nanomaterials and nanochemistry, 2007, p.748

[...]... Field of Nanomaterials 493 References 495 22 Self-Assembly of Nanomaterials at Macroscopic Scales A Courty 497 22.1 Fabrication of Nanomaterials 498 22.2 2D and 3D Nanomaterial Structures 500 22.2.1 Depositing Nanomaterials. .. Acids by Ligand Exchange at a Metal Site 610 27.4.4 Specific Elimination of Lanthanides and Actinides in a Highly Radioactive Effluent 610 27.5 Recent Challenges and Progress 612 References 613 Part V Applications of Nanomaterials 28 Electronics and Electromagnetism... 641 29.3.3 Self-Cleaning and Superhydrophilic Surfaces 644 29.3.4 When Concrete Cleans the Air We Breathe 648 29.4 Photonic Crystals 649 29.4.1 The Colourful World of Birds and Insects 649 29.4.2 Photonic Crystals and Photonic Band Gaps 650 29.4.3 Guides and Cavities ... 149 6.3.5 Approximate and Semi-Empirical Descriptions 150 6.3.6 Energy Bands and Densities of States 152 6.4 Applications to Some Typical Examples 154 6.4.1 Metallic Nanoparticles 154 6.4.2 Molecular Clusters 162 6.4.3 Ionic and Ionocovalent Clusters ... Cations and Organic Species 573 26.2.5 Organic Species and the Template Effect 574 26.2.6 Porosity of Zeolites and Related Solids 576 26.2.7 Applications of Zeolitic Materials 577 26.3 Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous Solids 579 26.3.1 Methods of Synthesis 579 26.3.2 Definition and Role... 363 14.4 Strengthening and Permeability Control: Models 364 14.4.1 Strengthening: Increasing the Modulus 364 14.4.2 Impermeability: Reducing the Diffusivity 367 14.5 Strengthening and Permeability of Nanocomposites: Facts and Explanations 369 14.5.1 Strengthening: Successes and Failures 369 14.5.2... Relevant to Mechanical Alloying and Activation 459 19.3.3 Mechanics of Mechanical Alloying 461 19.4 Materials and Their Applications 462 19.4.1 Mechanical Alloying 462 19.4.2 Mechanical Activation 462 19.5 Shaping and Densifying Nanomaterials ... Morphology of Free or Supported Nanoparticles C Henry 1.1 Size and Confinement Effects 1.1.1 Introduction There are two ways of approaching the properties of nanoscale objects: the bottom-up approach and the top-down approach In the first, one assembles atoms and molecules into objects whose properties vary discretely with the number of constituent entities, and then increases the size of the object until this... mentioning zones of overlap and exclusion between the two approaches 1.1.2 Fraction of Surface Atoms Consider a homogeneous solid material of compact shape (let us say spherical) and macroscopic dimensions (let us say millimetric) Most of its properties will be related to its chemical composition and crystal structure This is what is traditionally studied in the physics and chemistry of solids For... proportion of the total number of atoms and will therefore play a negligible role in the bulk properties of the material Note, however, that surface atoms will nevertheless play a predominant role in properties involving exchanges at the interface between the object and the surrounding medium This is the case, for example, when we consider chemical reactivity (and catalysis) and crystal growth, which are discussed . Br´echignac and Philippe Houdy Contents Part I Basic Principles and Fundamental Properties 1 Size Effects on Structure and Morphology of Free or Supported Nanoparticles C. Henry 3 1.1 Size and Confinement. of complex structures. Part I provides a theoretical description of the basic principles and fun- damental properties of nanomaterials, whilst Part II treats the physical and chemical properties. GeneralPrinciples 536 XX Contents 24.2.2 Plasma-Activated Chemical Vapour Deposition (PACVD) . 539 24.2.3 Physical Vapour Deposition bySputteringandCathodicArc 540 24.2.4 PVDby IonBeamSputtering