water resources and water management

WATER RESOURCESAND WATER MANACEMENT DEVELOPMENTS I N WATER SCIENCE, 28 OTHER TITLES I N THW SERIES G BUGLIARELLO AND F GUNTER COMPUTER SYSTEMS A N D WATER RESOURCES H.L GOLTERMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL LIMNOLOGY Y.Y HAIMES, W.A H A L L AND H.T FREEDMAN MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION I N WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS: THE SURROGATE WORTH TRADE-OFFMETHOD J.J FRIED GROUNDWATER POLLUTION N RAJARATNAM TURBULENT JETS D STEPHENSON PIPELINE DESIGN FOR WATER ENGINEERS v HALEK AND J SVEC GROUNDWATER HYDRAULICS J.BALEK HYDROLOGY A N D WATER RESOURCES I N TROPICAL AFRICA T.A.McMAHONANDR.G.MElN RESERVOIR CAPACITY A N D YIELD 10 G.KOVAC5 SEEPAGE HYDRAULICS 11 W.H GRAF AND C.H MORTIMER (EDITORS) HYDRODYNAMICS OF LAKES: PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUN 12-13 OCTOBER 1978, LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND 12 W BACK AND D.A STEPHENSON (EDITORS) CONTEMPORARY HYDROGEOLOGY: THE GEORGE BURKE MAXEY MEMORIAL VOLUME 13 M.A M A R I ~ ~AND J.N LUTHIN O SEEPAGE A N D GROUNDWATER 14 D STEPHENSON STORMWATER HYDROLOGY A N D DRAINAGE 15 D STEPHENSON PIPELINE DESIGN FOR WATER ENGINEERS (completely revised edition of Vol i n the series) 16 w BACK AND R L ~ T O L L E (EDITORS) SYMPOSIUM ON GEOCHEMISTRY OF GROUNDWATER 17 A.H ELSHAARAWI (EDITOR) I N COLLABORATION WITH S.R ESTERBY TIME SERIESMETHODS I N HYDROSCIENCES 18 J.BALEK HYDROLOGY A N D WATER RESOURCES I N TROPICAL REGIONS 19 D STEPHENSON PIPEFLOW ANALYSIS I.ZAVOIANU MORPHOMETRY OF DRAINAGE BASINS 20 21 M.M.A SHAHIN HYDROLOGY OF THE NILE BASIN 22 H.C.RlGGS STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS 23 M NEGULESCU MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT L.G EVERETT GROUNDWATER MONITORING HANDBOOK FOR COAL AND O I L SHALE DEVELOPMENT 24 25 W KINZELBACH GROUNDWATER MODELLING: A N INTRODUCTION WITH SAMPLE PROGRAMS I N BASIC D STEPHENSON AND M.E MEADOWS KINEMATIC HYDROLOGY AND MODELLING 26 27 A.M E L SHAARAWI AND R.E KWIATKOWSKI (EDITORS) STATISTICAL ASPECTS OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING - PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP HELD A T THE CANADIAN CENTRE FOR INLAND WATERS, OCTOBER 1985 WATER RESOURCES AND WATER MANAGEMENT MILAN K JERMAR Becker Gundhalstr., 18,0-8000Munchen 71, F.R.G E LSEVl E R Amsterdam - Oxford - New York - Tokyo 1987 ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O Box 21 1, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Distributors for the United States and Canada: ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY INC 52, Vanderbilt Avenue New York, N.Y 10017, U S A Lihrsrv I d C(r*i!gressCataloginl-in-Publicofion Data J e r m a r , M i l a n K W a t e r r ~ s o u r c e s a n d w a t e r management ( D e v e l o p m e n t s in w a t e r s c i e n c e ; 28) B i b l i o g r a p h y : p I n c l u d e s index Water-supply H y d r o l o g i c cycle 1 Series TD345.Jh7 1987 553.7 ISBN 0-444-42717-1 (U.S.) Title 86-24114 ISBN 0-444-42717-1 (Val 28) ISBN 0-444-41669-2 (Series) Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1987 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V./Science & Technology Division, P.O Box 330, 1000 A H Amsterdam, The Netherlands Special regulations for readers in the USA - This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center fnc ICCC), Salem, Massachusetts Information can be obtained from the CCC about conditons under which photocopies of parts of this publication may be made in the USA All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside of the USA, should be referred to the publisher Printed in The Netherlands V CN m OT E Page Chapter WATER OCCURRENCE AND ITS FUNCTION I N NATIJRAL SYSTENS 1.1 SYSTEMS OF THE NATITRAT, ENVIRONMENT 1.2 ENERGY INPUT AS A CALJSE OF 1.3 HYDROLOGIC C C X SYSTEM YT THE HYDROIBGIC CYCLE 1.3.1 Evaporation 10 1.3.2 Precipitation 18 1.3.3 Interception 21 1.3.4 Depression and Detention Storage; Overland Flow 22 1.3.5 Infiltration 23 1.3.6 Subsurface Water Movement 25 1.3.7 Flow i n Channel Network 32 1.4 INTERREMITION OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER RUNOFF 