research design

[...]... Cause 506 Single-n Designs 507 Battling Spuriousness by Keeping Nontreatment Factors Constant: The A–B Design 511 Variations on the A–B Design 515 Evaluation of Single-n Designs 518 Conclusions About Single-n Designs 522 Quasi-Experiments 522 Battling Spuriousness by Accounting for—Rather Than Controlling—Nontreatment Factors 523 Time-Series Designs 528 The Nonequivalent Control-Group Design 535 Conclusions... Data 482 Conclusions About Randomized Within-Subjects Designs Counterbalanced Within-Subjects Designs Procedure 483 483 482 CONTENTS Advantages and Disadvantages of Counterbalancing 484 Conclusions About Counterbalanced Within-Subjects Designs Choosing the Right Design xv 492 493 Choosing a Design When You Have One Independent Variable 493 Choosing a Design When You Have More Than One Independent Variable... Chapter Overview 464 The Matched-Pairs Design 466 Procedure 466 Considerations in Using Matched-Pairs Designs 466 Analysis of Data 471 Conclusions About the Matched-Pairs Design 473 Within-Subjects (Repeated Measures) Designs 474 Considerations in Using Within-Subjects Designs Four Sources of Order Effects 476 Dealing With Order Effects 478 Randomized Within-Subjects Designs 474 481 Procedure 481 Analysis... Experiment to Work 453 Hybrid Designs: Factorial Designs That Allow You to Study Nonexperimental Variables 454 Hybrid Designs’ Key Limitation: They Do Not Allow Cause–Effect Statements Regarding the Nonexperimental Factor 454 Reasons to Use Hybrid Designs 454 Concluding Remarks 459 Summary 459 Key Terms 460 Exercises 460 Web Resources 462 13 Matched Pairs, Within-Subjects, and Mixed Designs 463 Chapter Overview... Control-Group Design 535 Conclusions About Quasi-Experimental Designs 539 Concluding Remarks 540 Summary 540 Key Terms 541 Exercises 541 Web Resources 542 15 Putting It All Together: Writing Research Proposals and Reports 543 Chapter Overview 544 Aids to Developing Your Idea 544 xvi CONTENTS The Research Journal 544 The Research Proposal 545 Writing the Research Proposal 546 General Strategies for Writing the... should appreciate simple experiments (Chapter 10), and (c) why researchers using within-subject designs (Chapter 13), as well as researchers using either single-n or quasi experimental designs (Chapter 14) cannot merely assume that they will have internal validity We improved this chapter by (a) putting more emphasis on the value of causal research, (b) adding real-life examples to illustrate the importance... process of research design so that students know more than just terminology—they learn how to think like research psychologists We explain statistical concepts (not computations) because (a) students seem to have amnesia for what they learned in statistics class, (b) some understanding of statistics is necessary to understand journal articles, and (c) statistics need to be considered before doing research, ... Prevent Type 2 Errors: Why You Want the Power to Find Significant Differences 352 Statistics and the Design of the Simple Experiment 353 Power and the Design of the Simple Experiment 353 Conclusions About How Statistical Considerations Impact Design Decisions 356 Nonstatistical Considerations and the Design of the Simple Experiment 357 External Validity Versus Power 357 Construct Validity Versus Power... reports of research studies These reports allow other scientists to replicate—repeat—the original study One advantage of scientists publishing their work is that biases and errors can be spotted—and corrected If a researcher publishes a biased study, rival investigators may replicate that study and get different results If a researcher publishes a flawed study, critics may challenge the researcher’s... students to be able to read, evaluate, defend, and produce scientific research We also know that professors differ in how they go about achieving these goals and in the emphasis professors place on each of these goals For example, although about half of all research methods professors believe that the best way to help students understand design is to cover nonexperimental methods first, about half believe . Designs 507 Battling Spuriousness by Keeping Nontreatment Factors Constant: The A–B Design 511 Variations on the A–B Design 515 Evaluation of Single-n Designs 518 Conclusions About Single-n Designs. Experiment: Factorial Designs 416 13 Matched Pairs, Within-Subjects, and Mixed Designs 463 14 Single-n Designs and Quasi-Experiments 504 15 Putting It All Together: Writing Research Proposals and Reports 543 APPENDIX. Alternative Ways of Knowing 19 Why You Should Understand Research Design 25 To Understand Psychology 25 To Read Research 26 To Evaluate Research 27 To Protect Yourself From “Quacks” 27 To Be a