Spek leeuwen (eds ) money, currency and crisis in search of trust, 2000 BC to AD 2000 (2018)

Money, Currency and Crisis Money is a core feature in all discussions of economic crisis, as is clear from the debates about the responses of the European Central Bank and the Federal Reserve Bank of the United States to the 2008 economic crisis This volume explores the role of money in economic performance, and focuses on how monetary systems have affected economic crises for the last 4,000 years Recent events have confirmed that money is only a useful tool in economic exchange if it is trusted, and this is a concept that this text explores in depth The international panel of experts assembled here offers a long-range perspective, from ancient Assyria to modern societies in Europe, China and the US This book will be of interest to students and researchers of economic history, and to anyone who seeks to understand the economic crises of recent decades, and place them in a wider historical context R.J van der Spek is Professor Emeritus of Ancient Mediterranean and West-Asian History at the VU University (Vrije Universiteit) Amsterdam, the Netherlands Bas van Leeuwen is Senior Researcher at Utrecht University and the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Routledge Explorations in Economic History Edited by Lars Magnusson, Uppsala University, Sweden 72 Natural Resources and Economic Growth Learning from History Edited by Marc Badia-Miró, Vicente Pinilla and Henry Willebald 73 The Political Economy of Mercantilism Lars Magnusson 74 Innovation and Technological Diffusion An economic history of early steam engines Harry Kitsikopoulos 75 Regulating Competition Cartel registers in the twentieth-century world Edited by Susanna Fellman and Martin Shanahan 76 European Banks and the Rise of International Finance The Post-Bretton Woods era Carlo Edoardo Altamura 77 The Second Bank of the United States “Central” banker in an era of nation-building, 1816–1836 Jane Ellen Knodell 78 War, Power and the Economy Mercantilism and state formation in 18th-century Europe A González Enciso 79 The Western Allies and Soviet Potential in World War II Economy, Society and Military Power Martin Kahn 80 Money, Currency and Crisis In Search of Trust, 2000 bc to ad 2000 Edited by R.J van der Spek and Bas van Leeuwen For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com/series/SE0347 Money, Currency and Crisis In Search of Trust, 2000 bc to ad 2000 Edited by R.J van der Spek and Bas van Leeuwen First published 2018 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 selection and editorial matter, R.J van der Spek and Bas van Leeuwen; individual chapters, the contributors The right of R.J van der Spek and Bas van Leeuwen to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-1-138-62835-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-21071-1 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India Contents List of figures List of maps List of tables Contributors Preface and acknowledgements Money and trust xi xiii xiv xvii xix R.J VAN DER SPEK AND BAS VAN LEEUWEN Introduction 1 The origins of money  Trust 5 Monetary institutions  Structure of the book  Notes 10 References 11 Six monetary functions over five millennia: A price theory of monies DENNIS O FLYNN Disaggregation of monies in global history  13 Aggregating monies: Some historical examples  14 Six monetary functions over five millennia  17 How these functions work in mainstream economic theory?  18 A price theory of monies  21 Trust and disaggregation  29 Conclusion: Appraisal and outlook  30 Notes 34 References 34 13 vi Contents Unproductive debt causes crisis: Connecting the history of money to the current crisis 37 DIRK BEZEMER Introduction 37 Point of departure: The credit and state theories of money  38 Crises are caused by debt  42 Differentiating debt  43 The uses of credit  45 Positive feedback: The link between debt for assets and crisis  46 Conclusion 47 Appendix 3.1  49 Notes 51 References 52 Deep monetization in Eurasia in the long run 55 JAN LUCASSEN Questions and concepts  55 Scholarly attempts to determine the demand for small change  59 An overall picture of monetization at the end of the nineteenth century 60 DMLs in Western Europe in the long run: England, the Low Countries, and France  63 India 75 China and Japan  79 Conclusions 83 Appendix 4.1 Deep monetization levels in various countries in the 1870s–80s  84 Notes 91 References 95 Money, silver and trust in Mesopotamia R.J VAN DER SPEK, J.G DERCKSEN, K KLEBER AND M JURSA Introduction: The magic of silver – Bert van der Spek  102 The Old Assyrian period (2000–1700 bc) – Jan Gerrit Dercksen 106 The Old Babylonian period (nineteenth to seventeenth centuries bc) – Michael Jursa  111 The Middle Babylonian Period (c 1500–1155 bc) – Kristin Kleber  113 102 Contents  vii The first millennium bc – Michael Jursa  116 Concluding remarks – Bert van der Spek  121 Notes 123 References 126 Introducing coinage: Comparing the Greek world, the Near East and China 132 J.A MOORING, BAS VAN LEEUWEN AND R.J VAN DER SPEK Introduction 132 The introduction of coinage in Asia Minor and the Greek World  132 The introduction of coinage in the Near East by Alexander the Great 138 The introduction of coinage in China  140 The role of trust  142 Conclusion 144 Notes 145 References 146 The introduction of coinage in the Seleucid Empire and the Euro in the European Union: A comparison of stock and velocity 149 BAS VAN LEEUWEN, PANAGIOTIS P IOSSIF AND PETER FOLDVARI Introduction 149 Introduction of silver and bronze coinage in the Middle East  150 Monetization