1.5 GROUNDWATER LEVEL REGTJTATION, SOIL kDISTURE AND SOIL 33 STRUCTURE FORMATION 40 1.6 CLIMATOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS O WATER F 45 1.7 AICGEOCHENICATJ CYCLE SYSTEM 50 1.7.1 Water Erosion a s a Process Evoked by t h e Water Cycle 55 Water Quality a s a Product of i t s C i r c u l a t i o n 60 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AS REGULATOR O B1OZI)GICAL PROCESSES F 71 1.7.2 I 1.8.1 I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s of Aquatic Ecosystems and Water Q u a l i t y 1.9 RUNOFF PROCESS A REGITLATOR OF THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT S 77 83 VI Chapter WATE3 AND ITS FLWCTION I N SOCIA;, SYSTENS 2.1 CATEGORIES OF WATER mILIZATION 86 2.2 WATER REQUIREYEFTS AND WATER CONSUMPTION 88 2.3 I - T m AND ON-SITE WATER USE NS R Y 93 2.3.1 Waste Disposal 94 2.3.2 Inland \.!a t e r Transport 103 2.3.3 Water Power U t i l i z a t i o n 111 2.3.4 Water f o r Recreation 115 2.4 X D I C I P A L AND RURAL W T R REQUIREMENTS AE 2.4.1 120 Nater Requirements f o r Drinking and Cooking Purposes 2.4.2 Water Requirements f o r Other Domestic Uses 130 2.4.3 Urban Public Water Requirements 134 2.4.4 2.5 121 Management of Water Delivery and Disposal 139 INDTJSTRIAL W T R SUPPLY AE 2.5.1 AND RE-USE SYSTEMS 144 Water f o r Processing, Nining and Hydraulic Transport 153 2.5.2 Cooling Water 155 2.5.3 Boiling and Steam Power Water 157 2.5.4 Water Losses i n Industry and F l m Chart of Water Use 2.5.5 2.6 160 Waste [.la ters and Ws t e - f r e e Technologies a 165 WATER I N A G R I C I L T U W L SYSTEE 169 2.6.1 A g r i c u l t u r a l Production and A g r i c u l t u r a l Yield I72 2.6.2 E f f i c i e n c y of I r r i g a t i o n Water IJse 181 2.6.3 Water for I r r i g a t i o n and i t s Q u a l i t y 185 VII 2.6.4 187 2.6.5 F e r t i l i z i n g and Remedial I r r i g a t i o n 191 2.6.6 Protective Irrigation 194 2.6.7 Soil kaching IrriEation 195 2.6.8 Irrigation bsses 197 2.6.9 Water f o r Livestock and Processing 04 2.6.10 Chapter I r r i g a t i o n a s Supplementary Watering Water P o l l u t i o n from Agricultural Production 01 WATER BALANCE AND WATER SYSTm 3.1 CHARACTERISTICS O SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER RESOURCES F 211 3.2 SAFE YIELD 213 3.3 BALANCE O WATER RESOURCES AND NEEDS F 220 3.4 MINIMUM W T R TABLE I MINIMUM DISCHARGES AE & T 225 3.5 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE WATER BAIANCE 229 3.6 PROBABILITY O THE SATISFACTION OF bJATER REQUIREMEIVE F 233 3.7 F O CONTROL AND OPERATING SCHEDIJLES LW 239 3.8 SYSTENS I N WATER RESOIRCES MANAGEMENT 245 3.9 ANAJJYSIS AND MODELLTNG O WATER RESOURCES SYSTENS F 247 3.10 ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION AND FINANCIAL APL4LYSIS 3.11 Chapter PLANNING WDEL BASED ON PHYSICAL PARAMETERS 255 259 IMPACT O DEVEJDPWNT ACTIVITIES ON THE HYDROIXIC CYCLE F 4.1 C A G S I N THE HYDROJDGICAL D T HNE AA 262 4.2 C A G S I N THE HYDROLCGICAL BALANCE HNE 265 4.3 INFLUENCE O FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURE F 271 4.3.1 I n t e r c e p t i o n , Evapotranspiration and I n f i l t r a t i o n 274 4.3.2 Influence of t h e Vegetative Canopy on Floods and Erosion 4.3.3 277 Influence of t h e Vegetative Canopy on R a i n f a l l and Runoff 82 VIII 4.4 INFJ,UENCE OF URBANIZATION AND INDlJSTRIAL,IZATION 87 4.5 CHANGES I N WATER QIJALITY 92 4.6 E VR N E T T IMPACTS OF WATER D V L P E T PROJECTS N IO MNA, E E OM N 299 4.6.1 Effects of Reservoirs and I r r i g a t i o n Systems on Climate 4.6.2 03 Effect of Reservoirs and Dam on Sediment Transport 309 4.6.3 Effect of Reservoirs on Water Quality 316 4.6.4 Effects of Man-made Lakes on the Biosphere 324 4.6.5 Effects of Flow Control and Water TJithdrawals 330 4.6.6 Effects of River Training and @en Channel Water Conveyance Chapter 336 WATER DEVEIOPMENT AND M N G M N POLICY AAE ET 5.1 WATER MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES AND ORGANIZATIONS 341 5.2 P R D X S OF WATER RESOURCES DEVEIBPMEXI' AAOE 344 5.3 S R T G OF WATER RESOURCES DEVEIOPMENT TAE Y 346 5.4 TACTICS OF W T R MANAGEMENT AE 351 5.5 NON-CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES OF WATER SUPPLY 361 5.5.1 Long-Distance Water