The actual state of wastewater generated from vermicelli production at phu do traditional vermicelli village, nam tu liem district, hanoi city

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY STUDENT THESIS PROPOSAL Title “ The actual state of wastewater generated from vermicelli production at Phu Do traditional vermicelli village, Nam Tu Liem district, Hanoi city ” Major: Natural Resources Management Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Nguyen Cam Van Student ID: 1253090038 Class: K57 Natural Resources Management Course: 2012 – 2016 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Msc Nguyen Thi Bich Hao Ha Noi, November/2016 ACKNOWLEDGE Successful completion of any type of project requires helps from a number of persons I have also taken helps from different people for the preparation of this report Now, there is a little effort to show my deep gratitude to that helpful person I convey my sincere gratitude to my Academic Supervisor Msc Nguyen Thi Bich Hao, Msc of Environmental Engineering of Department of Environmental Management, Vietnam National University of Forestry Without her kind direction and proper guidance this study would have been a little success In every phase of the project her supervision and guidance shaped this report to be completed perfectly I would also like to express my excessive thanks to Msc Nguyen Thanh Thao, Deputy Head of Department of Environmental Toxins Analysis, the Institute of Environmental Technology for her excellent support and proper guidance in helping me did all analysis wastewater samples in the laboratory and completing my internship report Finally, I want to express my deep gratefulness to villagers in Phu Do village and the local authority of Phu Do Ward With their enthusiasm help during wastewater sampling and interviews processes, I had the opportunity to improve my knowledge and experience about vermicelli production in Phu Do village From that, all of these data and information help me to complete this report Hanoi, September 26th, 2016 Student Nguyen Cam Van ABSTRACT This study evaluates the situation of wastewater generated from vermicelli production of Phu Do traditional vermicelli village, Nam Tu Liem District, Hanoi city The paper document study all steps of vermicelli production process; from that considering some steps which discharged wastewater directly into the environment without any treatment at different households All of these indicators such as pH, DO, TSS, BOD5, COD, N_NH4+, PO43- that were analyzed from wastewater samples at Phu Do village pointed out that the current state of wastewater in Phu Do village is seriously alarming The main reason is the consciousness of local people in the work of wastewater treatment is still low Moreover, the only wastewater treatment system of village has been broken for many years and there are no signs of being repaired so far If this situation is prolonged, it would adversely affect the health and living standard of Phu Do villagers as well as the bad impacts of water/ wastewater pollution to the surrounding areas CONTENTS INTRODUCTION STUDY GOALS AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goals 2.2 Specific Objectives 3 STUDY METHODS 3.1 Study area 3.2 Interview method 3.2.1 Questionnaire design 3.2.2 Questionnaire testing 3.2.3 Survey technique 3.2.4 Survey time 3.3 Research methods in the field 3.3.1 Investigating the study area 3.3.2 Sampling method 3.4 Analyzing method in laboratory 14 3.4.1 Temperature 15 3.4.2 pH 16 3.4.3 DO (Dissolved Oxygen) 16 3.4.4 TSS (Total Suspended Solid) 17 3.4.5 BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) 18 3.4.6 COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) 18 3.4.7 N-NH4+ (Ammonium compound) 18 3.4.8 PO43- (Phosphate compound) 19 3.5 Calculation method 20 RESULTS 21 4.1 Current state of vermicelli production in Phu Do village 21 4.1.1 Current state of socio-economic and vermicelli production in Phu Do village 21 4.1.2 Traditional processes of making vermicelli at Phu Do village 22 a) Inputs and outputs of vermicelli production at Phu Do village 22 b) Technology and processes of making vermicelli at Phu Do village 23 4.2 Properties of wastewater generated from vermicelli production at Phu Do traditional vermicelli village 25 4.2.1 The current status of wastewater from vermicelli production process in Phu Do village 26 