in the Seleucid Empire and the Euro Zone  152 Velocity of money: A speed of diffusion approach  155 Conclusion 161 Notes 161 References 163 Monetary policy in the Roman Empire KEVIN BUTCHER Introduction 165 Roman conceptions of money and coinage  169 Inflation 170 The character of the coinage  171 Debasements and stability  172 Conclusion 180 Notes 180 References 182 165 viii Contents Money in England from the Middle Ages to the nineteenth century 185 NICK MAYHEW Introduction 185 Nominalism 186 Actual and theoretical intrinsic content of currency  189 The variable value of silver  191 Conversion to silver weight unnecessary  192 Primacy of the underlying data  192 Nominal price and wage data in Strasbourg and China  193 Monetary policy  196 Additional note  197 Notes 197 References 202 10 Incentives and interests: Monetary policy, public debt, and default in Holland, c 1466–1489 206 JACO ZUIJDERDUIJN Introduction 206 An introduction to monetary policy in the fifteenth century  208 Reducing debt by specifying interest payments to be in silver  209 Speculation of towns  214 Conclusion 216 Appendix 10.1 Payment techniques, annuities fifteenth century  218 Notes 219 Bibliography 220 11 Enter the ghost: Cashless payments in the early modern Low Countries, 1500–1800 OSCAR GELDERBLOM AND JOOST JONKER Introduction 224 Cash 226 Money of account  228 Creating money  230 Cash and credit  234 Cash, credit, and debt in probate records  236 Conclusion 237 Notes 241 Bibliography 243 224 Contents  ix 12 Paper money in Song-Yuan China 248 RICHARD VON GLAHN Introduction 248 Basic characteristics of the Chinese monetary system   248 The origins of negotiable paper instruments in China  250 The invention of paper currency  253 Paper currency under Mongol rule  258 Paper money and Chinese monetary theory  261 Conclusion 264 Notes 264 References 266 13 Stagnation is silver, but growth is gold: China’s silver period, circa 1430–1935 267 YI XU AND BAS VAN LEEUWEN Introduction 267 The (lack of ) silver famines and the stock of money in circulation  270 Monetization and the demand for silver  275 In silver we trust?  277 Conclusion 280 Notes 281 References 281 14 Confronting financial crises under different monetary regimes: Spain in the Great Depression years JUAN CASTAÑEDA AND PEDRO SCHWARTZ Introduction 285 Spain on silver  290 Two institutional constraints  291 The Spanish economy in the twenties and thirties  292 The Bank of Spain intervention in the crisis: A successful lender of last resort to preserve confidence in the currency  302 Carner’s exchange rate policy: Short but successful  303 The possible effects of world recession in Spain  304 A comparison with the euro crisis  305 Conclusion 307 Appendix 14.1 Tables on monetary effect on the real economy  308 Notes 309 References 310 285 Month May April March February January December November October September August July June May April March February January December November October September August July June May April March year 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 41.6% 42.4% 42.8% 44.8% 44.1% 48.7% 44.3% 44.7% 42.6% 45.6% 45.5% 49.8% 47.9% 51.3% 52.4% 52.2% 53.0% 53.1% 55.1% 55.8% 57.1% 55.8% 58.4% 61.0% 61.4% 62.4% 62.5% 22.4% 22.3% 21.3% 22.1% 21.2% 17.1% 20.7% 20.6% 21.7% 19.7% 20.5% 18.8% 19.0% 17.9% 17.7% 18.2% 18.1% 17.5% 17.1% 16.0% 16.0% 15.6% 15.7% 14.7% 15.0% 14.1% 14.4% The Germany Netherlands 15.2% 14.2% 14.1% 14.3% 14.4% 11.6% 14.1% 14.0% 13.8% 13.7% 14.1% 12.9% 14.5% 13.7% 13.4% 13.3% 13.3% 12.9% 11.9% 12.2% 10.3% 10.7% 10.4% 11.6% 10.9% 11.3% 11.0% Belgium 8.6% 8.6% 8.6% 7.6% 8.4% 7.1% 8.4% 9.0% 9.8% 9.4% 8.1% 7.5% 8.4% 6.9% 7.0% 7.3% 6.8% 7.0% 7.1% 7.1% 6.7% 7.4% 7.3% 5.7% 5.5% 5.8% 5.2% France 4.3% 4.5% 4.9% 4.5% 4.4% 4.0% 4.4% 4.6% 4.5% 4.0% 4.2% 3.7% 3.5% 3.9% 3.5% 3.4% 3.6% 4.1% 3.9% 3.6% 3.4% 3.4% 3.1% 2.6% 2.8% 2.5% 2.8% Spain 3.6% 2.8% 2.6% 2.8% 2.6% 3.6% 2.6% 2.4% 2.9% 2.9% 2.7% 2.3% 3.0% 2.3% 2.4% 2.2% 2.2% 2.2% 1.9% 2.1% 2.6% 2.3% 1.8% 1.7% 1.7% 1.5% 1.6% Italy 0.3% 0.4% 0.8% 0.1% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% Finland 1.6% 2.1% 1.8% 1.6% 1.8% 3.4% 1.7% 1.4% 1.6% 1.6% 1.4% 1.3% 1.5% 1.5% 1.6% 1.3% 0.9% 1.1% 1.1% 0.9% 1.3% 1.6% 0.9% 1.0% 1.1% 0.8% 1.2% Austria 0.8% 0.7% 0.6% 0.7% 0.8% 1.0% 1.3% 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 1.2% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.5% 0.7% 0.5% 0.7% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% Ireland 0.6% 0.7% 1.0% 0.4% 0.9% 0.8% 0.9% 1.0% 0.9% 0.6% 0.9% 0.8% 0.6% 0.7% 0.5% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.8% 0.7% 0.4% 0.5% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% Greece 0.6% 0.5% 0.8% 0.6% 0.7% 1.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.9% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.6% 0.4% 1.0% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.6% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.4% 0.8% 0.7% 0.9% 0.6% 0.7% 0.7% 0.8% 0.6% 0.7% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.5% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Luxembourg Portugal Other countries C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 2004 2004 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 63.9% 64.8% 65.2% 65.2% 64.7% 64.6% 64.1% 70.7% 70.3% 70.2% 76.2% 75.0% 76.2% 77.2% 77.8% 76.3% 76.5% 75.8% 76.5% 78.8% 78.2% 83.5% 82.7% 87.4% 90.5% 92.1% 13.9% 13.9% 12.9% 13.0% 13.1% 12.4% 11.5% 10.6% 10.9% 10.5% 8.8% 9.1% 8.3% 8.0% 8.0% 8.2% 7.7% 7.6% 7.8% 6.4% 6.0% 5.5% 5.1% 4.1% 3.1% 3.2% 10.5% 10.0% 10.4% 9.9% 10.1% 9.7% 9.5% 8.9% 9.1% 9.1% 7.6% 8.2% 7.9% 7.4% 6.7% 6.9% 6.7% 6.4% 6.4% 