Conveyance and Transportation 361 5.5.2 Conjunctive Use of Surface and Groundwater Resources 5.5.3 Groundwater Mining and A r t i f i c i a l Recharge 366 5.5.4 Watershed Management 368 5.5.5 Weather Modification 370 5.5.6 5.6 63 Desalination and Treatment of bw-Quality Waters 372 CONCLIJSIONS IX IITRODIJCTION Water is a substance which plays a c r u c i a l p a r t i n the existence o f l i f e on Earth I t forms t h e l i v i n g mass and, together with the s o i l and t h e a i r , r e p r e s e n t s t h e l i v i n g environment The energy which is accepted by t h i s system from the universe helps t o s u s t a i n e s s e n t i a l l i f e processes The hydrological cycle, o r the process of permanent movement and transformation of water, connects the human being with a l l t h e elements of t h i s environment i n such a manner t h a t any change r e s u l t s i n a chain of consequences which spread throughout the ecologic a l system For b i l l i o n s of years t h e development of t h e ecosystem was determined by the i n t e r p l a y of uncertain causes A fundamental change occurred w i t h the emergence of c i v i l i z a t i o n Man s t a r t e d t o influence t h i s system i n t e h t i o n a l l y and systematically: gradually mankind's everyday existence came t o have a more s e r i o u s and detrimental e f f e c t on t h e environment U u n t i l now t h e energy which manp kind used during h i s development has been n e g l i g i b l e i n comparison with the amount of energy used through n a t u r a l processes Nevertheless, even t h e water management and a g r i c i i l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s of a n c i e n t c i v i l i z a t i o n s already had a d r a s t i c and i r r e p a r a b l e impact on waste a r e a s a s a r e s u l t of systematic e f f o r t s over long periods of time Today t h e march of technology appears i r r e p r e s i b l e and i r r e v e r s i b l e throughout t h e world The process of d e f o r e s t a t i o n , land c u l t i v a t i o n , urbanization and i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n a r e r a p i d l y changing t h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e and the q u a l i t y of t h e water, s o i l and a i r , a s well a s a f f e c t i n g t h e acceptance of s o l a r energy The s c a l e of these human a c t i v i t i e s has now reached such a proportion t h a t t h e impact of one s i n g l e generation is comparable with t h e impact of a l l preceding generations The a m u n t o f energy c u r r e n t l y manipulated by man is no longer n e g l i g i b l e i n comparison with t h e t o t a l a m u n t of energy used d u r ing n a t u r a l processes C i v i l i z a t i o n confines t h e world and mankind t o mnotonous, unambiguous s t r u c t u r e s which a r e very d i f f i c u l t t o control e f f e c t i v e l y Man a l t e r s t h e n a t u r a l equilibrium without considering t h e global consequences of h i s a c t i o n s I n t h e course of a few decades he i s a b l e t o exhaust some natu- 372 but not s u f f i c i e n t l y f r e e of u n c e r t a i n t y The economic e f f e c t s and l o s s e s caused by cloud seeding bring ahout s e r i o u s problems of compensation o r reimbursment This treatment m y not only cause excessive floods o r h a i l events, but a l s o avalanches i n muntajnous a r e a s I t negatively a f f e c t s o t h e r a r e a s as well, where a s u b s t a n t i a l decrease i n rainf a l l may occur Cloud seeding which r e s u l t s i n increased p r e c i p i t a t i o n over continental a r e a s with a p r e c i p i t a t i o n deficiency and reduces p r e c i p i t a t i o n over s e a s i s the only case where t h i s discrepancy does n o t appear The e f f i c i e n c y of cloud seedirrg, ranging frcm - 15 percent of t h e expected values f o r annual r a i n f a l l ( t h e l i m i t of a p o s s i b l e increase by improved a p p l i c a t i o n being estimated a t sow 30%), may under favourable conditions be of c r u c i a l importance f o r saving the harvest i n c r i t i c a l dry periods 5.5.6 Desalination and Treatment of Taw-Quzlity Waters Water d e s a l i n a t i o n and t h e treatment of low-quality waters may prove t o be prac’ i c a b l e s o l u t i o n s t o t h e problem of water shortage i n c e r t a i n r e s t r i c t e d a r e a s S a l i n i t y c o n t r o l measures which reduce t h e s a l i n i t y of s u r f a c e water discharges include: ( a ) point source c o n t r o l , i n s u l a t i o n of a l o c a l i z e d a r e a or removal of a source which cuntribl!tes an extremely s a l t load t o t h e system ( i n s u l a t i o n of s a l t plugs, d i v e r s i o n o r d e s a l i n a t i o n of s a l t y s p r i n g s , mine drainage, decreasing the t a b l e of s a l t y groundwater, b e n e f i c i a l consumptive use of t h e s a l t y water w i t h i n t h e catchment, u t i l i z i n g s a l i n e r e t u r n flow from i r r i g a t i o n e t c ) , (b) d i f f u s e source c o n t r o l , i e control of s a l t concentration and disposal spread over l a r g e a r e a s ( c o l l e c t i o n and consumptive u s e , evaporation, d e s a l t ing, measures of watershed mnigement e t c ), (c) reduction of evaporation and evapotranspiration ( e s p e c i a l l y i n regions of groundwater recharge , improving i r r i g a t i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s , by watershed management measures i n c l phreatophyte removal e t c ) , (d) d e s a l i n a t i o n of the discharge Most n a t u r a l waters a r e not s u f f i c i e n t l y s u i t a b l e f o r d e s a l i n a t i o n , but pre- treatment can s u f f i c i e n t l y m d i f y t h e i r q u a l i t y f o r subsequent - d i s t i l l a t i o n processes, - membrane processes, i e e l e c t r o d i a l y s i s and reverse osmosis, chemical processes , e s p e c i a l l y by ion exchange, c r y s t a l i z a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y freezing processes Tnese techniques can be applied for t h e d e s a l i n a t i o n o f sea water, s u r f a c e and groundwater a s w e l l a s f o r the d e s a l i n a t i o n of g e o t h e m l water resources Desalting processes a r e s t i l l economically f e a s i b l e only under s p e c i a l c i r c u m stances, being used almost exclusively for drinking o r feed water supply The basic problems involved i n d e s a l i n a t i o n a r e 373 (a) (b) high energy input requirements, disposal of r e s i d u a l s a l t s Similar problems a r e a l s o encountered i n techniques f o r t r e a t i n g low q u a l i t y waters e g heavily polluted waste water f o r re-use, which a r e e s s e n t i a l l y concerned with t h e r e m v a l of nitrogenous compoundF, phosphorus, heavy metals, o t h e r dissolved inorganic compounds, a s w e l l a s with the i n a c t i v a t i o n of pathogens 5.6 CONCLIJSIONS A t p r e s e n t , a t t h e dawn of a combined popu1at:on and technological boom, it is indispensable not only t o d e c l a r e , but a l s o t o safeguard i n a r a t i o n a l and planned manner the r i g h t of mankind and of each individual t o l i v e i n s u f f i ciency and beauty It i s , t h e r e f o r e , e s s e n t i a l t o accept population growth and t h e a s s o c i a t e d development of heterogeneous demands a s t h e b a s i c c r i t e r i o n f o r making decisions concerning t h e a l l o c a t i o n of water and o t h e r n a t u r a l resources The u t i l i z a t i o n of water and o t h e r n a t u r a l resources is a precondition of economic g r m t h The dramatic pace of c u r r e n t economic development, however, i s based on an o v e r - u t i l i z a t i o n of these resources While some n a t u r a l resources (such a s a i r , water and s o i l ) a r e renewable, they may - and increasingly become gradually d e t e r i o r a t e d a s a r e s u l t of the secondary e f f e c t s of t h e i r development An o v e r - u t i l i z a t i o n and excessive d e t e r i o r a t i o n of n a t u r a l resources, results i n a d d i t i o n a l and i n o r d i n a t e r e s t r i c t i o n s on f u t u r e development I t i s , t h e r e f o r e , absolutely necessary t o manage t h e given developmmt process w i t h i n t h e framework of the biosphere, taking i n t o account t h e nmerous functional r