a) Main sources and total discharged volume of wastewater from the vermicelli production process 26 b) Impact of Phu Do vermicelli wastewater to society 28 4.2.2 Results of analyzing water samples 29 a) Temperature 30 b) pH 31 c) TSS (Total Suspended Solid) 32 d) BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) 33 e) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) 34 f) N-NH4+ (Ammonium compound) 35 g) PO43- (Phosphate compound) 36 4.2.3 Current environmental management and wastewater treatment activities at Phu Do vermicelli village 37 a) Environmental management in Phu Do vermicelli village 37 b) Wastewater treatment technology in Phu Do vermicelli village 38 4.2.4 Proposing possible solution for the current state of Phu Do vermicelli village 40 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 41 5.1 Discussion and conclusion 42 5.1.1 Discussion 42 5.1.2 Conclusion 44 5.2 Limitations and recommendations 45 5.2.1 Limitations 45 5.2.2 Recommendations 45 REFERENCES 46 LIST OF ACRONYMS BOD BTNMT Biochemical Oxygen Demand Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DO Dissolved Oxygen EIAs Environmental Impact Assessments ISO International Organization for Standardization MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment NH4 Ammonium compound N Nitrogen PO4 Phosphate compound P Phosphorus QCVN The basic regulation of Vietnam Government TCVN The standard of Vietnam Government TSS Total Suspended Solids VEPF Vietnam Environmental Protection Fund LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Characteristics of the sampling location 10 Table 3.2: Data form of the results of analyzing necessary indicator in wastewater from Phu Do vermicelli village 20 Table 4.1: Inputs and outputs sources to produce one ton of vermicelli at Phu Do village 22 Table 4.2: Characteristics of wastewater generated from vermicelli production of Phu Do village 29 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: The map of Nam Tu Liem District Figure 3.2: The map of Phu Do vermicelli village, Nam Tu Liem District Figure 3.3: Water bottle 1.5L Figure 3.4: Water bottle 500ml Figure 3.5: Diagram of sampling location 11 Figure 3.6: Diagram of sampling process 13 Figure 3.7: Main types of wastewater based on their sources .14 Figure 3.8: Digital thermometer 15 Figure 3.9: pH meter instrument 16 Figure 4.1: The process of vermicelli production in Phu Do village 25 Figure 4.2: Temperature value of wastewater from Phu Do vermicelli production village 30 Figure 4.3: pH value of wastewater from Phu Do vermicelli production village 31 Figure 4.4: TSS value of wastewater from Phu Do vermicelli production village 32 Figure 4.5: BOD5 value of wastewater from Phu Do vermicelli production village 33 Figure 4.6: COD value of wastewater from Phu Do vermicelli production village .34 Figure 4.7: Ammonium value of wastewater from Phu Do vermicelli production village 35 Figure 4.8: Phosphate value of wastewater from Phu Do vermicelli production village 36 Figure 4.9: Wastewater treatment system of Phu Do vermicelli village in the past .38 Figure 4.10: The current wastewater treatment system of Phu Do vermicelli village 39 INTRODUCTION Production in craft villages is an economic form that is relatively typical in Vietnam The policy for renovating the economy has blown fresh vitality to traditional craft villages According to the recent data of Vietnam Association of Craft Village, until 2013, Vietnam has nearly 1,450 craft villages which are currently distributed in 58 provinces and cities, especially in the Red River Delta with about 800 villages Over the past 10 years, Vietnam’s craft villages have achieved an average growth rate of 8% per year In Hanoi, there is a huge number of craft villages with about 272 villages are recognized as craft villages and 198 traditional craft villages (Trần Việt, Laodong Magazine, 2013), with their own traditional art practice such as ceramics, rattan furniture, sculpture, green rice production, rice vermicelli production, etc The Department of Science and Technology provided information that until 2013, traditional craft villages in Hanoi has attracted more than 739,630 participants involved in the craft production with 175,889 households, 2,063 join stock companies, 4,562 limited companies, 1,466 private enterprise, 164 co-operative society and 50 groups, associations However, according