planning in intelligent systems

[...]... Chapter 2) Planning in cognitive psychology (Hoc, Chapter 3) † Planning by robots (Bowling et al., Chapter 10) Planning in complex autonomous systems (Meystel, Chapter 11) † † † † Cognitive aspects of planning in organizations (Jorna, Chapter 4) Planning in organizational science (Gazendam, Chapter 5; McKay and Wiers, Chapter 6) Artificial Intelligence in production planning (Sauer, Chapter 9) Planning support... of human planning Cognitive psychological aspects of human planning Cognitive psychological aspects of humans planning for organizations Planning in organizational multi-actor systems McKay and Wiers (Chapter 6) Planning processes in manufacturing organizations van Wezel (Chapter 7) Planning support in organizations Kroon and Zuidwijk (Chapter 8) Mathematical algorithms for planning support in organizations... system containing a predictive model of itself and/ or its environment, which allows it to change a state at an instant in accordance with the model’s predictions pertaining to a later instant” (Rosen, 1985) Our definition 1.3 PLANNING COMPLEXITY AND PLANNING HIERARCHIES 3 of planning will be built around this definition of anticipatory systems, by distinguishing three main elements of planning First,... describe in detail how planning decisions are related to other kinds of decisions In Chapter 4, Jorna goes into this issue by analyzing and discussing the differences between planning, decision making, and problem solving As stated in the previous section, we view the planning process as a hierarchy of decision-making activities At each hierarchical level, the task is to find a solution within the constraints... determine whether planning can be a self-sufficient area of research where scholars from different disciplines can exchange ideas and share research results Sharing research methodologies, planning methods, and solution techniques will improve our understanding of planning and scheduling in general, and it can result in improvements in each of the individual planning research schools In this introductory... the end state? Planning Methods The planning method depicts the decision process of the planning entity A planning entity can have multiple planning methods to choose from Some generic issues with regard to planning methods are as follows: 1 How does the planning entity deal with combinatorics, for example? a Plan partitioning: Divide the plan in multiple subplans and treat the subplans independently... well For example, a human planning for himself both determines the course of action, and he acts himself In contrast, a city planner in a government will only make the plan, not execute it Furthermore, coordination and integration of plans is more important for city planning than for personal planning In the decades following Crane’s observations, Planning in Intelligent Systems: Aspects, Motivations,... formalizing such knowledge for use in a computer program or robot is very tricky In AI this kind of practice is also known as the reformulation problem It remains an open issue how and from which perspective the planning entity adjusts his initial state and/or operations Information Processing Mechanism During problem solving, the planning entity has to process information An information processing mechanism... general characteristics of planning decisions First, however, we will discuss what it is that planning decisions decide about 1.4.2 Modeling the Plan: States of the Planning Entity As stated in the previous subsection, planning decisions differ from other kinds of decisions We can now describe (at least partly) what planning decisions are by describing the decision domain First, planning is a synthetic rather... argue that planning is no exception; setting aside trivial planning problems, planning always takes place hierarchically Even more, we will argue that much of the differences between planning approaches can be contributed to the way in which these approaches partition the planning problem in independently solvable subproblems Therefore, a sound understanding of the hierarchical nature of planning is a . PLANNING IN INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS Aspects, Motivations, and Methods Edited by WOUT VAN WEZEL RENE ´ JORNA ALEXANDER MEYSTEL A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION PLANNING IN INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS PLANNING. Shunting Planning within the Netherlands Railways 377 Derk Jan Kiewiet, Rene ´ Jorna, and Wout van Wezel 14 Intelligent Shunting: Dealing with Constraints (Satisfaction) 391 Erwin Abbink 15 Applying. integration of plans is more important for city planning than for personal planning. In the decades following Crane’s observations, 1 Planning in Intelligent Systems: Aspects, Motivations, and Methods,