viruses and nanotechnology

[...]... et al 2005) – Ferritins and heat shock proteins (HSPs) are spherical protein assemblies that are typically smaller than viruses and have fewer subunits, those used for chemical purposes being approximately 12 nm in diameter and composed of 24 identical protein building blocks They tend to be more chemically stable than viruses and virus-like particles, and can be expressed and purified in quantity... characterization (Lomonossoff and Shanks 1983; Zabel et al 1984) and manipulation of CPMV, the latter by construction of the infectious plasmids (Dessens and Lomonossoff 1993) and associated techniques used by all subsequent workers to develop CPMV mutants Johnson and co-workers reported the detailed x-ray structural characterization of CPMV (Lin et al 1999; Chemical Modification of Viruses and Virus-Like Particles... al 1997; Porta and Lomonossoff 1998; Lomonossoff and Hamilton 1999; Liu et al 2005), and are also well represented in citations of chemical manipulations in Table 2 and elsewhere The value of their own contributions has 12 E Strable, M.G Finn been matched by their generous attitudes in sharing expertise and material with us and many others, thereby furthering the development of CPMV and other particles... 2006; Niu et al 1991; Lomonossoff and Johnson 1991; Stauffacher et al 1987; Bruening and Agrawal 1967; Dessens and Lomonossoff 1993; Lomonossoff 1996; Lin et al 1996; Lin and Johnson 2003; Virudachalam and Harrington 1985; Ochoa et al 2006) Three CPMV surface loops, designated BC, CÎC″, and EF, are amenable to peptide insertion (Fig 5) It has been reported by others, and we have confirmed that the inserted... long-term storage and convenience in transportation and distribution Design and Generation of CPMV Chimeras There are several prominent and permissive locations on the CPMV surface for the presentation of foreign peptides The βB-βC and βC′-βC″ loops of the S subunit are the equivalents of NIm-IA antigenic site and the βE-βF loop of the L subunit is the location of NIm-II site in human rhinoviruses A chimeric... from a practical perspective, viruses exhibit unique densities, making purification techniques far simpler and faster than those required for most proteins, and thus adaptable to large scale 8 They are often more stable toward variations of pH, temperature, and solvent than standard proteins, thereby providing a wider range of conditions for their isolation, storage, and use This property can be enhanced... 1999), NωV (Munshi et al 1998) Chemical Modification of Viruses and Virus-Like Particles 5 the size-constrained synthesis of inorganic materials (Douglas and Young 1998, 1999, 2006; Douglas 2003) The use of biological nanocages as reaction vessels and as templates for inorganic, metallic, and semiconductor materials synthesis are powerful themes, and work in these areas is certainly flowering (Klem et... recently introduced to chemical synthesis by the Wang laboratory, which has employed standard NHS ester and carbodiimide/imine coupling to natural and chimeric amino and carboxylic acid containing residues, respectively (Barnhill et al 2007) – Nudaurelia capensis ω virus (NωV) has also been probed by standard lysine acylation and thiol alkylation reactions (Taylor et al 2003) This insect virus undergoes a... outlined in red; e twofold (blue oval), threefold (blue triangle), and fivefold (blue pentagon) symmetry axes of the icosahedron Chemical Modification of Viruses and Virus-Like Particles 7 example, CPMV particles remain unchanged at 60°C for at least 1 h, and the capsids remain stable through a pH range of 2–12 (Lin and Johnson 2003; Virudachalam and Harrington 1985) In addition to the small percentage of... opportunities for assembly and packaging of cargoes 5 Their composition may be controlled by manipulation of the viral genome Nonnative oligopeptide sequences may often be introduced at solvent-exposed positions of the virus coat protein with standard mutagenesis protocols and amplified Chemical Modification of Viruses and Virus-Like Particles 3 Fig 1a–e Structurally characterized icosahedral viruses, illustrating . that it can be expressed on a large scale only in cowpea plants. While convenient from a storage and processing point of view, approximately 2 months of plant growth and virus propagation are therefore. synthetically create nanoparticles of comparable beauty and utility. Now there exists an unprecedented opportunity to capitalize on the vast knowledge of these VNPs and their material properties. La Jolla,. Most importantly from a practical perspective, viruses exhibit unique densities, making purification techniques far simpler and faster than those required for most proteins, and thus adaptable