6.6% 5.8% 4.9% 4.4% 3.2% 2.1% 1.9% 5.2% 4.8% 5.3% 4.7% 5.2% 6.4% 6.9% 4.2% 4.4% 4.2% 3.7% 3.7% 3.7% 3.3% 3.1% 3.6% 4.3% 4.6% 4.3% 2.9% 3.3% 2.0% 2.6% 1.9% 1.6% 0.8% 2.6% 2.4% 2.6% 2.6% 2.8% 2.4% 2.8% 2.0% 1.7% 1.9% 1.3% 1.7% 1.7% 1.6% 2.0% 1.8% 1.6% 1.9% 1.6% 1.4% 1.7% 1.1% 1.4% 0.8% 0.6% 0.3% 1.5% 1.8% 1.3% 1.4% 1.6% 1.7% 2.1% 1.3% 1.5% 1.3% 0.7% 0.9% 0.8% 1.1% 1.0% 1.0% 1.2% 1.4% 1.0% 1.6% 1.7% 1.0% 0.8% 0.6% 0.5% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 0.4% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.9% 1.1% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 1.1% 1.3% 0.8% 0.7% 0.9% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.4% 0.4% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.7% 0.9% 0.9% 0.7% 1.3% 1.2% 1.0% 0.5% 0.3% 0.2% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.5% 0.5% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.7% 0.3% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.4% 0.2% 0.5% 1.4% 0.7% 0.4% 0.4% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.5% 0.3% 0.6% 0.6% 0.4% 1.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.8% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.4% 0.5% 0.2% 0.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% Note: The Eurozone has expanded after 2002 thus increasing the number of countries New countries include Slovenia (1 January 2007), Cyprus and Malta (1 January 2008), Slovakia (1 January 2009), Estonia (1 January 2011), Andorra (1 July 2011), Latvia (1 January 2014), and Lithuania (1 January 2015) Source: Eurodiffusion project & own project February January December November October September August July June May April March February January December November October September August July June May April March February January C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index Aberdeen 187 accountants 14, 34, 51 accounting system 14, 40 Achaemenid empire/period 117, 140, 145, 151 addurārum 109 advance sale contract 71, 108, 251; see also: she Akkad (Empire of Akkad) 3, 7; Akkadian language 3, 10, 15, 135; Akkad (= Babylonia) 109 Alexander the Great 8, 10, 15–17, 105, 122, 132, 135, 137–9, 142, 144–5, 149, 151, 198, 347 Amarna (period) 113–14, 125n75 ammurum 107 Amsterdam 1, 71, 91, 207, 216, 218, 224, 229–31, 235, 240–1, 242 anarchism 305, 310, 339–40, Anatolia 89, 105–110, 114, 121 annuity 208–20 Antioch 152, 171 Antwerp 71, 207–9, 230–1, 235, 237, 240 Antoninus 184 Archaic period (Greek) 136, 143–4 argentum argent, 3–4, 162–3 argyros; argyrion Aristotle 3, 9, 38, 261 Arsaces, Parthian royal name 16 Asia Minor 59, 132, 134–6, 145, 155, 172; see also Anatolia; Ionia Asiatic Mode of Production 102; see also redistribution Assignat 166, 313 Assur (city) 104, 106–10 Assyria (country) 3, 7, 40, 103–4,116, 122, 125n67, 281n4; see also Old Assyrian period; Neo-Assyrian Empire Assurbanipal 104 Athens/Athenian 7, 8, 15, 133,135–6, 138, 142–3, 146n13, 162 Attalid (kingdom) 171 Attic weight system 15, 136, 138–9, 151, 171 Augustus 167, 169, 172–5 awītum 106, 110 Babylon (city) 104, 113, 135, 139, 140 Babylonia (country) 3, 14–15, 31, 34n3+12, 40–1, 44, 103–4, 111, 113–15, 118, 121, 135, 137–40, 145, 150, 154, 277, 281, n 4, 347; Babylonian language 14–16, 112–13, 120, 139; Babylonian weight system 135, 139; see also Old Babylonian (empire/period); (Kassite) (period); Neo-Babylonian Empire BÁN (= sūtu) 11 Ba‘al of Tarsus 139 bank: bank deposits 2, 5, 23, 29, 41, 44, 50, 251, 310, 315–16, 321, 340, 350; banknotes (see also promissory notes), 2,155, 291, 304, 315–16, 319,321–3, 333,343,350; Bank of England, 41, 51– 2, 191, 321–2; Bank for International Settlements of Basel, 313; Bank of Italy, 319–20, 327, 329, 333; Bank of Spain, 285, 291, 296–9, 302, 307–8; bank of issue, 291, 319–21, 350; Bank rate (official interest rate), 322; central bank (see also Dutch National bank; Bank of England; Bank of Italy; Bank of Spain; Bundesbank; Federal Reserve Bank of the United States) 6, 8, 31, 34, 39, 42, 310, 315–16, 320, 322, 324–9, 333, 327, 342, 348–9, 355; fractional reserve banking system, 24, Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 368 Index 33, 316; Free Banking system USA (1837–1863), 323 barley 14–6, 30, 34, 103–4, 107–9, 111–14, 116–7, 120–1, 124–5, 181; barley as money, 15, 30, 34 n 18, 103, 108, 112–13, 116–7, 121 barter 4, 10, 37–8, 82, 102, 149–50, 225, 232–3, 240, 276–7, 346 Beijing 201 Bernanke, Ben 343 bēt ālim/līmim 109 bēt mahīrim 110 bēt nuāim 108 bēt tamkārim 108 Bible (books), 1, 7, 104, 123n4, 140 bill: bill of exchange, 7–8, 19–24, 40, 56, 209, 229–30, 242n31, 250–6, 259, 264, 352; ~ obligatory 230 bilateral current accounts 224, 230 237 bimetallism 134–5, 174–5, 192, 268, 291, 313, 317–20, 322, 344, 348, 357; see also metallism; monometallism; trimetallism Bismarck, Otto von 342 bitcoin 2–3, 9, 47, 340, 343, 348, 355–6; see also cryptocurrency Blum, Léon 327 bond (treasury) 5, 20, 24–8, 45, 57, 296–7, 308, 323, 334 bookkeeper 14; see also accountant bookkeeping 6, 14, 16–17, 40, 228, 230, 241; double-entry ~ 224 Boserup, Esther 353 borrowing, 6, 8, 23, 26, 33, 41–2, 45, 47–50, 77, 108–9, 168, 207, 211–2, 216, 296–9, 309–10, 348, 351–2; see also lending Borsippa 119–21 Bretton Woods 268, 313, 318, 327–9, 334–6, 348–9, 351–2, 356 Briand, Aristide 336 Britain 63 70, 83–4, 191–4, 200, 224, 304, 314, 321, 325–8, 342, 351; see also United Kingdom broker 141, 202, 251; see also: yaren, shikuai, zankuai bronze (copper-tin),2–3, 9, 15–16, 61, 68, 71, 74, 80, 85–90, 94–5, 103, 106–7, 109, 121, 132, 135–6, 139–41, 143–4, 150–4, 156, 158–62, 168, 201, 248–52, 254–65, 278, 347–9 Bronze Age 113, 115, 278, 349 