TALES FROM THE DEVELOPMENT FRONTIER TALES FROM THE DEVELOPMENT FRONTIER How China and Other Countries Harness Light Manufacturing to Create Jobs and Prosperity Hinh T Dinh, Thomas G Rawski, Ali Zafar, Lihong Wang, and Eleonora Mavroeidi with Xin Tong and Pengfei Li © 2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 16 15 14 13 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions Note that The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content included in the work The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of the content contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of third parties The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of 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Eleonora Mavroeidi 2013 Tales from the Development Frontier: How China and Other Countries Harness Light Manufacturing to Create Jobs and Prosperity With contributions by Xin Tong and Pengfei Li Washington, DC: World Bank doi:10:1596/978-0-8213-9988-0 License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org ISBN (paper): 978-0-8213-9988-0 ISBN (electronic): 978-0-8213-9989-7 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9988-0 Cover artwork: Cover art: © Michael S Geller, Off I Went, 2010, oil on canvas, 30" x 40" Courtesy of Jake Anderson Used with permission of Michael S Geller Further permission required for reuse Cover design: Bill Pragluski, Critical Stages, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data Dinh, Hinh T., 1953Tales from the development frontier : how China and other countries harness light manufacturing to create jobs and prosperity/by Hinh T Dinh, Thomas G Rawski, Ali Zafar, Lihong Wang and Eleonora Mavroeidi, with contributions from Xin Tong and Pengfei Li pages cm ISBN 978-0-8213-9988-0 (pbk.) — ISBN 978-0-8213-9989-7 (e-book) (print) Manufacturing industries—China Manufacturing industries—Developing countries Economic development—China Economic development—Developing countries I World Bank II Title HD9736.C62D55 2013 338.951—dc23 2013023253 Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors and Contributors Abbreviations Introduction Part I xi xiii xv xxi xxiii Tales of China 17 The Development of Light Manufacturing 19 Resolving the Binding Constraints 69 Major Policy Tools 99 Case Studies, China: Individual Firms and Entrepreneurs 177 Case Studies, China: Industrial Parks and Industrial Clusters 215 Part II Tales of Other Countries 313 Agribusiness 315 Wood Products 341 Leather Products 357 Textiles and Apparel 379 v vi Contents Part III Policy Lessons 419 10 The Chinese Policy Experience 421 11 Policy Lessons for Developing Countries 461 Appendix: Interview Questionnaire 493 Index 501 Boxes 1.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 5.1 Milestones of China’s Economic Reforms Shenzhen Everich Industry Development Co., Ltd Li & Fung Trade Company The Haixin Trading Group: Success during the Transition from the Plan System SMEs in Wenzhou Roeblan: From Hand Workshop to Custom Tailor to the U.S. First Lady 27 155 158 165 166 219 Figures 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises Per 1,000 People, Selected Transition Economies, 2000–05 43 Manufacturing Output, Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, China, 1982–89 46 Light Manufacturing Enterprises by Ownership Structure, China, 1999–2010 48 Output Value of Light Manufacturing by Ownership Structure, China, 1999–2010 49 Labor Productivity of Light Manufacturing Firms, by Ownership Structure, China, 1999–2007 50 Industrial Output in the Four Initial Special Economic Zones, China, 1989 109 Growth in the Number of Newly Added Provincial Economic Development Zones, China, 1984–2006 114 Growth in the Number of Provincial Economic Development Zones, by Region, China, 1985–2003 116 Contents 3.4 Number of Collective, Private, and Household TVEs, China, 1985–2002 3.5 Central Government Revenue and Expenditure, China, 1985–2002 3.6 Warp Knitting Firms, Haining Industrial Park, Zhejiang Province, China, 2000–09 3.7 Dynamic Cluster Policies Implemented by the Guangzhou Municipal Government, China 3.8 How Foreign Buyers and Local Manufacturers Connect, China 3.9 Services Offered by Trading Companies to Manufacturers and Foreign Buyers, China B3.2.1 The Five Stages of