to the results of traditional craft village’s survey which was announced recently by Hanoi Centre for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring and Analysis, water as well as wastewater environment in most of craft villages in Hanoi are polluted in which, some places have reached the alarming levels of pollution Located in Nam Tu Liem district (Hanoi), Phu Do village is one of the longstanding traditional villages which has been widely known for making vermicelli Nevertheless, due to the lack of proper concern on wastewater treatment, water pollution is becoming worse and more serious In 2013, the Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (Hanoi University of Science and Technology) conducted a survey on the state of water pollution in Phu Do vermicelli village The results show that everyday, this village produces more than 10,000 tons of products; nearly 77 tons of COD; 53 tons of BOD5 and more than 9.38 tons of suspended solids (SS) are discharged directly into the environment In addition, according to a health survey of APPENDIX 03 Weight analyzing method for measuring TSS indicator - Dry filter paper by laboratory oven at 1500C and measure the mass of filter paper before using - Take exactly 100ml wastewater sample which need to analyze and filter through filter paper - The filter paper is dried by laboratory oven at 1500C until the mass of filter paper is constant - Then measure mass of filter paper after using and calculate with the error ± 0.1mg From that, the content of TSS is determined by the formula: TSS = (m2 – m1)/V (mg/l) With: m1: Mass of filter paper at 1500C before filter (mg) m2: Mass of filter paper at 1500C after filter (mg) V: Volume of wastewater sample through filter paper (l) APPENDIX 04 Analyzing process of BOD5 indicator * Dilute a wastewater sample with a suitable ratio of water which rich in DO and nutrition - Wastewater sample will be incubated in five days without light Besides, the amount of wastewater sample in the conical flask fully filled - Measuring DO value before and after incubation to determine BOD5 value as the following formula: BOD5 = (DO0 – DO5) (mg/l) With: DO0: DO value before incubation (mg/l) DO5: DO value after incubation (mg/l) F: Dilution coefficient, because wastewater samples are from household production and common ditch so F = 10, according to TCVN 6001 – 1995 (ISO 5815 – 1989) * At the same time, analyzing a pure sample It is BOD5 of water which rich in DO The real BOD5 value of sample is calculate as the following formula: BOD5 (real value) = BOD5 (wastewater sample) – BOD5 (pure sample) * Preparing the water which is used to dilution: Aeration oxygen into clean distilled water until saturated, in which DO level should be minimum 8mg/l Then adding substances: phosphate buffer solution, CaCl2 2.75 g/l solution, MgSO4 22.5 g/l solution, FeCl3 0.25 g/l solution with ratio : each 1L of water equivalent to 1ml of each solution - Preparing chemistry substances: + Phosphate buffer solution: dissolve 4.25g KH2PO4; 10.875g K2HPO4; 16.7g Na2HPO4.7H2O and 1.7g NH4CL in 200 ml of water, then going to ration by using distilled water until 500ml + MgSO4 solution: dissolve 11.25g MgSO4.7H2O in 500ml distilled water + CaCl2 solution: dissolve 27.5g in 1L distilled water + FeCl3 solution: dissolve 0.25g FeCl3.6H2O in 1L distilled water APPENDIX 05 Analyzing process of COD indicator - Take exactly 2ml wastewater sample into COD test tube; add 1.5 ml K 2Cr2O7 solution, 3.5 ml Ag2SO4 solution in H2SO4 After that, tighten the cap of COD test tube, put in into CO oven, keep it at 1500C in two hours then take it out and wait until the COD test tube cool - Titration: Moving all solution in COD test tube (after being heated) into conical flask with volume is 100ml Rinse the COD test tube times, each time with 3ml distilled water Slowly add from to Ferroin indicator drops into conical flask and titrate by Fe 2+ solution, then stop until the solution turn into russet color Note detailed volume of Fe2+ solution which was used to titration Following the same process as above for the pure sample but replaces the sample by distilled water times - Calculate the result: The concentration of COD is calculated as the following formula: CCOD = [(a-b) x N x 8000]/2 (mg/l) With: a: Volume of Fe2+ use to titrate pure sample b: Volume of Fe2+ use to titrate wastewater sample N: Equivalent concentration of Fe2+ solution (dlg/l) - Preparing chemistry substances: + Silver sulfate - Acid sulfuric solution: Take 5g of Ag2SO4 into 15ml of distilled water then pour slowly 400ml of dense H2SO4, leave it free from one to two days to make it absolutely dissolved (or stir it) + K2Cr2O7 solution with 0.12 mol/l concentration containing mercury salts: take 20g HgSO4 dissolve in 200 ml of water; carefully add 25ml of dense H2SO4, let it cool then add 2.942g of K2Cr2O7 Ration by using distilled water until 250ml + Fe2+ solution with 0.12 mol/l concentration: dissolve 4.7g Fe(NH4)2SO4.6H2O in water, then add 20ml of dense H2SO4, let it cool After that, ration by using distilled water until 1000ml + Feroin indicator solution APPENDIX 06 Colorimetric method for measuring N-NH4+ compound - Take 100ml wastewater sample and filter through filter paper Then take exactly 10ml sample (after filter) into flask with volume is 50ml - Add 2ml of Seignette solution 50%, 2ml of Nessler solution then ration until it reach the line - Measure optical density of the solution in colorimetric machine UV – VIS The content of N-NH4+ is calculated as the following formula: CN-NH4+ = Cd x (V/Vpt) (mg/l) With: Cd: Concentration of N-NH4+ calculated according to directrix V: Volume of solution which appear colour Vpt: Volume of filter solution which is used to perform the colorimetric reaction APPENDIX 07 Directrix construction method for measuring PO43- compound - Filtered 100ml of wastewater sample which need to analyzing (the first sample) - Take 40ml of it and adjusted pH = 8.5 Then add 1ml of ascorbic solution, 2ml of Molipdat solution in acid environment of H2SO4 After that, ration this solution until it reaches the line (the second sample) Waiting 30 minutes and bring the solution to colorimetric analysis Note the volume when doing the colorimetric analysis - Calculate the result: The concentration of PO43- is calculated as the following formula: Cp x Vca = C0 x V0 With: C0 = (Cp x Vca)/ V0 Cp: Concentration of phosphorus in the second wasterwater sample (mg/l) Vca: Volume of the solution which was did colorimetric analysis (the second sample) (mg/l) C0: Concentration of phosphorus in the first wastewater sample (mg/l) V0: Volume of the first wastewater sample (ml) - Preparing chemistry substances: + Acid ascorbic (C6H8O6) in 100ml of distilled water This solution can be stable in two weeks if it is kept in brown glass bottle and put into fridge We can use this solution until it has no colour + Molipdat in acid environment of H2SO4 : Add 230ml of acid sulfuric mol/l solution into 70ml of water, make it cool, then add Molipdat solution into 300ml acid sulfuric mol/l solution, stirred Adding tartrate solution and mixed well + Acid sulfuric mol/l solution: pour 500ml of water into beaker which has volume of 2L, slowly add and stirred 500ml of dense acid sulfuric (ρ = 1.84g/ml) + Standard solution 50 mg P/l: Dried a little gram of kali dihydrogen phosphate until the mass is constant at 1050C Dissolve 0.219g of KH2PO4 in 800ml of water in flask with volume is 100ml Add 10ml of H2S 4.5 mol/l solution and add water until it reached the line Using pipet to take 20ml of octophotphat solution (standard solution) into flask with volume is 500ml and add water until it reached the line This is the standard solution mg P/l APPENDIX 08 QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT National Technical Regulation on Indus trial Wastewater TECHNICAL PROVISIONS 2.1 The maximum permissible values of pollution parameters in industrial wastewater being discharged into receiving waters 2.1.1 Maximum permissible values of parameters of industrial wastewater being discharged into receiving waters are calculated as follows: Cmax = C x Kq x Kf - Cmax is the maximum permissible value of a pollution parameter of industrial wastewater being discharged into receiving waters - C is the value of a pollution parameter of industrial wastewater specified in Table 1; - Kq is the coefficient of receiving waters specified in Point 2.3 which is correspond to the flow rate of the rivers, streams, canals, channels, or the volume of the lakes, swamps, or the purposes of coastal water; - Kf is the coefficient of the flow rate of the receiving waters specified in Point 2.4 which corresponds to the total flow rate of wastewater discharged by industrial