Brüning, Heinrich 336 Bruges 231 Brussels 228, 234, 307 bubble: economic 42–3, 47, 355; burst, 340 bullion 6, 9–10, 14–15, 24, 33, 41, 76, 133–5, 139, 141, 143, 145, 149–50, 169, 176, 180–1, 185, 190, 192, 195, 197–201, 228–9, 235, 243, 314–7, 321, 346–50 Bullion Committee Report of 1810 321 bullionism 209 Bundesbank 329 Burna-buriaš 113 capital: capital market 150, 330, 350, 353; capitalization 47; capital flow 317, 327, 342n32, 351 capitalism 46, 241, Caracalla 166, 178 Carchemish 7, 103, 122 Carli, Guido 328, 343 cartalist 261–3, 267; see also chartalist Cartel des gauches 325 Cassius Dio 177 cash money 2, 3, 5, 8, 25–9, 34n18, 69, 70, 80, 112, 117–20, 124n54, 138, 144, 155, 180n14, 224–41, 316, 350 ‘cash’ (Chinese coin) 80–2, 194–5, 201n56+61–2+64, 202n69, 251–4, 257, 264n4, 277, 310n9; see also wén Chandragupta 139 Chang’an 251 Charlemagne 16 Charles I (England) 65, 199n26 Charles II (England) 65, 189, 191 Charles V (Habsburg empire) 228–9, 234 chartalist 339; see also cartalist check (cheque) 20, 24–8, 109, 122, 230, 280, 316 Chengdu (Sichuan) 253 chrēmata 23 circulation (of money) 2,7, 46, 56–60, 63, 65–8, 70–9, 81, 84–8, 90–6, 98, 100–1, 110–11, 113, 116, 118, 120–2, 127, 138, 146, 150–7, 159–63, 168, 170, 172–3, 176–7, 185, 189–90, 194–5, 199–200, 203–4, 207, 224, 226–9, 234–6, 240–1, 244, 248–9, 252–5, 257, 259–64, 266–7, 269–70, 273–5, 278–9, 304, 310, 315– 17, 319–26, 333, 343, 353, 357; speed 58, 150, 155, 161, 231, 236, 314 city-state 6, 102, 106–10, 134–5, 138, 141–3, 151, 347; see also: polis clearing 40, 44, 51, 230–1, 327, coin: alloy (see also silver alloy) 9, 132–3, 145, 172–5, 201, 209, 234, 250; Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index  369 billon 61, 73–4, 78–9, 85 ,90, 93n58, 179, 182n53, 234; brass (copper-zinc) 171–4, 201n56; bronze (coppertin) 2, 3, 9, 16, 61, 68, 71, 74, 80, 85–90, 94n99, 95n112–13, 132, 136, 139–41, 144, 150–4, 156, 158–9, 161, 162n9+23+24; cahot (wrap of coins) 235; cash (wén): silver ratio 194, 202n64; chisel marks 134; clipping (of coins), 68, 188, 198–9, 227, 235, 254, 352; copper (see also copper) 9, 63, 67–9, 72–81, 85–90, 92n34–5, 37, 93n75, 94n101, 95n108+113–14, 132–3, 140–1, 143, 153, 160, 166–7, 171–5, 178, 190–1, 194–5, 199n27, 201n56+61, 226, 234–5, 242n39+46, 267–8, 270, 274–280, 347 ; countermark 176, 191; counting/tale 16, 132, 136, 139–40, 143, 145, 169, 186–9, 198n3+10, 199n20, 226–7, 236, 349; die analysis 136; diffusion (see also nominal value) 10, 155–62, 351, 365; face value 138, 140, 166, 170, 178–9, 185–92, 196, 198n5, 199n21+24+28, 227, 235, 254, 257, 259–60, 291, 317; ‘~ famine’ (see also: qianhuang) 250; gold 2, 4, 55–6, 73, 132–6, 151, 167, 170–9, 182n53, 185, 187–92, 198n12, 199n27, 200n34, 208–12, 214–19, 225–8, 235, 249, 263, 264n3, 278–9, 281n5, 291, 315, 317, 322, 341–2, 347–9, 352; iron 248, 250–1, 253–5, 262, 265n7+15, 267; knapper (roll of coins) 235; lead 103, 250, 262; nominal value 2, 5–6, 133, 138, 179, 187, 199n5, 256, 347, 349; nummus 4, 179; packje (coin bag) 235; quality 2, 14–15, 17, 34n8, 107, 110, 117, 122, 135–6, 141, 167, 170, 181n31, 195, 226–8, 234–5, 250, 261, 274, 278, 349; silver passim; small coin; small change 55, 57–61, 63, 66–7, 71–2, 74–5, 79, 81–2, 84–5, 94n99, 95n107+108, 136, 152, 186–8, 194–5, 224, 234–5, 242n46, 316–7; ~ string (China) 80–1, 143, 145, 251, 256, 259–60, 265n6+7; token coins 38–44, 51, 63, 67, 92n24+35+37, 175, 191, 200n40, 250, 262, 281n5; weight (see counting/tale; money: weighing of ~); worp (wrap, roll of coins) 23 Colophon 136–7, 143 Commercial revolution 248 commodification of labour 56, 75–7, 79, 83 Comptroller of the Currency 323 consumer price index (CPI) 301, 330–2 convertibility 142, 262–4, 291, 316, 319–21, 329, 333, 352 confidence 5–6, 19–20, 29, 135, 143–4, 165, 180, 191, 197, 252, 255–6, 262, 264, 302–3, 322, 325, 328–9, 341, 351; see also trust; faith consignment (contracts) 251; see also: she Constantine the Great 2, 122, 182 consumption 7, 22, 38, 46, 56, 59, 115, 117–18, 149, 249, 289, 295, 304, 337, 353 copper, 13, 40, 61, 69, 103, 106–9, 112, 114–15, 121, 124n23, 125n67, 141, 174, 178, 250, 261, 264n4, 268, 270, 278; see also coins: copper corso forzoso (forced legal tender) 319 Cotton, Sir Robert 199n26 counterfeit 29, 33, 63, 67, 92, 191, 224, 234, 253, 256, 261 craftsman 56–7, 64, 67, 82, 92, 192, 200–1 credit 4–5, 53, 167, 167, 244, 294; see also loan creditor 4, 39–42, 50, 109–10, 187, 206, 210–3, 220, 225, 231, 236, 326–8, 334 creditworthiness 214, 256 Croesus 134, 151 cultural attitude 234, 240 currency: bimetallic see bimetallism; deficient 224; fiduciary 111, 144, 151, 162n13, 169, 179, 264, 291, 298, 328; monometallic see monometallism; private 6, 67, 70, 82, 92n35, 191, 194–5, 250–4, 261, 264, 267–8, 323, 338–40; fiduciary ~ 111, 144, 151, 162, 169, 179, 264, 291, 298, 328 Dacia 177 Dai Zhi 262 Danzig 232 Daoguang 35, 204, 270, 273, 282 Daoguang depression 270, 273–4 Debasement 1–2, 6, 8–9, 65, 138, 165–8, 170, 172–3, 177–9, 187–90, 197–200, 205, 210–12, 214–17, 219–20, 224, 250, 261, 266, 270, 278, 313, 349–50, 352; see also fineness; purity debit 25–6, 317, 329 debt 4–10, 14, 19–20, 24, 26, 29–30, 32–3, 37–47, 49–52, 75, 84, 99, 103, 108–9, 111, 123, 135–6, 160, 168, 187–8, 206–9, 211–18, 224, 231, 234–40, 245, 249, 251, 291–2, 294, 296, 302, 315, 323, 327, 334, 337, 339, 346–7, 349–50, 356 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 370 Index debtor 4, 39–41, 50, 101, 109, 187, 210–11, 213, 225, 334 deep monetization 9, 55–94, 118–22, 135–7, 150, 154–5, 161, 240, 347 default (on debt) 10, 33, 109–10, 206–7, 216, 220n39; see also renege deflation 45, 274, 