Li & Fung’s Development 4.1 Per Capita Meat Output, China, 1979–2011 4.2 Changes in the Pork Price Index, China, 2005–11 4.3 Growth of the Snack Food Industry, China, 2005–11 4.4 Export Volume and Growth of Stevia Extract, China, 2004–09 5.1 Trade Volume, Dieshiqiao International Home Textiles Market, Haimen, China, 2004–10 5.2 Gross Output by Above-Scale Enterprises, Warp Knitting Industrial Zone, Haining, China, 2004–08 5.3 The Market Share of the Qiaotou Button Industry, China and the World, 2007–10 5.4 Daily Production, Weihai Zipper Company Ltd., Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, China, 2010 5.5 Hourly Wages in the Zipper Industry, by Country, 2009 5.6 Tariffs on Zipper Imports, China, 1992–2009 5.7 Growth, Zhengzhou Economic Development Zone, China, 2000–11 5.8 Average Monthly Salary of Workers, Zhengzhou Economic Development Zone, China, 2001–10 5.9 Industrial Structure, Yinchuan Economic Development Zone, China, 2009 5.10 Automobile Production, China, 1978–2008 6.1 Growth of Flower Exports, Ethiopia, 2005–12 6.2 Cut Flower Exports, Kenya, 1990–2010 139 139 143 144 152 154 158 180 186 188 202 225 237 245 253 256 260 289 291 295 297 318 325 vii viii Contents 6.3 6.4 6.5 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 11.1 Average Inflation, Kenya, 1995–2011 Cut Flower Production Costs, by Size of Farm, Kenya, 2010 Horticulture Exports to the EU, Senegal, 1990–2010 Index of the Real Effective Exchange Rate, Ghana, 1990–2011 Inflows of FDI, by Sector, Ghana, 2011 Growth of the Furniture Industry, Vietnam, 1990–2011 Trade Deficits, Major Wood Product Exporters, Asia, 1990–2010 Changes in the Real Effective Exchange Rate, Chinese Yuan and Vietnamese Dong, 2000–10 Production Indicators, Morogoro Shoe Factory, Tanzania, 1980–90 Exports of Sialkot, Pakistan, 1990–2010 Index of the Real Effective Exchange Rate, Pakistan Rupee versus Chinese Yuan, 1990–2011 Cost Structure of Soccer Balls, Sialkot, Pakistan, 2010 Inflation Rate, Bangladesh, 1980–2010 Monthly Labor Rates, Selected Asian Countries, 2010 Cost of Indian- and Chinese-Made Saris, 2007 Textile Industry Employment, Lesotho, 1999–2009 Real Effective Exchange Rate, Lesotho Loti and Chinese Yuan, 1990–2011 GDP, by Main Economic Sector, Mauritius, 1976–2009 Labor Compensation in the Textile Industry, Selected Countries, 2002 Import Tariffs on Buttons, China, 1992–2009 327 329 334 344 345 348 350 351 364 370 371 376 383 386 391 395 396 403 405 466 Maps I.1 1.1 3.1 3.2 5.1 Cities Visited by the Study Team, China, 2010 and 2012 China: Regional Variation in Population Density Location of Special Economic Zones and Selected Open Areas, China, Mid-1980s Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, China, 2009 Dieshiqiao Home Textile Complex, Jiangsu Province, China 14 33 106 110 226 C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index historical background to light manufacturing in, 20 human capital in, 92 Kenyan flower industry in, 328 substitution policy tools, use of, 478, 479 Jiang Zenin, 423 Jiangxi Youjia Food Manufacturing Company Ltd., 179, 188–94, 188f, 435, 447t JinDa Warp Knitting Company, 434 Jinhua ham, 185 Julong High-Tech Company Ltd (stevia), 201–6, 202f, 435, 448t K Kafue Textiles, Zambia, 410 Kailun Home Textiles, 232 Kellow, Nebil, 433 Kenya cut flower business, 317, 319, 324–32, 325f, 327f, 329f, 452t macroeconomic stability, importance of, 362, 465 Mauritius compared, 402 shoe production in, 317, 357–63, 454t, 470, 485 Kenya Seed Company, 327 Khai Vy (Vietnamese furniture company), 349 Khandelwal, Amit K., 146, 147, 170n12 Kong Fanlin, 260 Korea, Republic of competitiveness, fostering, 428 diffusion of practices, 485 historical background to light manufacturing in, 3, 20 human capital in, 92 literacy and education in, 462, 472 substitution policy tools, use of, 478, 479 Kuran, Timur, 28 Kuznets, Simon, L labor See human capital Lai Zengnong, 282 land, industrial, access to in Ethiopia cut flower business, 320–21 in Mauritian textile and garment industry, 404 in Senegalese tomato industry, 335 land, industrial, access to, in China, 70, 79–82 case studies Aihao Writing Instruments Co Ltd., Wenzhou, 443 Button City, Qiaotou, 248 Dieshiqiao International Home Textiles Market, Haimen, 231 Fudebao Furniture Company, Wenzhou, 199 Weihai Zipper Company Ltd., Yiwu, 255, 443 Zhengzhou Economic Development Zone, 287, 292 foreign investment levels and, 308n7 industrial clusters, 129–30 industrial parks, 102–3, 169n4 policy lessons regarding, 443 rising costs, 5–6, 8–9, 53–55, 54t, 55t leather products, 316, 357–77 Ethiopia, shoe manufacturing in, Kenya, shoe production in, 317, 357–63, 454t, 470, 485 Pakistan’s Sialkot sporting goods cluster, 370–77, 370f, 371f, 376f, 455t, 470, 477 Tanzania, shoe production and Morogoro shoe factory in, 317, 357, 363–69, 364f, 426, 455t, 470, 483 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 515 C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 516 Tales from the Development Frontier leather products, in China Baoguang Shoes, 159 Chengdu shoemaking industry (women’s shoes), Wuhou Industrial Park, 57, 132, 142, 143, 161, 215–23, 216t, 219b, 449t Nanhai shoe manufacturing cluster, 125, 133 soccer ball industry, 375 Lee, Jong-Wha, 474 Lesotho garment production in, 380, 394– 401, 395f, 396f, 456t, 473 macroeconomic stability, importance of, 465 Li & Fung Trade Company, 157, 158– 59b, 165 Li, Pengfei, xxii Li Shangwang, 203 Li Zihao, 298–99 liberalization of trade See trade liberalization life cycle of business, tailoring government support to, 144–45, 144f, 423–27 Light Manufacturing in Africa (Dinh and others, 2012), 1, 7, 69, 315, 432, 464, 488 Light Manufacturing in Africa Project, 476, 488 light manufacturing in developing countries, xi–xiv, 1–13 See also specific countries agribusiness, 316, 317, 318–38 See also agribusiness binding constraints on See entries at binding constraints business environment, importance of, 8–9 case studies, 316–17 See also under specific firms, industrial parks, and industrial clusters Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn globalization and trade liberalization, effects of, 4–5 government, role of, 10–11 historical relationship to early industrialization, 2–4, 3t leather products, 316, 357–77 See also leather products policy actions and decisions encouraging, 6–10 See also policy lessons rising costs in current powerhouses, effects of, 5–6, 315 textiles and apparel, 316, 379–414 See also textiles and apparel types of, wood products, 316, 341–55 See also wood products Lin, Justin Yifu, xiv, 423 Lin Panwu, 195–201 Lin Zhen Fa, 184 Lint Company of Zambia, 410 literacy and education in Bangladesh, 382 in China, 29, 92, 233, 291f, 462, 472 in Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan, 462, 472 Liu Shaoqi, 24 Liu Wanxing, 261 local governments, in China case studies Button City, Qiaotou, 250–51 Dieshiqiao International Home Textiles Market, Haimen, 233–35 Haining Warp Knitting Science and Technology Industrial Zone, 241–43 Qinye Industrial Company Ltd., Ganzhou, 283–84 Weihai Zipper Company Ltd., Yiwu, 257–59 Zhengzhou Economic Development Zone, 293–94 C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index debt of, 169n3, 458n1 facilitating , quality upgrades, 94, 95n3 industrial clusters, promoting, 140, 142–45 industrial parks, building, 142–43 policy lessons from, 425, 428, 440–41, 468–69 quality upgrades, facilitating, 94, 95n3 logistics See infrastructure; entries at trade logistics Lomé Convention, 408 Longnan customs office, 442 Lu Wei, 198 M Macao SAR, China, 38, 105, 115, 281, 282, 442 machinery, industrial, 436–37, 439 macroeconomic stability in Bangladesh, 382 in China, 121, 125, 182, 200, 244, 249, 251, 444, 465 in Ghana, 344, 465, 466 importance of, 6–7, 465–66 in Kenya, 362, 465 in Mauritius, 404 in Pakistan, 371 in Senegal, 336 in Tanzania, 365, 368–69, 465, 466 in Vietnam, 348, 353, 354 in Zambia, 408, 409, 411, 413, 414, 465, 466 Maidenform, 160 managerial skills, in China business and technical skills learned in Hong Kong SAR and Taiwan, China, 124 Jiangxi Youjia Food Manufacturing Company Ltd., 191–92 social networks, learning from, 123–24 Mao Zedong, 22, 32, 269 markets and marketing Aihao Writing Instruments Co Ltd., Wenzhou, 210–11 Chengdu shoemaking industry (women’s shoes), Wuhou Industrial Park, 220–21 establishment of market network in China, 78–79 Yiwu commodity market, 442–43, 458n4 Marshall, Alfred, 132 Master Kang, 133 Mauritius macroeconomic stability in, 404 textile and apparel industry in, 380–81, 401–8, 403f, 405f, 457t, 473, 481 Mauritius Export Development and Investment Authority, 408 Mavroeidi, Eleonora, xxi meat industry in China, 180–81, 180f, 186f Melitz, Marc J., 170n12 metalware cluster, Yongkang See Yongkang metalware cluster Mickiewicz, Tomasz, 462 Mingchao, 228–30, 232 Monsanto, in Kenya, 327 Morogoro Shoe Factory, Tanzania, 317, 363–69, 364f, 426, 455t, 470, 483 Multi-Fiber Arrangement, 223, 382, 384, 397, 406, 409 Multiline Limited, 382 municipal governments See local governments, in China N Nanhai shoe manufacturing cluster, 125, 133 National Development and Reform Commission, China, 59 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 517 C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 518 Tales from the Development Frontier National Development Corporation, Tanzania, 365 national economic development zones, in China, 113–14, 117t, 484 Naughton, Barry, 35 Nestlé, 203 networks and networking, 78–79, 123–24, 133–34, 474–77 Nike, 375 Ningxia New Land Auto Company Ltd., 299 Nixon, Richard, 29 O Obama, Michelle, 219b OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development), 334 OEMs (original equipment manufacturers), 134–35, 255, 275, 279, 284, 285, 472 old structuralism, xiii, 10 One Specialized Town Cluster, One Upgrading Strategy, Guangdong provincial government, China, 141 Opium War (1839-42), 20 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 334 original design manufacturers, 134–35 original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), 134–35, 255, 275, 279, 284, 285, 472 Oxfam, 411 P Pakistan macroeconomic stability in, 371 Sialkot sporting goods cluster, 370–77, 370f, 371f, 376f, 455t, 470, 477 Pan Kefa, 88 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Pannell, Clifton W., 47 Pareto efficiency, deviations from, 478 parks, industrial See entries at industrial parks pen industry in China and Aihao Writing Instruments Co Ltd., Wenzhou, 207–13, 435, 443, 448t, 476, 490 Pepsi-Cola, 133, 203 Pioneer Hi-Bred, in Kenya, 327 Polanyi, Karl, 30 policy lessons, 11, 461–90 actions and decisions encouraging light manufacturing base, 6–10 binding constraints and, 477–78, 486–89 conducive manufacturing environment, creating, 464–71 diffusion of practices, 484–85 domestic market and export market, balancing, 480 expansion, upgrading, and improvement, 221, 485–86 FDI, 461, 463, 465, 471–74, 477–78, 480, 481, 484, 485 final goods versus intermediate goods, 480–81 incentives, 471 industrial zones, use of, 477–78, 488 macroeconomic stability, importance of, 465–66 networks and networking, 474–75 public-private partnerships, 468–71, 469, 487 sequencing, 4, 369, 465, 477–81 small and simple trajectory, 482–86 substitution policies, xiii, 3, 362, 365, 372, 405, 477–81 trade liberalization, 466–68, 466f policy lessons, from China, 421–45 on binding constraints, 432, 486–89 competitiveness, importance of, 427–28 C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index on entrepreneurial capacity, 432–35 exceptionalism, Chinese, 461–63 experimentation, value of, 422 FDI, 424, 427, 428, 439, 444, 471–73 on finance access, 438–41 on human capital, 436–37 on industrial land access, 443 industrial parks, industrial clusters, and trading companies, 120–22, 144–45, 144f, 423, 428–32, 469–70, 478, 488 on input availability, cost, and quality, 437–38 life cycle of business, tailoring government support to, 144–45, 144f, 423–27 public-private partnerships, 468–71 public sector endorsement of private development, importance of, 422–23 small and simple trajectory, 482–86 success, ingredients for, 422–28 on trade logistics, 442–43 Porter, Michael E., 357 PPG, 37 preferential policies AGOA (U.S African Growth and Opportunity Act), 331, 337, 338n4, 394, 400, 406, 415n3 Bangladesh apparel industry and, 384 Cotonou Agreement, 331, 406 Everything but Arms Generalized System of Preferences scheme, 384 Kenyan cut flower business, preferential market access for, 331 Lesotho garment industry and, 397, 400–401 Lomé Convention, 408 Mauritian textile and garment industry and, 402, 403–4, 406, 408, 415n7 Multi-Fiber Arrangement, 223, 382, 384, 397, 406, 409 Senegal tomato industry and, 337 Vietnam furniture industry and, 352 preferential policies, in China for foreign trade, 50, 107, 113, 151, 167, 267, 308n7 for internal businesses, 6, 26, 28, 40, 43, 56, 57, 194, 199, 221, 233, 234, 242, 255, 263, 267, 268, 282, 283, 286–87, 292, 301, 302 policy lessons from, 424–25, 426, 428, 430, 443 private enterprises in China, 41–44, 42t, 43f, 47–48, 48–49f, 60n7, 150, 178–80, 213n1 See also specific case studies product diversification, 376, 394, 484 production chain services, 155–57 provincial governments, in China case studies Qinye Industrial Company Ltd., Ganzhou, 283 Zhengzhou Economic Development Zone, 292–93 concentrations of state investment and industry by region, 90–93, 92t industrial parks, regional disparities in, 117–18 infrastructure development, 232–33 interregional competition, 60n5 policy lessons from, 425 private-public partnerships, involvement in, 140–41 tournament system of provincial economic zones, 114–16, 114f, 116f trading companies established by, 150 public-private partnerships, xii, xiv, 10–11 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 519 C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 520 Tales from the Development Frontier in China, 137, 235, 237, 302, 304, 307, 468–70 in Mauritius, 404 policy lessons regarding, 468–71, 469, 487 in Zambia, 414 Q Yinchuan auto industry, 301 Yongkang metalware cluster, 275, 276–77 Rodrik, Dani, 9, 478 Roeblan, 219b Romer, Paul, 37, 471, 472 Ryobi, 129 S Qiaotou (Button City), 28, 79, 243–52, 245f, 450t, 490 Qinye Industrial Company Ltd., Ganzhou, 278–84, 424, 442, 485–86 Qionghua Hi-Tech Company, 263 Qipai Motorcycle, 115, 160, 164, 428 Quader, M Noorul, 385 Quinn, Simon, 477–78 R R&D See research and development (R&D) and technology Rawski, Thomas G., xxi–xxii, 41, 42 Republic of Korea See Korea, Republic of research and development (R&D) and technology Aihao Writing Instruments Co Ltd., Wenzhou, 211 Chengdu shoemaking industry (women’s shoes), Wuhou Industrial Park, 219, 220 Dieshiqiao International Home Textiles Market, Haimen, 234–35 Haining Warp Knitting Science and Technology Industrial Zone, 240, 243 Jiangxi Youjia Food Manufacturing Company Ltd., 192 Julong High-Tech Company Ltd (stevia), 205–6 Yangzhou toothbrush cluster, 264 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Sakiza Spinning Limited, Zambia, 410 Salvation Army, 411 Sanxiao Group, 133, 261–66 Sanxing Clothes and Embroidery, 232 sari production in India, 380, 388–94, 391f, 456t, 485 Scandia, 349 Scansia, 351 Schumpeter, Joseph, 478, 487 scooters, 272 Senegal, tomato production in, 317, 332–38, 334f, 453t, 474 sequencing, 4, 369, 465, 477–81 Shamji, Abdul Hamid and Ryaz, 319–24 Shenzen Everich Industry Development Co., Ltd., 155, 155–57b, 164 Shenzhen garment cluster, 134 Shimonoseki, Treaty of (1895), 20 shoes See entries at leather products Shuangta Paint Company, Zhengzhou, 287–88 Sialkot sporting goods cluster, Pakistan, 370–77, 370f, 371f, 376f, 455t, 470, 477 Singapore Chinese light manufacturing, investment in, 471 light manufacturing in, literacy and education in, 462 substitution policy tools, use of, 478 transformation of industrial structure in 1980s, 56 Vietnamese furniture industry, investment in, 349 C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index skilled labor See entrepreneurial capacity; human capital; literacy and education small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Indian sari industry, 392 in Tanzania, 368 small and medium enterprises (SMEs), in China Button City, Qiaotou, 257, 259 in Chengdu footwear industry cluster, 218 financing, access to, 82–83 government aid in finding clients, 222 in industrial clusters, 47, 132 in industrial parks and industrial clusters, 277, 278, 290, 300, 309n10 initial capital and networking, 184 innovation fund, 205 interest rate subsidies for, 242 local government encouragement of, 193–94 policy lessons regarding, 422, 429, 440, 441, 444 trading companies, 152f, 155, 155– 57b, 157, 161, 163, 166–67b, 168 Wenzhou, trading company SMEs in, 166–67b in Yongkang metalware cluster, 268 small and simple trajectory, 482–86 SMEs See entries at small and medium enterprises Smith, Adam, 30, 132 snack food industry in China, 188f soccer ball industry, Sialkot sporting goods cluster, Pakistan, 370–77, 370f, 371f, 376f social networks, 78–79, 123–24, 133–34, 474–77 social trust in China, 462 South Africa and Lesotho, 396, 397, 400, 415n4, 473 South African Customs Union, 400 Southern African Development Community, 405 special economic zones, in China binding constraints and, 79–80 FDI, 105, 107–8, 108t historical development of, 26, 27b, 36–38, 46f industrial geography of, 108–11, 110m, 110t industrial output, 108, 109f industrial parks and, 99–101, 105–11 policy lessons, 477, 484, 487 siting, 105, 106m strategic location of, 169n1 trading companies and, 148–49 types of, 107–8 State Council, China, 27b, 40, 83, 101, 112, 149, 170n15, 171n17–18, 286, 288, 292, 294 state enterprises in China Aihao Writing Instruments Co Ltd, Wenzhou, and, 208 declining share in industrial output, 189 domestic competition and, 40 human capital and, 93, 123 industrial clusters and, 74, 142 Julong High-Tech Company Ltd (stevia), Ganzhou, and, 202, 204 private businesses as exemplars for reform of, 178 privatization of, 189 reform era and, 26–27, 27b, 75 in special economic zones, 38, 112 technical skills in, 124 trade companies and, 150, 151, 166b TVEs challenging, 39–40 Youjia Food Manufacturing Company and, 189, 190, 194 Zhengzhou Economic Development Zone and reform of, 287–88, 289 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 521 C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 522 Tales from the Development Frontier state, role of See entries at government, role of stevia, Julong High-Tech Company Ltd producing, 201–6, 202f substitution policies, xiii, 3, 362, 365, 372, 405, 477–81 Sugar Protocol, 403 Superman Group, 272 supply chain See entries at input availability, cost, and quality; trade logistics Sutton, John, 433 Swarp Spinning Mills, Zambia, 410, 411 T Taiping Handbag Plant, 105 Taiwan, China Chinese economy, investment in, 38, 42, 101, 127, 128, 247, 462–63, 471–72 Chinese entrepreneurs based in, 47 diffusion of practices, 485 industrial clusters in China and, 127, 128 industrial machinery obtained from, 436, 437, 439 Lesotho, investment in, 396, 397, 473 light manufacturing in, xiii, 3, 4, literacy and education in, 462, 472 Mauritian textile and garment industry and, 403 special economic zones in China and, 105 substitution policy tools, use of, 478, 479 Vietnamese furniture industry, investment in, 349 zipper technology from, 254–55 Tanzania Chinese firms moving to, macroeconomic stability, importance of, 365, 368–69, 465, 466 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Mauritius compared, 402 shoe production and Morogoro Shoe Factory, 317, 357, 363–69, 364f, 426, 455t, 470, 483 targeted approach to binding constraints in, 488 Tanzania Hides and Skins, 365 Tanzania Leather Associated Industries, 365 tariff reductions in China, 151, 259, 260f, 466–67, 466f technology See research and development (R&D) and technology telecommunications infrastructure in China, 81, 85 terminal franchise technology system, 198 textiles and apparel, 316, 379–414 Bangladesh apparel industry, 379–80, 381–88, 383f, 386f, 456t, 471, 473, 477, 481 Hong Kong SAR, China, historical background of manufacturing in, 21 Indian sari production, 380, 388–94, 391f, 456t, 485 Lesotho, garment production in, 380, 394–401, 395f, 396f, 456t, 473 in Mauritius, 380–81, 401–8, 403f, 405f, 457t, 473, 481 Multi-Fiber Arrangement, 223, 382, 384, 397, 406, 409 secondhand clothes and donated garments, 411, 415n10 Taiwan, China, zipper technology from, 254–55 in Zambia, 381, 408–14, 457t, 479–80 textiles and apparel, in China Bangladesh and, 381 Button City, Qiaotou, 28, 79, 243–52, 245f, 450t, 490 design and fashion trends, 437 C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index Dieshiqiao International Home Textiles Market See Dieshiqiao International Home Textiles Market, Haimen exports, 51–52, 51t Haining Warp Knitting Science and Technology Industrial Zone, 125, 134, 142, 143f, 144, 161, 179, 236–43, 237f, 308n8, 481 historical background of manufacturing in, 20, 21, 22 JinDa Warp Knitting Company, 434 shift in world production to, 223–24 silk industry, 389, 390–91, 391f, 393 start-small trajectory, 483–84 Weihai Zipper Company Ltd., Yiwu, 252–59, 253f, 256f, 260f, 438, 442, 443, 450t, 472 Thailand, wood products in, 350 Tian’anmen Square (1989), China, 34, 48 tomato production in Senegal, 317, 332–38, 334f, 453t, 474 Tong, Xin, xxii toothbrush cluster, Yangzhou, 133, 143, 260–68, 431, 450t Top Ten Credit Project, 278 tournament system of provincial economic zones in China, 114–16, 114f, 116f township and village enterprises (TVEs) average income of workers in 1990s, 309n11 entrepreneurs, as breeding ground for, 25, 86 finance, access to, 439, 476 growth of (1978-90), 31–32, 31t Hangji, Yangzhou toothbrush cluster, 261, 267 privatization of, 35, 138, 139f technical capacities in, 124 Yongkang metalware cluster, 269 toy manufacturing at Qinye Industrial Company Ltd., Ganzhou, 278–84, 424, 442 trade associations and professional industries, 278 trade liberalization in China, 37, 151, 182, 209, 243, 245 effects of, 4–5 policy lessons from, 432, 465, 466–68, 467, 498 in Southeast Asia and Africa, 363, 369, 387, 409, 410, 413, 414 tariff reductions in China, 151, 259, 260f, 466–67, 466f Washington Consensus, xiii, xiv, 10, 464 trade logistics in Ethiopian cut flower business, 322–23 in Kenyan cut flower business, 327–28 in Lesotho garment business, 398, 415n5 in Mauritian textile and garment business, 406–7 for Pakistan’s Sialkot sporting goods cluster, 373 in Senegalese tomato industry, 334–35, 336 Tanzania’s Morogo shoe factory, 363 in Vietnamese furniture industry, 353 in Zambian textile and garment industry, 411–12 trade logistics, in China, 71, 83–86 case studies Chengdu shoemaking industry (women’s shoes), Wuhou Industrial Park, 218 Dieshiqiao International Home Textiles Market, Haimen, 231 Haining Warp Knitting Science and Technology Industrial Zone, 239–40 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 523 C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 524 Tales from the Development Frontier Qinye Industrial Company Ltd., Ganzhou, 280–81, 282, 442 Weihai Zipper Company Ltd., Yiwu, 442 Yangzhou toothbrush cluster, 263–64 Yinchuan auto industry, 300, 305 Yongkang metalware cluster, 273–74 Zhengzhou Economic Development Zone, 285, 289– 90, 290f industrial clusters and, 130–31 industrial parks and, 103 policy lessons from, 442–43 trading companies and, 161–62 trading companies, in China, 145–69 binding constraints and, 161–64 buy-and-sell model, 153 commission-based, 153 end of state trading monopoly, 150 exports by value and type of firm, 147, 148t foreign exchange earnings, 170–71n15 government, role of, 160–61 historical evolution of, 147–51, 170–71n13–15 linking foreign buyers and local manufacturers, 152f, 153 mandatory targets and plans, elimination of, 150–51, 171n17 offices of foreign-company representatives, 160 origins of forms engaged as, 164–65, 165–67b policy lessons from, 428–32, 478 positive legislation regarding, 151, 171n16, 171n18 production chain services, 155–57 separation of ownership and management, 149–50 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn service providers or service-specific agencies, 159–55–157 services offered by, 153–57, 154f significance of, 145–47, 168–69 special economic zones and, 148–49 tariff reductions, 151 third-party services, providing, 164–61–164 types of firms, 151–60 transportation infrastructure in China, 81–82, 83–86 TVEs See township and village enterprises U Uganda, cut flower business in, 319 Uni-President, 133 United Kingdom, historical development of light manufacturing in, xii, United Nations Children’s Fund, 375 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 377n1 upgrading, expansion, and improvement, 221, 485–86 U.S African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), 331, 337, 338n4, 394, 400, 406, 415n3 U.S Agency for International Development, 398 U.S financial crisis of 2008-09, 200, 222, 244, 249, 256, 273, 278, 281, 284, 466 V Velasco, Andrés, Victoria’s Secret, 135 Vietnam Chinese factories moving to, 485 furniture industry in, 341–42, 347–55, 348f, 350–51f, 454t, 473–74 joint ventures in, 476 C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index macroeconomic stability in, 348, 353, 354 targeted approach to binding constraints in, 488 Vogel, Ezra F., 85 W wages See human capital Walmart, 129, 134, 160, 168, 272, 273, 382, 415n4 Wang Jici, 260 Wang, Lihong, xxii Wang Yang, 56 Wang Yue, 254, 482 warp knitting Haining Warp Knitting Science and Technology Industrial Zone, 125, 134, 142, 143f, 144, 161, 179, 236–43, 237f, 308n8, 449t, 481 JinDa Warp Knitting Company, 434 Washington Consensus, xiii, xiv, 10, 464 Wealth of Nations (Smith, 1776), 30, 132 Wei, Shang-Jin, 146, 147, 170n12 Weihai Zipper Company Ltd., Yiwu, 252–59, 253f, 256f, 260f, 438, 442, 443, 450t, 472, 483, 484 Wen Jiabao, 58 Wenzhou Aihao Writing Instruments Co Ltd., 207–13, 435, 443, 448t, 476, 490 cigarette lighters, 475 effects of economic reforms in, 489–90 footwear cluster, 126 Fudebao Furniture Company, 194– 201, 440, 447t trading company SMEs in, 166–67b Wenzhou model, 207 Western Shoe Center of China Industrial Park, 221–22 wood products, 316, 341–55 Ghana, furniture sector in, 4, 341–47, 344f, 453t, 465, 479 in Thailand, 350 Vietnamese furniture industry, 341–42, 347–55, 348f, 350–51f, 454t, 473–74 wood products, in China Chengdu furniture firm, 475–76 Fudebao Furniture Company, Wenzhou, 194–201, 440, 447t furniture industry in, 194–200 workers and worker skills See entrepreneurial capacity; human capital; literacy and education World Bank, 44, 83, 86, 364, 365 World Investment Report 2008, 359 World Trade Organization (WTO) Chinese accession to, 27b, 102, 104, 147, 150, 151, 210, 223, 245, 259, 390 exchange rate policy and tariff rules, 467 Vietnamese accession to, 352, 353–54 Wright, Tim, 30 WTO See World Trade Organization Wu Deguo, 219b Wu, Jyun-Yi, 474 Wu Youjia, 188–94, 435 Wu Yukun, 442 Wuhou Industrial Park, Chengdu shoemaking industry (women’s shoes), 57, 132, 142, 143, 161, 215–23, 216t, 219b, 449t X Xiamen special economic zone, Xie Kemin, 260 Xie Ruihong, 201–6, 435 Xinhua News Agency, 24 Y Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Yangzhou toothbrush cluster, 133, 143, 260–68, 431, 450t 525 C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 526 Tales from the Development Frontier ye-liang-ba, 190–91 Yinchuan auto industry, 294–302, 295f, 297t, 426, 450t Yinchuan Provincial-Level HighTechnology Industrial Development Zone, 294 Yiwu commodity market in, 442–43, 458n4 Huatong Meat Products Company Ltd., 179, 180–88, 180f, 186f, 440, 446t Weihai Zipper Company Ltd., 252–59, 253f, 256f, 260f, 438, 442, 443, 450t, 472, 483, 484 Yongkang metalware cluster, 180, 268–78, 451t competitiveness and binding constraints, 271–75, 441 financing, access to, 277, 441 government, role of, 276–78, 441 origins and development, 269–71 starting small, value of, 483 Yongle Economic Development Zone, Beijing, 302–8, 303t, 451t Youjia Food Manufacturing Company Ltd., Jiangxi, 179, 188–94, 188f, 435, 447t Yunan Province, TVE financing in, 476 Z Zafar, Ali, xxii Zambia Chinese firms moving to, cut flower business, 319, 331 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn macroeconomic stability, importance of, 408, 409, 411, 413, 414, 465, 466 targeted approach to binding constraints in, 488 textile and apparel industry in, 381, 408–14, 457t, 479–80 Zambia-China Mulungushi Textiles, 410 Zenawi, Meles, 8–9 Zhang Hanping, 207–13, 435, 476, 490 Zhang Jian, 228 Zhang, Lin, 77–78 Zhejiang China Commodity City Group, 443 Zhengzhou Baiyun Electrical Equipment Company, 287 Zhengzhou Economic Development Zone, 284–94, 451t competitiveness and binding constraints, 289–92, 291f government, role of, 286–87, 292–94 origins and development, 285–88, 288f, 289f Zhengzhou Shuangta Paint Company, 287–88 Zhu Jianyong, 182–83, 187–88 Zhu Xiaodan, 56 Zhujiang Housing and Real Estate Development Company, Beijing, 304 Zimbabwe, cut flower business in, 319 zipper industry in China and Weihai Zipper Company Ltd., Yiwu, 252–59, 253f, 256f, 260f, 438, 442, 443, 450t, 472, 483, 484 C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits Statement The World Bank is committed to preserving endangered forests and natural resources Tales from the Development Frontier was printed on recycled paper with 50 percent postconsumer fiber in accordance with the recommended standards for paper usage set by the Green Press Initiative, a nonprofit program supporting publishers in using fiber that is not sourced from endangered forests For more information, visit www greenpressinitiative.org Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Saved: • 19 trees • million British thermal units of total energy • 1,583 pounds of net greenhouse gases (CO2 equivalent) • 8,582 gallons of waste water • 574 pounds of solid waste C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn