Web Portfolio Design and Applications John DiMarco St John’s University, USA, and New York Institute of Technology, USA IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING Hershey • London • Melbourne • Singapore Acquisitions Editor: Development Editor: Senior Managing Editor: Managing Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Cover Design: Printed at: Michelle Potter Kristin Roth Amanda Appicello Jennifer Neidig Jennifer Young Sharon Berger Lisa Tosheff Integrated Book Technology Published in the United States of America by Idea Group Publishing (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.) 701 E Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@idea-group.com Web site: http://www.idea-group.com and in the United Kingdom by Idea Group Publishing (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.) Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 0609 Web site: http://www.eurospanonline.com Copyright © 2006 by Idea Group Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher Product or company names used in this book are for identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI of the trademark or registered trademark Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Web portfolio design and applications / John DiMarco, editor p cm Summary: "This book defines and gives an overview of the web portfolio and how it is being used in academic programs and professional scenarios" Provided by publisher Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 1-59140-854-7 (hardcover) ISBN 1-59140-855-5 (softcover) ISBN 1-59140-856-3 (ebook) Portfolios in education Internet in education World Wide Web I DiMarco, John, 1969LB1029.P67W43 2006 374.126 dc22 2005023880 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher Web Portfolio Design and Applications Table of Contents Preface viii Chapter I Introduction to the Web Portfolio Introduction Background Web Literature and Review Who Needs a Web Portfolio? 10 Defining the Electronic Portfolio and the Web Portfolio 12 The Web Portfolio as the Preferred Electronic Portfolio 13 Types of Web Portfolios 16 The Web Portfolio Fosters Valuable Learning Experiences 20 Skills Fostered by the Web Portfolio Process 24 The Web Portfolio as an Appearance 25 The Benefits of Web Portfolios 26 What You Should Get Out of This Book 27 Review and Conclusion 31 Chapter II Conceptualization 32 Introduction 32 Defining the User, Understanding the Audience 33 Define Your User and Their Goals 36 Concept 38 Write Your Concept Statement 41 Content Gathering 41 Text as Content 43 Create Your Content List 44 Create Your Content Outline 45 The Web Portfolio as a Content Management Tool 50 Review and Conclusion 50 Chapter III Information Design 52 Introduction 52 Structure 53 Web Portfolio Information Organization 54 Flowcharts as Skeletons 54 Navigation 55 Usability 57 Pre-Evaluation of Usability 58 Create Your Flowchart 59 Review and Conclusion 61 Chapter IV Visual Design 62 Introduction 62 Style 64 Composition and the Web Portfolio 72 Space 73 Type 80 Images and Graphics 81 Metaphors and Image Maps 83 Identity 83 Color Schemes 84 Navigation Systems 84 Backgrounds 85 Pop-Up Windows 86 Storyboards 86 Conclusion 88 Chapter V Content, Collection, Development and Management Introduction Revisiting the Content Outline Setting Up the Folder Structure Image Types PDF Web Color Size Resolution Using Photography to Develop Content Scanning Your Work 89 89 90 91 92 92 94 96 97 98 99 vii Taking Screen Captures 99 Image Preparation, Crop, Scale and Save 100 Text-Based Content 102 Web Resumes and CVs 102 Project Descriptions 103 Review and Conclusion 104 Chapter VI Web Page Design 105 Introduction 105 Digital Tools 106 Visual Design of Web Screens 108 Pop-Up Windows 109 Text Decisions 110 Icons and Logos 111 Navigation and Buttons 112 A Word About Slicing and Exporting Pages 112 Slicing Pages 115 Optimizing and Exporting Pages and Graphics 116 Review and Conclusion 121 Chapter VII Web Authoring 122 Introduction 122 WYSIWYG Applications vs HTML Hand Coding 123 Opening Sliced Web Pages from Fireworks 124 Tables 125 Creating a Web Page Using Macromedia Dreamweaver 127 Layers 130 A Brief Review 137 Links 137 CSS 144 Behaviors 146 Meta Tags and Keywords 153 Review and Conclusion 154 Chapter VIII Motion, Graphics and Multimedia Production 157 Introduction 157 Overview of Web Multimedia Applications and Design Processes 158 Motion Graphics Defined 159 Basic Concepts in Macromedia Flash 161 Creating the Text Animation 166 Symbol Editor 171 viii Preparing Audio in Adobe Audition 180 Placing Audio in Flash 185 Making Edits to the Flash Files 191 Conclusion 192 Chapter IX Uploading and Testing Your Web Portfolio Site 193 Introduction 193 What You Need to Put Your Portfolio on the Web 194 Where You Can Post Your Web Portfolio 196 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 198 Towards Redesign 206 Conclusion 207 Chapter X Launch and Promotion 208 Introduction 208 Marketing 209 Review and Conclusion 212 Chapter XI Server-Side Technologies 213 Introduction 213 PHP 214 Active Server Pages (ASP) 