176, 179, 280, 285, 299– 300, 303, 309–10, 316, 322, 324, 326 De Gaulle, Charles 328 Delft 207, 232, 235 Delors, Jacques; Delors report, 336 Demetrius I, Seleucid king 16 demonetization 82, 178, 187, 319; see also monetization Depression 47, 270; see also Great Depression; Daoguang depression; Kangxi depression derivative 49–50 devaluation, 81, 104, 134, 179, 188–90, 196–7, 213, 215, 224, 242, 256–7, 259, 278, 306, 308, 315, 324–7, 334, 337, 348 Deventer 228, 241n18, 71 dinero Diocletian 122, 167, 170, 174, 179–81 dishoarding 278; see also hoarding dollar inconvertibility of 1971 see inconvertibility of dollar Domesday Book 65, 198 Domitian 168, 176–8, 183–4 Dutch National Bank (De Nederlandsche Bank, DNB) earnings 56–7, 192–3, 195, 217; see also wage East India Company (Dutch) (VOC) 16–17, 78, 227, 229, 234 Edgar’s lawcode 198 Edward I 65, 199 Edward IV 209 Edward VI 189 Einaudi, Luigi 241, 260 Egypt 62, 84, 86, 113–15, 125, 154, 170, 172, 178 electrum 132–4, 143–5, 151 352 Elephantine 140 Enlil-nādin-apli 125 equilibrium model/theory 39, 198n6 erbu ša aranni 117 Erišum 109 Esagila temple 140 European Central Bank (ECB) 330, 337–8 European Commission (EC) 336, 358 European Fund for monetary cooperation (Fecom) 336 European Monetary Union (EMU) 156, 337 European Union (EU) 149–50, 155, 281, 336–8, 358 exchange bill see bill of exchange; jiaozi exchange certificate (dealer) (also: jiaoyin; jiaoyinpu) 252–3 exchange rate 22, 105, 110, 185, 189, 194–6, 201–2, 208–18, 227–8, 232, 241, 256, 259, 269, 286, 297, 300, 303–4, 308–9, 314, 318, 321, 325–37, 341, 343, 351; Exchange Rate Mechanism 336 exchange value 21, 197, 256–7, 262–3; see also: mahīru faith 250, 261–3, 339; see also confidence; trust Federal Deposit Insurance 29, 33 Federal Reserve Bank of the United States 6, 20, 24, 323, 334 fiat money see money fiduciary currency see currency Financial revolution 207 fineness 168, 199, 250; see also debasement; fineness (gold); fineness (silver) fineness (gold) 114–15, 125, 182, 188, 314, 322, 342; see also debasement fineness (silver) 14–15, 116, 122, 126, 169, 175–81, 195, 201–2, 228, 290; see also debasement Finley, Moses 146n12, 149 Fisher, Irving: Fisher equation 58, 150, 229–30, 269, 278, 280, 314, 318, 321, 341; see also money, quantity theory of Flanders 71, 207, 214–17, 220n36, 228–9, 233, 236, 240 Fleta 199 Florenc, 188 Friedman, Milton 268, 327, 336, 342, 348 Gaius ( jurist) 169 Gallienus 181n26 Gaul 175 GDP 42, 45–8, 150, 155, 161, 196, 278–9, 285–7, 292–5, 298–301, 305, 307, 310, 352–4; GDP and Beyond 353 Geld, geld; vergelden Geldwirtschaft 225, 233 Genoa conference of 1922 320, 324 Germany; German 87, 155–6, 160, 196, 232, 240, 285–6, 289–93, 304, 319–20, 324, 327–30, 336–42, 358 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index  371 German Coinage Act of 1873 59 gift (exchange) 1, 25–6, 30, 108, 115, 123n6, 125n75, 133, 138, 141, 144, 347 ginnu 117 gold, as money substance passim (see also coin: gold); gold standard 21, 42, 55, 113, 115, 122, 278–9, 293, 296, 302–4, 309–28, 332–42, 348, 352, 356; gold bullion standard 315; gold exchange standard 316, 320, 324–8, 333; gold specie standard 314; gold-silver ratio 114–15, 134, 162n4, 173–6, 191–2, 200n44, 269–70, 275, 278–80, 317, 319, 322, 330, 332, 348; Gold Pool of 1961 329; Gold Standard Act of 1816, 321; Gold Standard Act of 1900, 322; Great depression, 281, 289, 291–310, 327, 338 Golden Age (Dutch), 224 Gresham, Thomas; Gresham’s Law, 103, 269, 275, 278–80, 317, 319, 341n10 Guanzi 261 guinea 200 GUR (=kurru) 7, 10–11, 104 Gyges 136 Haarlem 206, 211–13, 218 Hadrian 166–7 Han dynasty 141–2, 267, 279 Hangzhou 254, 256, 271, 274 Han shu (‘History of the Han’) 141 Henry V of England 198 Henry VII of England 199 Henry VIII of England 65, 188–9 Henry of Bracton 188 Hicks, John R 352 Hitler, Adolf 327 hoarding 56, 58, 74–5, 80, 106, 117–18, 120, 123, 126, 136, 143, 152–3, 156, 158, 162, 166, 170, 173, 175–81, 200, 227, 256, 263, 267–9, 269, 273, 278–9; gold 75, 106, 269, 279; laws against 256; silver 80, 117, 126; see also dishoarding Holland 1, 6, 10, 206–18, 226, 230, 242n39+45 Hongwu Emperor 260 Huainan 252, 255 Hubei 255 hudiao system of taxation 249 hyperinflation 166–7, 170, 178, 181, 325, 327, 354; see also inflation Ilušumma 109 imaginary money 16; see also money Impossible Trinity 351, 355; see also Trilemma income 25–8, 34n18, 37–8, 42–7, 56–7, 60, 92n45, 117, 119–21, 126n89+95, 154, 200n47, 201n60, 208, 212, 234–5, 263, 267, 277, 281n2, 304, 315; see also earning; wages; salary inconvertibility of dollar 321–3, 326, 328 Industrial Revolution, 82, 342, 356 inflation 8, 15, 34, 42, 55, 138, 166–7, 170–2, 179–81, 197, 231, 240, 262–3, 267–8, 275, 280, 291, 298–300, 305, 308, 323–4, 328, 331, 333, 350, 353; see also hyperinflation Ingot 40, 80, 107, 115, 123, 135, 195, 201–2, 257–8, 265, 279, 314 inheritance 112, 236, 251; see also probate interest (rate) 18–21, 23–8, 30, 32, 34, 41, 51, 103, 105, 108, 110, 122, 168, 170, 186–8, 206–9, 211–15, 217, 219, 221, 231, 233, 236, 294, 302–3, 308, 316–17, 322, 326, 328, 334–5, 338, 340, 342, 348, 351–5 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 47, 329–30, 335, 342 intrinsic value 2–10, 17, 23, 33, 107, 121, 133, 138, 140, 169, 185–90, 196–9, 256, 261, 263, 267, 270, 276, 317, 319, 340, 349–50, 355; see also face value investment 7–8, 18, 24, 42–9, 106, 110, 285, 292, 294–5, 302–4, 308, 322, 326, 337, 352–6 Ionia 133–4, 136; see also Asia Minor IOU 40–1, 44, 135, 231, 339; see also loan contract Ireland; Irish 68, 90, 188, 199, 338, 358 IS-LM model 351–3 Japan 13, 42–3, 46, 78–83, 196, 256, 260, 270–3, 330, 348 Java 