facilities into receiving waters; 2.1.2 Apply the maximum permissible value Cmax = C (not Kq and Kf) to the following parameters: temperature, color, pH, coliform, gross α activity, and gross β activity 2.1.3 Industrial wastewater being discharged into the drainage systems of urban areas and residential areas without centralized wastewater treatment plants shall apply the value Cmax = C in Column B of Table 2.2 Values of parameter of industrial wastewater (C) are specified in Table Table Values of parameter of industrial wastewater (C) No Parameter Unit Value (C) A B C 40 40 Pt/Co 50 150 - to 5.5 to o Temperature Color pH BOD5 (20oC) mg/l 30 50 COD mg/l 75 150 Suspended solids mg/l 50 100 Arsenic mg/l 0.05 0.1 Mercury mg/l 0.005 0.01 Lead mg/l 0.1 0.5 10 Cadmium mg/l 0.05 0.1 11 Chromium (VI) mg/l 0.05 0.1 12 Chromium (III) mg/l 0.2 13 Copper mg/l 2 14 Zinc mg/l 3 15 Nickel mg/l 0.2 0.5 16 Manganese mg/l 0.5 17 Iron mg/l 18 Total cyanide mg/l 0.07 0.1 19 Total phenol mg/l 0.1 0.5 20 Total mineral fats and oils mg/l 10 21 Sulfide mg/l 0.2 0.5 22 Fluoride mg/l 10 23 Ammonium (as N) mg/l 10 24 Total nitrogen mg/l 20 40 25 Total phosphorus (as P) mg/l 26 Chloride mg/l 500 1000 (not applicable when discharging into saline water and brackish water) 27 Excess Chlorine mg/l 28 Total organochlorine pesticides mg/l 0.05 0.1 29 Total organophosphorus pesticides mg/l 0.3 30 Total PCB mg/l 0.003 0.01 31 Coliform bacteria/100ml 3000 5000 32 Gross α activity Bq/l 0.1 0.1 33 Gross β activity Bq/l 1.0 1.0 Column A in Table indicates the values of parameters of industrial wastewater (C) when it is discharged into the water sources serving tap water supply; Column B in Table indicates the values of parameters of industrial wastewater (C) when it is discharged into the water sources not serving tap water supply; The purpose of receiving waters is determined at the location into which wastewater is discharged 2.3 Coefficient of receiving waters (Kq) 2.3.1 Coefficients Kq corresponding to the flow rate of rivers, streams, canals, channels, etc are specified in Table below: Table 2: Coefficients Kq corresponding to the flow rate of receiving waters Flow rate of receiving waters (Q) Kq Unit: m3 per second Q ≤ 50 0.9 50 < Q ≤ 200 200 < Q ≤ 500 1.1 Q > 500 1.2 Q is calculated according to the average flow rate of receiving waters in driest months in consecutive years (according to the data of meteorology and hydrography agencies) 2.3.2 Kq corresponding to the volume of receiving waters that are lakes, swamps are specified in Table below: Table 3: Kq corresponding to the volumes of receiving waters Volume of receiving waters (V) Kq Unit: m3 V ≤ 10 x 106 0.6 10 x 106 < V ≤ 100 x 106 0.8 V > 100 x 106 1.0 V is calculated according to the average volume of the receiving lake or pond or swamp in driest months in consecutive years (according to the data of meteorology and hydrography agencies) 2.3.3 If the flow rate of receiving waters which is a river, stream, canal, or channel is unknown, then Kq = 0.9; if the volume of a lake, pond, or swamp is unknown, then Kq = 0.6 2.3.4 Kq of receiving waters that are coastal saline water, coastal saline and brackish swamps For coastal saline water used for aquatic conservation, water sports and water recreation, coastal saline and brackish swamps, Kq = For coastal saline water not being used for aquatic conservation, water sports and water recreation, Kq = 1.3 2.4 Coefficient of discharge rate Kf The coefficients of discharge rate Kf are provided in Table below: Table Coefficients of discharge rate Kf Discharge rate (F) Kf Unit: m3/24h F ≤ 50 1.2 50 < F ≤ 500 1.1 500 < F ≤ 5,000 1.0 F > 5,000 0.9 The discharge rate F is calculated according to the highest discharge in Environmental Impact Assessment Reports, Environment Protection Commitments, or Environment Protection Schemes APPENDIX 09 Pictures from the fieldwork Picture 01: Washing rice step Picture 02: Incubate the flour step Picture 03: Decanting the sour water step Picture 04: Compassing the flour step Picture 05: Boiling the flour step Picture 06: Washing the vermicelli fibers Picture 09: Wastewater treatment plant Picture 10: The common ditch of village which was broken in Phu Do village Picture 11: Wastewater in common ditch Picture 12: The laboratory in Department of Environmental Toxins Analysis (belong to the Institute of Environmental Technology)