214 ASP.NET 215 CGI 217 Perl 219 ColdFusion 220 Conclusion 221 Chapter XII Cases and Interviews 222 Introduction 222 Web Portfolio Program Case 223 Sample E-Portfolio Proposal 227 Interviews 244 Interview Conclusion 250 Case Study of Teacher Web Portfolios 250 Review and Conclusion 275 Chapter XIII Web Portfolios in the Information Society and Future 277 Introduction 277 The Web Portfolio’s Place in the Information Society 278 The Web Portfolio as Personal, On-Demand, Mass Media and Advertising 279 ix The Web Portfolio in the “Knowledge Worker Age” 280 The Web Portfolio as the Postmodern Appearance 281 The Web Portfolio as Postmodern Narrative Connection 283 A Web Portfolio Makes You Digital in a Wired World 285 The Web Portfolio as a Personal Knowledge Portal 288 The Web Portfolio as a Responsive Environment 290 Conclusions 291 References 293 About the Authors 299 Index 301 viii Preface Rationale Back in 2002, I spoke at an educational technology conference sponsored by Syllabus magazine My topic was Web portfolios for students and instructors I proposed the topic out of a desire to feed my own curiosity regarding the research front At the time, I was teaching a wide variety of digital art and design courses One of my core principles when teaching in the digital medium is to have learning objectives that direct students toward creating tangible projects and ultimately harvesting portfolio-level work It made sense for my students and for me to have evidence that the material presented in the course was put into practice, and students needed a dynamic platform to display their work To accomplish this, I planned and developed a comprehensive Web portfolio of student work with over 100 student Web portfolios (unfortunately, a year later, the university changed over servers and the online sites were lost) I presented the Web site and explained the process to an audience of 150 technology educators I opened the cluster session with two questions When I asked the first, “How many people in this room are provided free Web space from their institution?” almost everyone in the room raised their hand Then I asked, “How many people are actually taking advantage of it and using it?” Ten hands rose ix I was shocked These are technology people! Then I realized that they were not behind the curve, they were just reaching the point where they wanted to begin embracing Web portfolio development That’s when I knew that the information I was about to provide would have residual value for them and their students After further research, I realized that Web portfolio development was in its infancy and I needed to devote research efforts into helping more people embrace the Web portfolio There are some initiatives in place at the college level to implement Web portfolios One such example is LaGuardia Community College The school has mandated the development and output of electronic portfolios for all graduating students The initiative brought in technology and specialists to provide the instructional and infrastructure support that such a project requires Regardless of mandates, it is the responsibility of the professional educator to integrate Web portfolios into their pedagogy and teaching and learning initiatives Ultimately, the instructor must pass on the skills and experience in Web portfolio design and development to their students The Web Portfolio as an Information Product for Communication The desire to help people succeed with communication was a major influence in my decision to dig into Web portfolios as a research initiative The Web portfolio is ultimately a platform for communication and the concepts, images, and messages within the Web portfolio are centered on persuasion, a major area in communication studies The Web portfolio takes on the form of an information product for communication To develop the information product properly, you must first analyze, retrieve, categorize, and manage your professional data so that it is refined into information The refined information is put into a communication context, the Web portfolio The communication generated from the Web portfolio is shaped by content, design, visual quality, usability, and overall experience visiting the site The communication should be persuasive with the goal of getting the visitor to act favorably towards the author, whether consciously or subconsciously I want this book to serve the reader as a tool for helping establish the foundation skills and act as a motivational force 294 References Braun, J A., Jr (1999) Electronic teaching portfolio Retrieved May 28, 2005, from http://www.coe.ilstu.edu/jabraun/braun/professional.html Campbell, D., Cignetti, P., Melenyzer, B., Nettles, D., & Wyman, R (2001) How to develop a professional portfolio: A manual for teachers Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon Carliner, S (2005) E-Portfolios: The tool that can increase your marketability and refine your skill development efforts Training and Development, 70-72 Castro, E (1998) HTML: For the World Wide Web, Visual Quickstart Guide Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press Castro, E (1999) Perl and CGI for the World Wide Web, Visual Quickstart Guide Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press Chun, R (2002) Macromedia Flash Advanced for Windows and Macintosh, Visual Quickpro Guide Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press Cold Fusion Markup Language (2005) Retrieved May 11, 2005, from http:www.houseoffusion.com/cfdocs1/cf3/gettingstarted/gs030003.htm Cole, D J., & Ryan, C W (1998, February) Documentation of teacher education field experiences of professional year interns via electronic portfolios Paper presented at the 78th annual meeting of Association of Teacher Education Dallas, TX The Concise Tech Encyclopedia (2005) Retrieved February 3, 2005, from http://www.tech-encyclopedia.com/term/application_server_provider_(asp) Coupland, K (2002) Search: The graphics Web guide, interface, typography, illustration, photography, animation, film and video New York: Universe Covey, S R (2004) The eighth habit New York: Free Press Curtis, H (2000) Flash Web design: The art of motion graphics Indianapolis, IN: New Riders Desamero, J., & Whitehead, P (2001) PHP, Your visual blueprint for creating open source, server-side content New York: Hungry Minds DiBiase, D (2003) Retrieved April 22, 2005, from http://portfolio.psu.edu/ about/e-PortfolioRationale.pdf (p1) DiMarco, J (2004) Computer graphics and multimedia: Applications, problems, and solutions Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc is prohibited References 295 DiMarco, J (2005) Electronic teaching portfolio Retrieved May 30, 2005, from http://www.portfolio.cc/index.htm Fiore, Q., & McLuhan, M (1967) The medium is the message New York: Touchstone Fisher, K (1997) Kathleen Fisher’s web Portfolio Retrieved May 28, 2005, from http://durak.org/K.F./portfolio/index.html Greenberg, G (2004) The digital convergence: Extending the portfolio mode [Electronic version] EDUCAUSE Review, 39(4), 28-37 Hatch, T., Liyoshi, T., Pointer, D., & Wolk, E (2002) Pio Pico student researchers participatory action research: From classroom to community, transforming teaching and learning Retrieved May 28, 2005, from http://gallery.carnegiefoundation.org/ Horton, S (2000) Web teaching guide: A practical approach to creating course Web sites New Haven, CT: Yale University Press Horton, S., & Lynch, P (1999) Web style guide: Basic design principles for creating Web sites New Haven, CT: Yale University Johnston, J (1998) Information multiplicity: American fiction in the age of media saturation Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press Jordan, K., & Packer, R (2001) Multimedia, from Wagner to virtual reality New York: W.W Norton & Company Kilbane, C., & Milman, N (2003) The digital teaching portfolio handbook: A how-to-guide for educators Boston: Ally and Bacon Kimball, M (2003) The Web portfolio guide, Creating electronic portfolios for the Web New York: Longman Kristof, R., & Satran, A (1995) Interactivity by design: Creating and communicating with new media Mountain View, CA: Adobe Press, 31 Leer, A C (1999) Masters of the wired world Wiltshire, UK: Redwood Books Lovejoy, M (1992) Post modern currents, art and artists in the age of electronic media New Jersey: Prentice Hall Lyotard, J (1999) The postmodern condition: A report of knowledge Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press Macromedia Inc (2000) Macromedia Flash MX: Action Script Reference Guide San Francisco: Macromedia Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc is prohibited 296 References Mandia, K (2005) Kelly Mandia’s teaching portfolio Retrieved May, 29, 2005, from http://www.mandia.com/kelly/ Martinez, J., & Parnell, R (2003) ASP.NET, Development with Macromedia Dreamweaver MX: Visual Quickpro Guide Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press McGloughlin, S (2001) Multimedia, concepts and practice Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall McGraw-Hill (2003) Instructor’s guide to FolioLive New York: McGrawHill McLuhan, M (1964) Understanding media: The extensions of man New York: McGraw-Hill Minaz, F., & Goldsby, D (2001) Now that your students have created Webbased digital portfolios, how you evaluate them? Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 9(4), 607-616 Retrieved March 24, 2005, from http://www.aace.org/dl/files/JTATE/JTATE94607.pdf Moonen, J., Tulner, H (2003) E-learning and electronic portfolio: Some new insights Universiteit van Twente, The Netherlands Retrieved April 4, 2005, from http://www.connict.nl/pdf/moonentulner-portfolio.pdf Negrino, T., & Smith, D (2004) Java Script: For the World Wide Web (5th ed.) Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press Penn State e-Portfolios (2005) Retrieved April 22, 2005, from http:// portfolio.psu.edu/about/index.html Pride, W., & Ferrell, O (1987) Marketing, basic concepts and decisions Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company Sanders, M (2000) Web-based portfolios for technology education: A personal case study The Journal of Technology, 11 Studies Retrieved February 27, 2005, from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JOTS/Winter-Spring-2000/pdf/sanders.pdf Sauer, G (1998) Using Web-based portfolios to assist technical; Communication program development Retrieved January 15, 2005, from http://www.cptsc.org/conferences/conference2000/Sauer.html Siegel, D (1997) Secrets of successful Web sites: Project management on the World Wide Web Indianapolis, IN: New Riders Silverman, S (2005) Susan Silverman at kids-learn.org Retrieved May 28, 2005, from http://kids-learn.org/susansilverman/ Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc is prohibited References 297 Spalter, A (1999) The computer in the visual arts Reading, MA: AddisonWesley Spaulding, A (2004) The wisdom of storytelling in an information age, A collection of talks Maryland: The Scarecrow Press Stewart, M (2002) Launching the imagination: A comprehensive guide to basic design New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education Tabbi, J., & Wutz, M (Eds.) (1997) Reading matters: Narratives in the new media ecology Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press Towers, J (1999) Dreamweaver For Windows and Macintosh, Visual Quickstart Guide Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press Tufte, E (1990) Envisioning information Chesire, CT: Graphics Press Tufte, E (1997) Visual explanations: Images and quantities, evidence and narrative Chesire, CT: Graphics Press Tufte, E (2002) The visual display of quantitative information Chesire, CT: Graphics Press Webster, F (2002) Theories of the information society (2nd ed.) London: Routledge Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (2005) Retrieved February 4, 2005, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASP.NET Williams, R (1994) The non-designer’s design book Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press Web References http://www.qfolio.com/sales/product_overview.shtml http://www.wofford.edu/studentPortfolio/default.asp http://www.csun.edu/cod/conf/2004/proceedings/12.htm http://www.uwec.edu/AcadAff/policies/assessment/FAQ-students.htm http://arch.ced.berkeley.edu/people/students/portfolio/syllabus.htm http://arch.ced.berkeley.edu/people/students/portfolio/syllabus.htm http://www.cptsc.org/conferences/conference2000/Sauer.html http://www.azkenwebdesign.com/portfolios.htm Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc is prohibited 298 References http://www.resumeresults.net/services/web-folios.phtml http://www.blueskyportfolios.com http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/mcreech/projectproposal.html http://connecting.vccs.edu/feature-3.htm http://www.resumes4results.com/ webportfolios.htm http://srv5.fountainheadcollege.com/studentweb/ http://www.rileyguide.com/resprep.html(resumes) http://www.cptsc.org/conferences/conference2000/Sauer.html http://www.is.wayne.edu/fls/teachptf.htm http://www.freelake.mec.edu/FLMS/seventhgradewebs/seventhgradepages.htm http://portfolios.music.ufl.edu/requirements.html http://directory.google.com/Top/Business/Employment/Resumes_and_Portfolios/ http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:wFYXAQZzWXUJ:darkwing uoregon.edu/~arch/aia/aia01_cheng_webport.pdf+web+portfolios&hl=en http://www.corporatewarriors.com/01-therealm/about.cfm http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/dd/eportfolio02/examples.php http://www.castleton.edu/pt3/resources.htm http://www.portfoliovillage.com Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc is prohibited About the Authors 299 About the Authors John DiMarco has been helping people and organizations succeed with communication, technology, digital design, media, and marketing for more than 10 years Professor DiMarco holds adjunct faculty positions at St John’s University, New York Institute of Technology, and Nassau Community College He held the position of assistant professor of Long Island University, where he taught courses in digital art, multimedia, and communication design He has trained hundreds of people in Web portfolio development on graduate, undergraduate, and professional development levels He is the founder of www.portfoliovillage.com John DiMarco has extensive academic and corporate experience and has worked with organizations including Canon, USA, Inc., SUNY Farmingdale, Long Island University, MTA, Garden City Public School District, Plainview-Old Bethpage School District, Flexographic Technical Association, and Teaneck Creek Conservancy His first book, Computer Graphics and Multimedia: Applications, Problems, and Solutions, was published in 2004 by Idea Group Inc (www.idea-group.com) He is pursuing a PhD from Long Island University, C.W Post in information studies His research focuses on information products for communication, technical communication, and information design He holds an MA in communication design from Long Island University, a BA in communication from the University of Buffalo, and an AAS in business administration from SUNY Farmingdale He can be reached at jdimarco@liu.edu ***** Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc is prohibited 300 About the Authors Kimberly DiMarco is a special educator teaching kindergarten and first grade students She has worked with students of all ages and disabilities She specializes in early childhood and has extensive experience in creating and implementing authentic assessments She currently teaches on Long Island, New York She holds a Bachelor’s of Science in special education and elementary education and is New York State certified in elementary education She is completing a master’s degree in literacy from the University of Albany David Power is a curriculum development specialist and instructional designer for Canon, USA, Inc He has worked in the graphic arts and office technology fields for more than 10 years He holds a BA in finance from St John’s University in New York City Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc is prohibited Index 301 Index A C absolute links 138 Acrobat Reader 92 ActionScript 165 Active Server Pages (ASP) 214 actual space 75 Adobe Audition 180 Adobe Photoshop 90 alt Tags 140 ASP (Active Server Pages) 214 ASP.NET 215 audio 180 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 85, 131 CFML (ColdFusion Markup Language) 220 CGI (Common Gateway Interface) 217 CGI-bin 218 client-side tools 213 clip symbols 162 close button 152 CMYK color 96 ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML) 220 color schemes 84 Common Gateway Interface (CGI) 217 composition 72 containment 76 content outline 90 continuity 79 crop 100 B backgrounds 85 behavior tools 146 bitmap files 161 button symbols 162 buttons 170, 172, 173, 187 buttons, interactive 170 buttons, invisible 173, 187 buttons, linked 172 Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc is prohibited 302 Index CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) 85, 131 curriculum vitas (CVs) 102 CVs (curriculum vitas) 102 href tag 137 HTML 81, 110, 123 HTML text 110 HTML text attributes 81 D I digital tools 106 dimensions 74 dots per inch (dpi) 97 dpi (dots per inch) 97 Dreamweaver 198 icons 111 identity 83 Illustrator 90 image maps 83 image preparation 100 images 81 image types 92 instancizing 162 Internet Service Provider (ISP) 194 interview 210 ISP (Internet Service Provider) 194 E e-mail links 142 F File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 198 Fireworks 101 Flash 157, 186 Flash behaviors 165 format 73 frames 164 free transform tool 102 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 198 full color (RGB color) 95 G GIF 92, 95 graphic symbols 162 graphical text 111 graphics 81, 82, 157, 159 graphics, copyright issues 82 graphics, motion 159 grid 72 H J JavaScript 152 JPEG 92 JPG 92, 95 jump menus 140 K keyframes 164 keyword 153 L labels 187 launch 208 layer, insert 132 layer, scale 132 link swaps 210 logos 111 heuristic evaluation 202 hit state 173 hosts 194 Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc is prohibited Index 303 M Q Macromedia Flash 161 magic wand tool 101 meta tags 153 metaphors 83 movieclips 170 MS Office files 90 multimedia production 157 Quark documents 90 N navigation systems 84 negative space 76 O onion skinning 176 open browser window 150 P paper-based documents 90 PDF (Portable Document Format) 92 Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language) 219 photographs 90 photography 98 PHP 214 pixels 73 PNG 92 pop-up windows 86, 150 Portable Document Format (PDF) 92 postbacks 216 Practical Extraction and Report Language (Perl) 219 project descriptions 103 promotion 208 proximity 76 publicity 211 R redesign 206 relative links 138 repetition 78 resolution 97 RGB color (full color) 95 rollovers 146 S scale 78, 100 screen captures 99 search engines 210 site files 201 site management 199 site panel 198 size, Web page 96 slice tool 115 space 73 splash page 166 stop action 169 storyboards 86 style 64 swap image 146 symbol 170 symbols 162 T text 77, 110 text animation 165 type 80 U unique link address (URL) 151 uploading files 200 URL (unique link address) 151 Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc is prohibited 304 Index V visual design 63 W Web authoring 122 Web color 94 Web page design 105 Web page size 96 Web portfolio 64, 193 Web resumes 102 Web text 110 Web type 81 Weight 77 WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) software 123 Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc is prohibited Experience the latest full-text research in the fields of Information Science, Technology & Management InfoSci-Online InfoSci-Online is available to libraries to help keep students, faculty and researchers up-to-date with the latest research in the ever-growing field of information science, technology, and management The InfoSci-Online collection includes: Scholarly and scientific book chapters Peer-reviewed journal articles Comprehensive teaching cases Conference proceeding papers All entries have abstracts and citation information The full text of every entry is downloadable in pdf format InfoSci-Online features: Easy-to-use 6,000+ full-text entries Aggregated Multi-user access Some topics covered: Business Management Computer Science Education 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