234 Jewelry as payment 108–10, 112, 115, 258 jiaoyin 252; see also exchange certificate jiaoyinpu 252; see also exchange certificate dealer jiaozi (also exchange bill) 253 Jiaqing period 195 jifupu (private deposit bank) 252 Jin dynasty 258, 268, Jing Cash 201–2 John of Salisbury 199n15 John Plantagenet, king of England 187 joint ventures 137 Julius Caesar 173–4, 181 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 372 Index Jurchen 254–5, 258 Justinian 169, 187; Justinian Code, 187 Lugdunum (Lyon) 175–6 Lydia 6, 126, 132–42, 151, 347 Kaifeng 252 Kamakura shogunate 256 Kanesh 7, 106–10, 121 Kangxi depression 270, 273 kārum 106 kaspu (silver) 3, 105 Kassite (period) 114–16, 122, 125 kesep/kesef (silver) Keynes, John Maynard 8, 18, 42, 46, 295, 334–5, 339, 343, 315, 352 Khubilai Khan 258–9 kinkum 111 KÙ.BABBAR (kaspu, silver) KÙ.GI (hurāşu, gold) kurru (GUR; also kor) see GUR Maastricht (treaty) 336–7 Macroeconomics 18–19, 22–24, 31, 39, 293, 338 Magliani law 319 mahāru (verb) mahīru (KI.LAM), ‘exchange value’ 103–5, 108, 123, 134 Malthusian economy 353 Manila 271–3, 348 manûtu ša Bābili 139–40 Marduk-zākir-šumi 125 market economy 2, 57, 249, 278, 316, Marx, Karl 42, 46, 102 Mauryan Empire 139 Maximilian of Habsburg 206–7, 209, 213, 216–7, 220n36 Mazaeus 139 merx (commodity) 169 Mesopotamia 1, 3, 5, 9–10, 14–7, 29–31, 40, 103–23, 135, 139, 151, 155, 161, 280, 346–7, 350 metallism 176, 184, 261–263, 267, 339; see also monometallism; bimetallism; trimetallism microeconomics 18, 21–2, 25, 31 Mill, John Stuart 317 mina (weight measure) (MA.NA; manû; mnâ) 7, 103–4, 116, 124–5, 135–6, 140 Ming Dynasty 6, 82, 248, 260, 264–5, 268–77, 279, 347, 351 Minsky, Hyman 42–43, 46 mint 4, 14, 24, 47, 58, 60–1, 65–9, 71, 77–8, 86, 93, 135–7, 141–3, 150, 152, 156–7, 162, 171, 175–6, 180, 186, 189–91, 197, 199–200, 208–9, 213–4, 227–9, 234, 241, 248–50, 253–4, 260, 265, 268, 314–15, 317–18, 346; output 58, 64–8, 77–8, 136, 176, 248–50, 265 mīšarum 109 Molinet, Jean 208 Mommsen, Theodor 166, 178 Mongol domination see Yuan dynasty monetary policy passim; easing 5; exchange 4, 15, 57, 82, 141; expansion 2, 13, 19–20, 37, 82, 118, 141, 240, 265n24, 274, 278, 285, 295, 299, 310n8, 316n 323, 350–6; (in)stability 31–3, 41–2, 165, 169, 172–80, 182n64, 209, 254, 262, 268–9, 279–80, 299, 300, 308, 313–41, 348, 352; network 138, 146n13, 248; standard see money: standard of labour 23; divison of ~ 263; forced ~ 63, 249, 260; specialization 39, 118; relations 56, 58, 63, 71, 75–82, 91 Latin Monetary Union, 59, 290–1, 319 League of Nations 290, 309, 336 leather bags (for carrying coins), 111, 126n84, 181n26, 198; ~ consumption and production 295 ledger 2, 232, 349–50, 352, 355 legal tender 52n4, 175, 254, 256, 285, 318–9, 322–3, 338–9 Leiden 206, 216, 218, 226, 232 lending 8, 23, 26, 33, 41–2, 44, 47, 150, 249, 306, 315, 333, 350–1, 356; see also borrowing Levant 114, 155, 162 liabilities 6, 25–8, 30, 41–4, 236, 322, 324–6, 340 liang 255, 257, 259, 275–6; see also: tael Liao kingdom 250 libra 188 Licinius 179 life annuity 208–18, 220n35 lijfrente 210; see also life annuity loan (see also credit) 4, 11, 23–8, 32–3, 41–9, 81, 107, 110, 207, 213, 230, 232–3, 249, 251, 257, 298, 319, 324, 329, 353; contract (see also IOU) 251, 257 Locke, John 189–91 London 44, 67–8, 189, 322, 326, 328 Low Countries 59, 63, 70–5, 83, 91, 196, 207, 209, 216–17, 224, 226–31, 237–42; see also Holland; Netherlands Lowndes, William 189 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index  373 value/monetary standard; stock (see also money: M0; M1; M2; M3) 6–9, 21, 138, 150, 153–4, 161–2, 172, 197, 249, 350, 352–3 money: ~ of account/unit of account(ing) (see also ghost ~; imaginary ~; guilder of account; virtual ~) 2, 3, 5, 9, 14–8, 25–8, 30–1, 38, 103, 106 116, 121–2, 125n78+79, 132, 135, 137, 141–2, 175, 178, 199n25, 210, 228–30, 237, 255, 259–60, 313, 330, 338, 340, 346, 348, 350, 354; all-purpose 121–2, 134, 143; commodity (based) ~ 1–5, 9, 13–14, 22–4, 31–3, 38–9, 41, 51, 110, 114, 116, 121, 122, 169, 179, 185, 229, 261, 313, 317, 334, 339, 346, 348; creation of ~ 3, 13, 23, 29, 41–2, 44, 109–10, 122, 237, 250, 253, 265n29, 313, 322, 328, 335, 340, 349–50, 353, 356; ~ as debt/Credit Theory of Money 4–7, 9, 10n4, 20, 24, 29–30, 32, 37–43, 47, 49–52, 103, 111, 224, 231, 240, 251, 339, 346, 349, 350; destruction of ~ 110; gauge of value (see also store of wealth/value) 135, 225, 228, 230, 232, 240; ghost ~ (see also imaginary ~; ~ of account; virtual ~) 6, 10, 122, 135, 218, 224–41, 260, 349; imaginary ~ 16; intangible ~ 5, 10n1, 13–18, 21–23, 25, 27–31; iron, 114, 248, 250–5, 262, 265, 267; link-~ 30; M0 2, 270, 273–4, 281, 350, M1 2, 31, 155, 224, 231, 240, 274, 281 M2 2, 31, 50, 281 M3 306–7; means/medium of exchange/settlement 2, 3, 5, 9, 15, 17–8, 23, 27–8, 30–1, 41–2, 55, 65–6, 68, 82, 102–3, 111–2, 116, 132, 134, 141, 168, 179, 185, 197, 225–6, 229, 232, 240, 257–64, 267, 313, 318, 339–40, 346–50, 354–6; measure of relative values 10n1, 16–8, 21, 28, 30, 357n2; ~ multiplier 8, 24, 310; neutrality of ~ 8, 337, 353–6; nickel 61, 85–9, 94n99+101, 95n108; price theory of monies 13, 16, 18, 21–34; purchasing power of ~ 15, 44, 50, 104–5, 116–18, 194, 196, 261, 308, 318; Quantity Theory of ~ (see also Fisher Equation) 314; silk (cloth) 249, 251, 253, 265, 277; silver as money substance passim; standard of value/monetary standard 10n1, 14, 16–18, 28, 30, 34n8, 103, 112–16, 122, 135, 138, 141, 143, 151, 174–6, 191, 226, 229, 248–9, 257, 264, 265n31, 267–70, 278, 290, 302, 318, 357n2; State Theory of Money 6, 52; store of wealth/value (see also gauge of value) 2, 3, 5, 9, 17–18, 27–8, 30–1, 81, 102, 122, 132–5, 141, 145, 170, 225–6, 229, 240, 256–7, 263–5, 267, 313, 338, 340, 346, 348, 350, 354; tangible ~ 5, 10, 13–32, 250, 263; velocity of ~ 58, 149–62, 229, 231, 236, 314; virtual ~ 23, 343n85; weighing of ~ 3, 7, 9, 14–16, 34, 103, 107, 109–12, 115–16, 122, 125, 132, 135–45, 151, 154, 162, 166–82, 187–202, 226–40, 248, 257, 276, 289–92, 314–8, 347, 349 monometallism 317, 319; see also metallism; bimetallism; trimetallism mortgage 25–8, 38, 42–3, 46–7, 49–50 Mundell, Robert 269, 278, 337, 351 Mussolini, Benito 324 Nabonidus 104, 120 Nabû-mukīn-apli 125 nadānu (KI.LAM) (noun) 105; see also: mahīru nadānu (verb) 3, 36, 105, 123, Napoleon 321 naruqqum 106, 108–110 National Banking Acts of 1863–64 323 Near East 6–10, 40, 61, 102, 104, 113, 118, 122, 132–45, 150–1, 347, 356 Nebuchadnezzar 117 negotiable instrument 123, 230, 248–52 Neo-Assyrian Empire 7, 103–4, 116, 122–3, 145, 281n4, Neo-Babylonian Empire 14, 103–5, 122–3 Nero 167, 174, Netherlands 1, 16, 38, 48, 55, 70–72, 83, 226–41, 351, 358; see also Low Countries; Holland nību 111 nominalism 186–9; see also nominal value nomisma nomos 3–4 Northern Song dynasty 250, 267, 269, 279; see also Song dynasty Northumbria 186 numeraire good 198n6; ~ money 39 nummus 4, 179 obligation 5–6, 14, 40, 52n4, 187–8, 216, 240, 328 Old Assyrian (period) 106–10, 121–3 Old Babylonian (empire/period) 7, 105, 107, 109, 111–15, 121, 125 oligopoly 292–297, 307 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 374 Index Oresme, Nicolas 199n22 ortoq merchants 258 Otho 176 Pactolus river 133 Pareto model 119, 126 Paulus (Roman jurist) 169 Pavely v Basset court case 1250 186 pawnbroker 202, 251 pecunia Peel Act of 1844 321 peer polity interaction 347 Persepolis 123, 138 Persian (empire/period) 6–8, 10, 14, 122–3, 132, 135–6, 138, 145, 146n5, 149–50, 347; see also Achaemenid empire/period Philip the Handsome 206 Philip the Good 209, 227, 229, Philip II (Spain) 162, 220n39, 228 Philistia 126 Phoenicia 14, 126, 145, 150, 347 pied de monnaie 198n4 Pisistratus 142 piṭru 111 Poincaré, Raymond 342 Poland 196 Polanyi, Karl 102, 149 polis, pl poleis (city[-state]), 134, 136–7, 142, 144–6n12 Polo, Marco 258 pretium 169 price elasticity 43, 50, 310, 342 price theory of monies see money probate 78, 235–9, 241n1, 242n52; see also inheritance promissory note 41, 44, 122; see also banknotes propaganda 104 Ptolemies/Ptolemaic Empire 153, 162n2, 171 purchasing power parity 196, 202n70; see also money purity 106, 111, 115, 117, 122, 172, 174, 276, 349; see also debasement qian see: wen qianhuang see coin famine Qin dynasty 248–9 Qing dynasty 270–3, 276–9 quan (debt instrument) 251 ratio-dollar 18, 21–2, 25, 29 rations 51, 116–17, 146 redistribution; redistributive system/ economy 70, 102, 116, 137 rekenmunt 210; see also money of account renege (on debt) 206–7; see also default revaluation (of coin) 173, 211, 215–17, 326, 337 revolt: under Darius and Xerxes 123; of Flemish towns 209, 215, 220n36; Dutch 207, 228–9, 234 Ricardo, David 321 Roman Empire 2, 4, 8, 10, 70, 119, 122, 138, 165, 169–70, 174, 179, 249, 264, 278, 349 Roman Republic (period) 166, 173 Rome 3–4, 167–76, 249 Roosevelt, Franklin D 326 ruzhong 252; see also tea license salary 9, 25–8, 116–18, 123, 168; see also wages salt license 251–2; see also: yanchao salt monopoly 255 Sargon II of Assyria 103 saving 2, 25–8, 43, 47, 56, 170, 249, 256, 270, 281n2+3, 303, 252–3 ṣarrupum 107 Schacht, Hjalmar 327 Schumpeter, Joseph 42–3, 50 Schwartz, Anna 327 Scotland 69, 90, 187, 196, 199, 323 seigniorage 24, 261, 314, 328, 334–5, 341 Seleucid (Empire) 10, 122, 138, 149–162 Seleucid Hoard Database (SHD) 152–3, 156–60 Seleucid Excavation Database (SED) 152–60 Septimius Severus 177, 180 sestertius (abbr HS) 165, 172 Severus Alexander 178 Shang Dynasty she (see advanced sale contract) 251 shikuai: see broker Sichuan 250–6, 264–5 silver passim; silver alloy, 14, 114, 169; silver bullion, 6, 10, 14–5, 41, 135, 141, 190, 195–200, 347, 349; ingot (see also: sycee) 40, 107, 123, 135, 194–5, 201–2, 257–8; shortage, ‘famine’ 113, 191, 227, 268–70, 273, 275–0; see also money: commodity (based) Single Whip reform (China) 276, 347–8 Smith, Adam Smithsonian Tunnel 329 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index  375 soldi Solomon, king of Israel 103 Song dynasty 250, 254–5, 279; see also Northern ~; Southern ~ South America (also Spanish America) 8, 13, 42–3, 55, 195–6, 260, 270–1, 274, 290–1, 319, 348 Southern Song dynasty 254–65, 279; see also Song dynasty Spain 10, 61–2, 89, 168, 175, 200, 226, 231–2, 285–310, 354–5, 358 Special Drawing Rights (SDR) 318, 329–30, 342–3 Spring and Autumn Period speculation (with coin) 206–8, 214–19, 326, 336, 348 Spanish America see South America Strasbourg 193–194, 201 Stresemann, Gustav 336 stretezza 242 substantivist 167, 169, 178, 180, 188 Sumer, Sumerian 3, 10, 40, 102 Susa 123, 138 sūtu (BÁN, litres) 11 sycee 14, 194–5, 202; see also silver: ingot Syria 106–7, 109, 114, 155, 162, 172 ṣibtum 110 šuqultu 140 tael 194–5, 201, 271–4, 277; see also: liang tally 4, 40, 44 tamkārum 108 tappā’ūtum 108 tax, taxation 8, 9, 25–8, 33, 40–1, 59, 65, 68, 75, 82, 102, 106–10, 118, 122–3, 135–7, 169, 168, 175, 185–7, 194, 208, 214, 235, 248–9, 251, 255, 260, 276–7, 294, 340, 347, 351, 356 tea license 252; see also: ruzhong technological development minting 72, 234, 250 ter  atu (‘bride-wealth’) 112 Tetricus 181 token 38, 40–51, 63, 67, 92n35, 191, 262 trade: trade deficit, 227, 296, 305, 314–9, 322; trade surplus, 227, 316, 342 Trajan, 168, 171, 174–7, 181 Treasury Bill (T-Bill) 7, 19, 20, 24 tributary labour 56 Trilemma 351, 355; see also Impossible Trinity trimetallism 97; see also metallism; bimetallism tripartite monetary system 255, 257 trust 1–10, 16, 23, 29–33, 41–2, 51, 69, 103, 105, 109, 133–5, 138–45, 151, 251–2, 256, 264, 267, 269, 277, 346–56; see also confidence; faith Turkey 62–3, 89, 133 United Kingdom 38, 41, 48, 61–4, 68, 83, 90, 286, 290, 289–92, 304, 321–30 United States 62–3, 90, 280, 285–6, 289, 292, 301–4, 313, 318, 322–30, 334–5, 338, 342, 351–2, 354; see also Britain Upper Satrapies, 139, 151, 155 Uruk 3, 117, 126 Vespasian, 176 Vienna Monetary Treaty of 1857 59 Vietnam 80, 256 VOC see East India Company wage 7–8, 11, 45, 56–61, 63, 65–71, 73– 76, 78–94, 117–18, 120, 123, 140,146, 154–5, 160, 353; see also earnings; salary Wang Mang 347 Wang Yi 263 Washington agreement of 1968 329 Wei Jing 256, 265 Weimar Republic 167, 180, 339 White, Harry Dexter 335 wheat 23, 83, 287, 293, 307; bread 194 Wisselbank (exchange bank) 224, 229, 241, Wittfogel, Karl 102 World Economic Conference, London 1933 326 World Gold Council 330 Wu Yong 256, 265 Xia kingdom 250 Xiaozong 254 yanchao see salt license Yaren see broker Yuan Dynasty 5–6, 10, 248, 259–64, 268, 279, 347 Yugoslavia 354 zankuai see broker Zhou 141 Zimbabwe 354 Zimrilim 108 zu-yong-diao system of taxation 249 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Currencies and coins aes (rude) antoninianus 166–7, 178 as (pl asses) 4, 172–3 aureus (pl aurei) 165, 172–8, 182, 349 balish 258, 265n25 baochao 260 barleycorn 120, 124n23 bei (shell) bianqian (‘convenient cash’) 251 bit-coins/e-coins 2, 3, 9, 47, 340, 343n86, 348, 355–6; see also cryptocurrency Carolus dollar 14, 195 Carolus guilder see guilder Carolus peso see peso cash (Chinese coin wén) see wén chalkous 153–4, 160 cowry shell 13, 140 croeseids (Kroiseioi) 135, 151 cryptocurrency 3, 338–41, 348; see also bitcoin daric (dareikos) 135, 139, 347 denarius 4, 70, 143, 165–7, 171–9, 181–2, 184, 349 denaro piccolo 208 denier (tournois) 73–5, 93, 193, denier (1/12 of a stiver) 229 didrachm (2 drachmas) 15–7, 140 ding 257–9, 265n25; see also ingot doit (duit) 72, 234 dollar 16, 21–2, 24–5, 27–8, 31, 42, 90, 195, 211, 291, 304, 306, 318, 324, 326–9, 331, 333–6; Carolus dollar 195, 202n66; GK dollar, international dollar 161, 202n70; gold dollar 268, 313, 318, 327, 330, 348–9; ratio dollar 18, 21, 29; Spanish dollar 191; unit of account dollar 28 drachma 15–16, 87, 135–6, 140, 143, 151–2, 154, 158, 164, 175, 178, 198; see also didrachm; tetradrachm ducat 227, 232, 241n6 duit see doit euro 10, 16, 122, 149–50, 152, 154–6, 160–2, 211, 305–8, 313, 330, 334, 336–8, 343, 351, 358 farthing (1/4 penny) 65–9, 90, 92n29+31, 191 feiqian (‘flying cash’) 251 franc (franỗais) 7374, 8586, 89, 201, 2901, 304, 325, 341–2; franc Poincaré 342n43 girû (1/24 shekel) 103 groat (English, pence) 65, 199n24 groat (Flemish) 199n24, 209–11, 217, 228; see also Vlaamse groot grosso 188 guan (string of ideally 1000 coins) 251–5, 257, 259–60, 265n10; (purchasing power), 277 guinea 200n40 guilder (gulden) 1, 16–17, 72, 226–7, 232; ~ of account 16–7, 71, 93n53, 232; Carolus ~ 227, 229, 231; gold ~ 219n28; Philip(pus) ~ 227, 231; Rhenish guilder (Rijnse gulden) 210–1; St Andrew gold ~ 227 halfpenny 65–9, 90, 92n31, 191 hallūru (1/40 shekel) 103, 117 hēmiobolon (1/2 obol) 137 huizi 254–6, 262, 265n18 Jing Cash 201–2n64 kaiyuan 249 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Currencies and coins  377 liang 141, 255, 257, 257, 265n21, 275–6; see also tael libra (Roman pound) 188 lira (Italian) 87, 321, 325–7, 341n4 and 14, 342n42 manû (MA.NA) 135, 140; see also mina maravedi 232 Mark (Deutsche) 336; Rentenmark 336, 339 mina (weight measure c pound) (manû; mnâ) Assyria, Babylonia, Mesopotamia (60 shekels) 7, 103–4, 116, 124n54, 125n78, 135–6, 140; ~ of Carchemish 7, 103; Athens, Attica (100 drachmas) 136 mnâ see mina mo (string of 100 coins) 259 obol (1/6 drachma) 154, 157, 162n7 ‘owl’ (Athenian coin) 143, 146 pegasus (plural pegasi) 146n13 penny (English) 65, 68, 70, 90, 188 peso 14, 24, 43, 202, 274, 282; see also Carolus peso Philippus guilder see guilder pound of silver (Ancient) 104, 110, 135, 174–5; see also mina; libra pound of silver (Carolingian; Netherlands; Flanders; Brabant) 210, 228–9, 231 pound (Sterling) [British; English] 64, 66, 69, 90, 92n31, 199n19, 200n40, 286, 297, 304, 306, 321–7, 336, 341n4+25 qian 259, 276; see also: wén, ‘cash’ qianyin (‘cash draft’, paper money) 254–55, 262, quattrino 188 quinarius (1/2 denarius) 173 real (Spanish coin) 232 rixdollar (rijksdaalder) 16, 17, 227, sestertius (abbr HS) (1/4 denarius) 162, 165 shekel (weight measure): Mesopotamia (šiqlu, shiqlu) 7, 11 14–6, 27, 31, 103–5, 111–12, 116–17, 120, 124n23+56, 135, 139, 154, 198n3; Israel Levant (šeqel) 7, 14, 135 shekel coin (šeqel) 14, 16–17 shilling 65, 69, 86, 190, 210, 228 shiqlu/šiqlu see shekel siglos (pl sigloi) 135, 347 solidus 2, 4, 122, 182, 188 sou 73–4 stater 16, 135–6, 139–40, 146 stiver (stuiver) 16–7, 210, 226–7, 229–31 styca 186, 198n9 sycee 14, 194–5, 202; see also silver: ingot šeqel see shekel šiqlu see shekel tael 194–5, 201n58 and n64, 270–4, 277; see also: liang talent: Mesopotamia (60 minas) 103; Greek (60 minas) 152–3 tetartēmorion (1/4 obol) 137 tetradrachm (4 drachmas) 15–16, 136, 139–40, 152–3, 158–60, 170–2, 181 Vlaamse groot 210; see also groat (Flemish) Wappenmünze 143 wén (= qian, cash) (Chinese coin), 80–2, 194, 253–4, 256–7, 259, 264, 267, 277 wuzhu (bronze coin) 248–9 xiaoping (1 ‘cash’) 264n4 yastuq 258, 265n25 yen 16, 81 yi 141 zhe’er (2 ‘cash’) 264n4 zhiyuan chao (ZYC) 259 zhongtong chao (ZTC) 259 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn