from satellites in Earth's orbit since 1960s The development of remote sensing techniques associated with the development of imaging techniques In 1859 G.F.Tounmachon - French scientist used hot air balloon at a height of 80 meters for aerial photography, it is considered the birth of digital remote sensing industry In 1894, Aine Laussedat began a program guide using images for purposes of topographic mapping (Thomas, 1999) The development of the aviation industry has created a great tool for aerial photography selections and control The first photo was taken from the plane by Wilbur Wright in 1910 on region Centocal, Italy The automatic cameras have high precision, take gradually in to replace the camera shutter by hand In 1929, Soviet Union established Institute aerial photographs Leningrad, image was used to study landforms, vegetation and soil On 23/07/1972 U.S launched first Landsat satellites gives possibility to acquire global information about the planets (including Earth) and the surrounding environment And since then, NASA has launched six observation satellites more: Landsat (1975), Landsat (1978), Landsat (1982), Landsat (1984), Landsat (1993), Landsat (1999) and Landsat (2013) United States also launched meteorological satellite NOAA 3rd generation after Trios NOAA, NOAA NOAA 12; NOAA-1 (1992) and NOAA – J (1993) has provided photos by updates mode with spatial resolution 1.1 km Remote sensing now provides aggregate information used a variety aat problems such as natural disasters and monitoring changes of the resource recovery Remote sensing technology was first applied in Vietnam began in the 1980s, and in the subsequent years of the twentieth century promote efficiency in many sectors of the national economy including natural resource management, forecasting weather, pollution monitoring, current use of land, cartography, disaster prevention, monitoring of forests, fisheries and aquaculture, urban planning and traffic management The period 1990 - 1995, the industry has applied remote sensing technology in fields such as meteorology, cartography, geology minerals, and forest resources management and has obtained the visible results Remote sensing technology combined with geographical information system has been applied to perform scientific research and projects related to survey natural conditions and natural resources, expertise environmental monitoring, reduce to a minimum the number of natural disasters in some regions Many sectors, and agencies already equipped with powerful software popular in the world as the software ENVI, ERDAS, PCI, ER Mapper, OCAPI to build geographic information system Vietnam had the National Remote Sensing Center, which is the basis of research and technological advancements take telecommunications expedition to the application of professional work, such as Remote Sensing Center General administration, Remote Sensing Division of forest inventory and Planning Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development However, the application of remote sensing in the study of coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam took place late on a smaller scale and distribution of forest land Since early 1989, Vietnam became the 50th member of the world and the first country in Southeast Asia signed the International Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention) The advent of satellite imagery remote sensing and GIS technology has greatly supported the study of fluctuations in the natural environment, and has aided in propose measures for environmental management and natural resources remotely to them In the field of environment, remote sensing technique used to investigate the variation of soil and the coatings, research the process of desertification , also in the forestry, remote sensing technique used to the study of forest classification survey, forest fire research division However, when using the remote sensing images have low resolution, lack professionalism in image interpretation will cause interpretation to misleading results for the study area Therefore, the researchers use satellite images as high-resolution Landsat has practical significance in research and assessing the quality of natural resources and forest resources Effective forest resources management is one of the issues being of particular concern The management, protection and development of forest resources is considered to be one of the key tasks in the development of the economy - society in Vietnam One of the requirements for successful implementation of this task is to have the appropriate mechanisms to attract the active participation of local communities in the management, protection and development of forests However, there are several causes of forest resources dwindling and strong variation: population pressure on forests region have increased, poverty and difficult economic circumstances, people’s livelihood are based primarily on exploitation of forest resources, educational level are low in remote areas, indigenous knowledge has not been promoted, extension inefficient, state policies on community forest management is inadequate, the traditional structure of society has changed a lot  Source map: Maps used in this study: - Commune boundaries map in 2013  Merge, crop the image to the boundary study (Figure 3.1) Figure 2.3 Landsat satellite image of study area in 2014 13 2.3.6 Fluctuations of mangrove forests in 2000 – 2014: 2.3.6.1 Processing studied area image from Landsat image I used different Landsat image in each year, depending on image quality and satellites Figure 2.4 Studied area in year 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014 14 2.3.6.2 Calculating NDVI vegetation index Thesis used Image Analysis Tool in ArcGIS 10.1 to calculate NDVI vegetation index for studied area in each year Nearly all satellite Vegetation Indices employ this difference formula to quantify the density of plant growth on the Earth — near-infrared radiation minus visible radiation divided by near-infrared radiation plus visible radiation The result of this formula is called the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Written mathematically, the formula is: NDVI = (NIR — VIS)/(NIR + VIS) Calculations of NDVI for a given pixel always result in a number that ranges from minus one (-1) to plus one (+1); however, no green leaves gives a value close to zero A zero means no vegetation and close to +1 (0.8 - 0.9) indicates the highest possible density of green leaves Figure 2.5 NDVI of studied area in each year 15 2.3.6.3 Evaluating the accuracy of Landsat image interpretation methods: Figure 3.6 Location of 20 points in the field to check the accuracy in 2014 To evaluate the accuracy of classification methods, this study used GPS to check the accuracy of the visual image interpretation Randomly selected 20 points on Google Earth, then use GPS to check the accuracy of the object in the field 16 III RESULTS 3.1.Processing mangrove forest area Mangrove development and growth in coastal areas, salt water, outside dike so I used dike to make the boundary divide mangrove and mainland flora in Ha An Figure 3.1 NDVI of mangrove in each year 17 3.2 Mapping mangrove forest in Ha An over time Figure 3.2 Distribution of coastal mangroves overtime in Ha An district, Quang Yen Town, Quang Ninh Research results of the analysis showed that mangrove distributed stretches in coastal area of Ha An 18 Table 3.1 Mangrove forest area each year in the study area Year Mangrove area (ha) 2000 298 2005 300 2010 60 2014 146 3.3 Evaluating the accuracy of Landsat image interpretation methods Table 3.2 Evaluation accuracy table in 2014 Point Coordinate Longitude Landsat Field image Latitude Accuracy 106°52'18.98"E 20°54'27.21"N Road Road Right 106°52'46.23"E 20°54'29.23"N Mangrove Mangrove Right 106°52'47.15"E 20°53'57.18"N Dike Dike Right 106°52'40.27"E 20°53'53.16"N Water Mangrove Wrong 106°52'3.76"E 20°54'6.90"N Water Right 106°52'4.45"E 20°53'39.69"N Mangrove Mangrove Right 106°52'10.81"E 20°53'26.12"N Mangrove Mangrove Right 106°52'20.68"E 20°53'32.20"N Dike Dike Right 106°52'47.70"E 20°53'37.81"N Mangrove Mangrove Right 10 106°52'11.76"E 20°52'56.18"N Water Water Right 11 106°52'5.12"E 20°52'31.85"N Mangrove Mangrove Right 12 106°51'33.36" 20°52'17.84"N Mangrove Grassland Wrong 13 106°51'14.47"E 20°52'27.86"N Mangrove Mangrove Right 14 106°51'1.78"E 20°53'15.40"N Mangrove Mangrove Right 15 106°50'57.38"E 20°53'35.20"N Mangrove Mangrove Right 16 106°51'23.23"E 20°53'25.10"N Land Water Wrong 17 106°51'16.22"E 20°54'4.63"N Water Mangrove Wrong 18 106°51'15.78"E 20°54'8.54"N Road Mangrove Wrong 19 106°50'9.35"E 20°54'55.17"N Mangrove Mangrove Right 20 106°49'47.41"E 20°55'31.04"N Mangrove Mangrove Right Water Accuracy = 15/20 * 100 = 75 % 19 Using high resolution images for verification of low-resolution images and visual interpretation methods result indicate approximately 75% accuracy These result are likely lower than expected Because of the use of moderate resolution of Landsat, the perturbation of spectral images, and the effect of angle photography However, the method can be used in the analysis, and image interpretation 3.4 Fluctuations mangroves in 2000 – 2014 Table 3.3 Fluctuations mangroves in 2000 – 2005 Fluctuation Year Mangrove 2000 2005 298 300 Area (ha) % +2 +0.1 Table 3.4 Fluctuations mangroves in 2005 – 2010 Fluctuation Year Mangrove 2005 2010 300 60 Area (ha) % -240 -80 Table 3.5 Fluctuations mangroves in 2010 – 2014 Fluctuation Year Mangrove 2010 2014 60 146 Area (ha) % +86 +143.3 After I have finished mangrove classes in each year, I used the merge tool in Arc Toolbox to determine the fluctuation of mangroves 20 Figure 3.3 Maps of mangroves fluctuation periods 2000 - 2005, 2005 - 2010, 2010 - 2014 Fluctuaion of mangrove 150 100 50 -50 2000 - 2005 2005 - 2010 2010 - 2014 Fluctuaion of mangrove -100 -150 -200 -250 -300 Figure 3.4 Fluctuations of mangroves period 2000 – 2014 21  In the period 2000 - 2005: mangroves is highly variable distribution location At this stage, the local authority built dike system and reduce mangrove area outside the dike However, they planted a large amount of mangroves inside the dike  In the period 2005 – 2010: mangrove area was significantly reduced by a switch to other land cover types such as bare land, wetland, or converted to other plants  In the period 2010 – 2014: mangrove forest area has increased significantly after several mangrove planting project have been implemented in the study area 3.3 Cause of fluctuations mangrove period 2000 – 2014: Mangrove forest area sharply declined In 2000, 298 hectares were present, but there are only 146 hectares remaining in 2014 Over 14 years mangrove forests of Ha An dropped approximately 152 hectares Many of these are as were replaced by shrimp ponds or bare land The primary reasons are declide includes mangroves are:  Land conversion: Shrimp export demand while reducing the amount of artisanal fisheries, mangrove forests, and protection forests naturally be replaced by the aquaculture ponds or bare land  Overpopulation: The rise in population of coastal areas is one of the main reason mangroves decrease The increase in population requires housing demand, especially for the production of land resources  Global warming: Mangrove is good resistant and ability to recover The increase in global average temperature, it causes an increase in evaporation and salinity in coastal alluvial land Consequently, high salinity kills mangroves and reduce biodiversity  Natural disasters: Mangroves have the ability to absorb and reduce the power of waves However, climate change leads to an increase in the number and strength of tropical storms, whisch quickly destroy and deform, mangrove area while mangroves could not recover 22 IV DISCUSSION This is an under graduated student thesis, due to the limitation of time and other resources for implementing this research, the results still have some problems and concerns  This study only using visual image interpretation and a small sample of highresolution imagery to verify low resolution images through visual interpretation method There are some methods that I not have the conditions for research, such as: Unsupervised classification and supervised classification  The number of sample points to evaluate the accuracy of image classification methods are limited, just at 20 sample points  This study used moderate resolution images (Landsat) to extract mangrove forest areas Therefore, the accuracy is not high For more accuracy of image classification, highresolution images should be used  Study area including mangroves along the coast is influenced by tide and can be very complex Lesson learned by carrying out this study, included suggestion for further research  Need to increase the number of sample points to evaluate the accuracy of the image classification method in general and more reliable  Combine with other image processing methods to improve the accuracy  Using high-resolution photos and check the influence of tide to the study area It is important to cite show some statitics or data here about land use, land-cover changes if you are going to claim it is the cause of many fluctuation 23 V CONCLUSION From the results of the thesis: ―Applying GIS and remote sensing technology to detect mangrove forest cover change in Ha An district, Quang Yen town, Quang Ninh province in 2000 – 2014‖, The study come up with conclusions:  Landsat satellite images can used to evaluate fluctuation mangroves in Ha An district, Quang Yen town, Quang Ninh province in particular and Vietnam in general  Study area covers an area of nearly 500 hectares in Ha An district, Quang Yen Town, Quang Ninh Province Mangrove have been planted in Ha An coastal, mainly Aegiceras Corniculatum, height about 70 – 100 cm  Not much has changed Mangrove forest area in the period 2000 – 2005 However mangrove area increased from 298 hectares in 2000 to 300 hectares in 2005 In the period 2005 - 2010, the area of mangroves fell sharply, decreased from 300 hectares to 60 hectares as people converted to shrimp ponds In the period 2010 - 2014, mangrove forest area increased 86 hectares from 60 hectares in 2010 to 146 hectares in 2014, this was a result of many new mangrove planting projects and increased awareness regarding enhanced about the benefits of mangroves 24 REFERENCE Tran Trong Duc Giam sat bien dong rung ngap man su dung ki thuat vien tham va GIS Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology Ha Van Hai (2002) Phuong phap vien tham Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Nguyen Huy Hoang (2010) Nghien cuu ung dung anh ve tinh co phan giai cao de xay dung ban tai nguyen rung phuc vu cong tac dieu tra kiem ke rung MSc thesis Vietnam Forestry University Phan Nguyen Hong (2007) Vai tro cua he sinh thai rung ngap man va ran san ho viec giam nhe thien tai va cai thien cuoc song o vung ven bien Agriculture Publisher Le Thai Son (2012) Nghien cuu ung dung anh ve tinh SPOT-5 de xac dinh phan bo va kha nang hap thu cacbon cua cac trang thai rung tai xa Cam My, huyen Cam Xuyen, tinh Ha Tinh Student thesis Vietnam Forestry University Nguyen Ngoc Thach (2005) Co so vien tham Agriculture Publisher Vu Thi Thin, Pham Van Duan, Nguyen Van Thi, Nguyen Viet Hung, Nguyen Huu Van (2014) Nghien cuu xay dung quy trinh xu li anh ve tinh Landsat8 ArcGIS Institute for Forest Ecology & Environment Nguyen Khac Thoi (2012) Giao trinh vien tham Hanoi University of Agriculture Thomas M., Lillesand, Ralph W Kiefer (2000) Remote sensing and image interpretation APPENDIX NDVI vegetation index through in each years NDVI Year Mangrove Field Bare land Water 2000 0.170732 0.116279 0.050000 -0.071429 2005 0.210342 0.048544 0.016296 -0.107843 2010 0.114520 0.197834 0.025601 -0.094592 2014 0.144574 0.094356 0.015642 -0.042356 Mangrove forest in Ha An, Quang Yen, Quang Ninh Aquaculture ponds