e l a t i o n s h i p s a s w e l l a s environmental c o n s t r a i n t s , and t o make optimum use of a l l water and f i n i t e n a t u r a l resources The recognition of t h i s nm r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r i n t e g r a t e d development/biosphere management is a c r u c i a l f i r s t s t e p t o achieving s u s t a i n a b l e economic growth To rove towards t h i s p o l i c y , i t is p o s s i b l e to choose optimum scenarios by means of m d e l 1ing and optimization The very s e r i o u s environmental c o n s t r a i n t s which could a r i s e through the i n t e r a c t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r a l , i n d u s t r i a l , urban and r u r a l development on the one hand and t h e biosphere on the o t h e r hand m y r e q u i r e such measures a s : - t h e r e v i s i o n of rawlwaste material use/re-use and waterlwaste water u t i l i z a tion i n industry, - t h e r e v i s i o n of land use p a t t e r n s and forestry/agricultural/irrigation practices etc A new and complex i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y theory has t o be developed f o r t h e approach described above, p e n e t r a t i n g i n t o every a c t i v i t y of mankind The pres e n t monograph attempts t o f o m l a t e a t least p a r t of t h i s theory, t h e theory of water development and management, from t h i s p o i n t of view and s o form the 74 basis f o r a deeper understanding between c i v i l engineers, economists, natural s c i e n t i s t s and other s p e c i a l i s t s involved i n the gradual change i n current practices towards a r a t i o n a l and balanced u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e biospheric system in this particular field 375 RFFERENCES Achtnich, W , 1957 D i e F e s t s t e l l u n g des Wasserbedarfes a l s Voraussetzung ekes Sinnvollen Einsatzes der Beregnung, P e r r o t B i b l i o t e k , , Calw Albrecht, F , 1951 D i e Vethoden z u r Bestimmung der Verdunstung d e r naturlichen Erdoberflache Archiv f u r Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, S p r i n g e r v e r l a g Wien Arthur Mc, A G , Cheney, W.P 1965 The e f f e c t of management p r a c t i c e on streamflow and sedimentation from forested catchments Jour I n s t Engs, A u s t r a l i a ; 417-425 Avakyan, A B , 1977 Problems of environmental p r o t e c t i o n i n building reser- v o i r s TIN Water Conference, Mr del P l a t a a Balek, J , 1977 Hydrology and water resources i n t r o p i c a l Africa E l s e v i e r Amsterdam, Oxford, N e w York, 207 pp Belyaev, I , Zimin, I 1975 Computer a s s i s t e d procedures i n water p r o j e c t evaluation IIASA Research Report, Vienna, 32 pp Benetin, J 1958 Pohyb vody v zemine, (Water flow i n s o i l ) SVTL, Bratislava Roughton, W.C 1970 E f f e c t s of land management on q u a n t i t y and q u a l i t y of a v a i l a b l e water University of New South Wales, Water Research Laboratory, Report No 120, 330 pp Bugliavello, G , Gunther F, 1979 Computer systems and water resources Development i n water science, , Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York Biilavko, A G , 1971 Vodnyj balans retchnych wodosborow (Water balance of r i v e r s ) Gidrometeoizdat , Leningrad Bul;&k, J , 1976 Normy moSst& a j a k o s t i odpadnkh vud (Standards of waste water qua 1i t y and quanti ty) 10 konf erence vodohospodrifd v prCmyslu CSVrS, Praha BuliCek, J , 1977 Voda v zemPdPlstvi, (Water i n a g r i c u l t u r e ) SZN Praha, 294 pp Canter, L.W., 1983 Impace studies for dams and reservoirs International Water Power & Dam Construction, No 7, Sutton Chow, V T , e t a l 1964 Handbook of applied hydrology, M Graw-Hi11 New York c e t c 1200 pp C r i t c h f i e l d , H J , 1966 General climatology P r e n t i c e Hall Inc Englewood C l i f f s , N.Y 420 pp Czepa, O , Schellenberger, G , 1956 Uber den Waxmehaushalt des Rreiten Lucinund Haussees b e i Feldberg Acta Hydrophysica, Rand 111, Berlin Czuka, J , 1975 P o s s i b i l i t i e s of r i v e r basin development depending on hvdrolog i c a l and economic backqround lWP/IJN I n t e r r e g i o n a l Seminar on River Basin and I n t e r b a s i n Development, Budapest G b e l k a , J , 1963 Vn6trozemskC vodne' cesty (Inland Waterways), SmL B r a t i s l a v a , SNTL Praha s 439-460 Cebotarev, A 1., 1975 Obschtchaja hidrologia (General Hydrology) Gidrometeoizd a t , Leningrad, 544 pp Dale, M.B., 1970 Systems analysi's and ecology Ecology Vol 51 No Duke IJniversity P r e s s Delfs, J , 1956 Konnen w i r d i e Wasserlieferung aus dem Wald durch f o r s t l i c h e Massnahmen beeinflussen? Die Forst und Holzwirtschaft 2211956 kmenico, P A , 1972 Concepts and models i n groundwater hydrology M Graw-Hill c i n t e r n a t i o n a l series New York e t c Dub, O , 1957 Hydrologia, hydrografia, hydrometria (Hydrology, hydrography, hydrometry) SVTL B r a t i s l a v a , SNTL Praha 526 pp Eidmann, F.E., 1956 Die I n t e r c e p t i o n i n Buchen und Fichtengestanden P u b l i c a t i o n No 48 de I'Association I n t e r n a t i o n a l e S c i e n t i f i q u e Fahlbush, F , 1983 Optimum capacity of a run-of-river power plant International Water Power & Dam Construction, No 3, Sutton Fishbein, L., 1976 Environmental m e t a l l i c carcinogens: an overview of exposure l e v e l s Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 2/1976 C o k e ' , A.F., 1977 Handbook of dam engineering Van Nostram Reinhold Company, New York, p 17, 58, 59 Graf, W.H., 1983 The hydraulics of reservoir sedimentatlon International Water Power & Dam Construction, No 4, Sutton 376 Hanke, S.H, Davis, R K , 1971 Demand management through responsive p r i c i n g AWWA Journal No 9/1971 pp 555-560 Helvey, J.D., P a t r i c , J H 1965 Canopy and l i t t e r i n t e r c e p t i o n of r a i n f a l l by hardwoods of e a s t e r n TJnited S t a t e s Water Resources Res pp 193-206 Hargraeves, G H , 1965 Consumptive use derived from evaporation pan d a t a '15 Proceedings ASCE.IR1 pp - Hibbert, A R 1967 Forest treatment d f e c t s on water y i e l d , Forest Hydrcjlogy, W.E Sopper & H.W L u l l , Pergamon P r e s s Holman, M.A., 1961 A n a t i o n a l time budget f o r t h e y e a r 2000, Sociologv and Social Research 1/1961,,New York Hol?, M , 1978 P r o t i e r o z n i ochrana ( P r o t e c t i o n Against Erosion) SNTL Praha, SVTL B r a t i s l a v a , 283 pp Hal?, M., 1971 Water and t h e environment, I r r i g a t i o n and drainage paper FA0 Rome Hol?, M , 1976 ZBvlahov6 stavby, ( I r r i g a t i o n Works), SNTI, Praha, Alfa B r a t i s l a v a , 445 pp Huisman, L., Olsthoorn, T N , 2983 A r t i f i c i a l Ground Water Recharge, Pitman Boston, Tnndon, Melbourne, 320 pp J e d i ? , M , 1966 VodohospodSfskB funkce a problemy vodniho d i l a RozkoS Water management functions and problems of t h e Rozkos P r o j e c t Vodni hospodsfstv; No.4 Praha 1970 Economic considerations i n the f i e l d of water resources W P - P l a n Organization Teheran 1972 Water p i i c i n g UNDP-MdP Teheran 1973 Water resources development policy of I r a n UNDF-MP Teheran 2973 I n t e g r a t e d water resources development i n water s c a r c e countries World Congress on Water Resources Chicago 1973 Co-ordination of water resources development U D Teheran NP 1977 Vodn; hospodri2stv; (Nater management) CWT Czech Technical University, Praha 1978 InvestiCni probl6my vodniho hospo&r'stvi (Investment problems of water Czech Technical University, Praha resources development) &TJT 1979 Step-by-step comparison of water resoiirces u t i l i z a t i o n UN Water Seminar Cas telgandol fo 1980 New approach of teaching water management a t u n i v e r s i t i e s UNESCO Seminar on Water Resources Education, S m l e n i c e 1980 PotFeba a spotfeba vody (Water demand and water consumption Publikace MLVH - Ministry of Forest and Water Management, Praha 1982 Vliv ElovPka na obPh vody (The Impact of man on t h e hydrological cycle Energeticky i n s t i t u t , Praha 1983 Vodni hospodrifstv;, (Water Management) SNTL - S t a t e Technical Publishing House, Praha J e t e l , J , 1971 S y s t h y k l a s i f i k a c e chemismu podzemnich vod na zAklad6 iontovjrch kombinaci, (Systems of groundwater c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ) Hydrogeologicka' mrenka 1969-70, pp 127-134 Praha-Pmo Kellogg, W.W., 1977 E f f e c t s of H m n A c t i v i t i e s on Global Climate, IdMO Publication No 486, Geneva Korziin, V I , Sokolov, A A , 1977 World water balance and world water resoiirces 1% Water Conference, Mar del P l a t a Kovacs , G , 1981 Seepage hydraulics Developments i n water science, 10, Elsemer Amsterdam, Oxford, New York Kraatz, D R , 1971 I r r i g a t i o n canal l i n i n g I r r i g a t i o n and drainage paper FA0 Rome KreZmer, V , Pe?ina, V , 1971 Hospodakkr! zpdsoby a vodohospoda'fsk8 funkce l e s a Lesnicka pra'ce, (Forest management and water management function of f o r e s t s ) No.6 Kutilek, M , 1966 Vodohospo&fska pedologie, (Water management pedology) SNTL Praha, SVTL B r a t i s l a v a 275 pp Lamb, H H , 1972 Climate, p r e s e n t , p a s t and f u t u r e Metheun, London Lambor, J , 1955 L i e f e r t der Wald Wasser? Wald and Wasser, Hilchenbach Zagler e t a l , 1969 Man-made l a k e s FA0 Rome, 71 - - 377 J m t h e r , S , 1963 Das Abwasser i m Landwirtschaftlichen G r o s s b e t r i e b Menge und Reschaffenheit VEB Verlaq h i p z i g Likens, G E , e t a l 1977 Rivkeochemistry of a f o r e s t e d ecosystem Springer Verlae New Y o r k , Heidelberg, B e r l i n 146 p Maas, A., e t a l 1962 D e s i w of water resources systems Harvard University P r e s s , Cambridge, Mass M Mahon, T.A., Hein, R.G., Reservoir c a p a c i t y and v i e l d Developments i n water c s c i e n c e , E l s e v i e r Amsterdam, Oxford, New York 212 pp Mason, J , 1957 The physics of clouds Monographs on meteorology Oxford Manila1 f o r t h e compilation of water resources and needs 1974 l h i t e d Nations, ECE,AJATF:R/5, New York 80 p Minasian, R G , e t a l 1977 Water supply f o r steam and nuclear p l a n t s and p r o t e c t i o n of water bodies UN Water Conference, Mr d e l P l a t a a Nejedl?, A , 1976 K o t s z c e Easov6 prostorove' s t n i k t u r y j a k o s t i vody v toc;ch ( P r o b l e m of water q u a l i t y changes i n r i v e r s ) VPdeckotechnicka' konference k 1O.vyroEi Povodi Ohl'e, Chomutov NesmPrAk, I , 1972 Deterministicka' a stochasticka' s l o i k a v Casov6 Fad6 hodnot u k a z a t e l e j a k o s t i vody v t o c i c h ; ( D e t e r m i n i s t i c and s t o c h a s t i c c o T o n e n t s of water qu?l i t y i n r i v e r s ) Sbomik konference CSVrS Ochrana Zivotniho prosti-edi, Praha Nizery, A , R o u s s e l i e r , M , 1951 Aspect economique de l a sedimentation des r e s e r v o i r s Cnngress ICOLD New Delhi Penman, H L , 1948 Natural evaporation from open w a t e r , b a r e s o i l and g r a s s Froceedings Royal S o c i e t y of London, A 193 P h i l i p , J R , 1969 Theory of i n f i l t r a t i o n Advances i n hydro-science, p 216-296 P i l s b u r y , A.F., Degan, A , 1968 S p r i n k l e r i r r i g a t i o n FA0 Rome P i t t e r , P , 1975 Technologie vody (Water technologv) SNTL Praha P l a i n e r , J , 1977 Vodohospod2fskS b i l a n c e (Water b a l a n c e ) SZN Praha 186 P P o t t e r , G L , E l l s a e s s e r , H.h7., Mac Cracken, M C , L u t t e r , F.M., 1975 P o s s i b l e c l i m t i c impact o f t r o p i c a l d e f o r e s t a t i o n Nature, 258 p 697-698 Ramly E l , N A , Congdon, C F , 1975 D e s a l t i n g p l a n t inventory Report No O f f i c e of Water Research and Inventory, Washington k i h a , J , 1?78 Teoreticke zSklady p r o hodnoceni $razovych vlastnost: vody v prostPed1 ( T h e o r e t i c a l a s p e c t s of water a e s t h e t i c s ) f i v o t n P p r o s t r e d i e p 213-217 Stragkrabovg, V , 1976 Uliv udolnich nadri; na obsah o r g a n i c w c h l S t e k v Iece {Impact o f r e s e r v o i r s on t h e content of orEanic m a t t e r ) Nove' pozMtkV 111-16 VUVH B r a t i s l a v a Sumwara M e t a l 1975 Tank model UNESCO/lJMO Svmosium and workshops on &-lie p p l i c a t i o n of mathematical m d e l s i n hydrology' and water resources a sys terns B r a t i s l a v a Sembera, J , 1979 Syste'my Iizen; vodniho hospodsfstv; (Systems o f water management c o n t r o l ) SZN Praha Todd, D K , 1967 Groundwater hydrology John Wiley & Sons, Inc New York Thornwaite, C.W., 1948 An approach towards a r a t i o n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of climate Geogr Rev 38 p 55-94 Uhlmann, D , 1975 Hydrobiologie VEB Gustav F i s c h e r Verlag Jena p 11-65 Votruba, L., HroSa, V , 1980 Hospodaten; s vodou v nddrgich (\dater Management i n r e s e r v o i r s ) SNTL Praha, Alfa B r a t i s l a v a 443 pp LJolmn, M.G., Schick, A.P., 1967 E f f e c t s of c o n s t r u c t i o n on f l u v i a l sediment, urban and suburban a r e a s of Maryland Water Resources Research IJundt, IJ., 1953 Gewasserkunde Springer Verlag B e r l i n , Gottingen, Heidelberg I , 378 AIJTHOR INDEX Albrecht, 11 Czepa, 12 Hatva, 364 Achtnich, 195 Czuka, 348 Henry, 96 Alekin, 68 Hewlett, 279 Davies, 201 Holeman, 52 Appleyard, 146 Davis, 159, 358, 360 Holmn, 132 Arthur, Mc, 283 Darcy, 28 Holi, 190 Avakyar?, 309 Delfs, 274 Honert van den, 15 Balcerski, 231 Denit, 198 Bayer, 315 Domenico, 366 Bele, 280 Dooge, 289 Renetin, 177 Dub, 13 Hugh-Blair Smith , 240 Hubbert, 31 Huismn, 367 Hus’ek, 82 Blumenstock, 44 ECE, 228, 238 ISO, 124 Borland, 309 Eidman, 274 Iwasaki, 66 Bosch, 279 Boughton, 282 Fahlbusch, 113 Braslavskij, 12 FAO, 188 Brune, 311 FINA, 116 Kalinin, 282 Budyko, 275 Fishbein, 294 Karpov, 282 Bulavko , 285 Florea, 66 Kellogg, 269 Bulifek, 173 F o j t , 282 Koelzer, 312 Freeze, 31 Koeppen, 49 J e t e l , 67 Canter, 281, 319, 325 Kolkwitz, 79 m e n , 320, 323 Gilimeroth, 18 Cheney, 283 Goldschmidt, 55 Cherkasow, 178, 179 Gontcharow, 312 Korzun, Kost j akov, 190 Kovda, 53 Chezy, 59, 60 Haeusner , 369 Kramer, 18 Hanke, 358, 360 KieEek, 279 Hargraeves , 180 ! Krefmer, 17, 279, 280, 182 Hart, 281 Kutilek, 14, 43, 174 COMECON, 148, 208 Costin, 289 Cowan, 32, 33 C r i t c h f i e l d , 50 379 Lamb, 270 Polynov, 53 V a l e n t i n i , 59 Laneel ier , 129 P o t t e r , 273 Viliulina, 12 Reijonen, 364 Wechmann, 17 Robinson, 31 Nhite, 13 Rode, 43, 44 WHO, 124, 125, 126 Rooseboom Williams Ianda, 27 Iane, 312 Law, 193 k g o s t a j ev , 196 Levi, 59 Wilson, 201, 298 Liebig, 77 Schamw, 339 Linsley, 22 Schaw, 146 h o w i t c h , 276, 285, 286 Schwabach, 284 Vitherspoon, 31 Wood, 159 Woodwell, 295 Schellenberger, 12 Maddock, 259, 260 Sermer, 12 Zeleni, 279 Shoemaker, 242 Zhukov, 97 Slsdezek, 79, 81 Zinke, 22 Maly, 307 Mason, 19 Maugh 11, 128 Meier, 47 Snyder, 370 Sokolov, , Minasian, 159 Sopper, 281 Moody, 250, 260 $rirnek, 82 Murzaev, 279 Stokes, 95 N a w n , 82 StraS krabova', 317 Neal, 56 Streeter-Phelps , 96 Stumn, 129 Olsthoorn, 367 Sugawara, 36, 37 Orlob, 320, 323 Thienemann, 82 Pemberton, 311 'I'hornwaite, 44 P e m n , 14 Todd, 31 PeFina, 283 P h i l i p , 25, 26, Uhlmann, 77, 78 P i t t e r , 296 USDA F o r e s t Service, 281 P l a t e , 253 US S a l i n i t y Lab., 186 380 SUBJECT INDEX Abrasion 315 - i n hydrological da ta 262-265 Accumulation e f f e c t 277 - i n t h e inundated a re a 329 A e st h e t i c enjoyment 84 - i n t h e r e s e r v o i r environment 329-330 Agricultural Glow ing 41 - Climatic drought 49 systems 169-171, 175, 182, 184 - y i e l d 172-179 C1ima to loqical functions 45-49 Albedo 3, 270 A l k a l i hazard 187 Climate 46, 49, 50, 73 Coe ffic ie nt of Aquifer, 28, 31 - Aquatic l i f e 324-328 - deoxygenation Artificial - channel roughness 32 97-9 e f f i c i e n c y 111 - i n f i l t r a t i o n 367-368 - evaporation - - extension 105 p r e c i p i t a t i o n 371-372 - f i e l d e f f i c i e n c y 199 Balance - hydrological 5-6, 8-9, 224, 265-272 - chemical 163 - e n e r p e t i c 3-5, 164, 269-270 - o f b e n e f i t s and expenses 356 - of water resources and needs 90, 22C-225 R i ochemical - 156 c y c l e 50-53, 75 d i s i n t e g r a t i o n , 317 d e v e l o p m m~171 - he a t r e f l e c t a n c e , 46 - diffusion - 69 i r r i g a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y 189, 191 permeability 212 - r e a e r a t i o n 06-98 - re c yc ling 151 reduction 32 reflection runoff 34, 36, 282-285 s o i l q u a l i t y 172 s t o r a g e 212 Biogeoelement 51, 53-55, 294-298 Biomass 71, 77-79 - tra nsm issivity 212 - t r a n s p i r a t i o n 178 Biosphere , , 324 - v a r i a t i o n 103 - water d e l i v e r y Roiling w a t e r 157-160 Capacity - optimum - 113 - m i s t u r e - h ol d i n g 190 189, 198 - water loss 156 - water - total - yield e f f i c i e n c y 199 178 requirements 177 Carcenogens 122 conjunctive use 363-365 Capital-turnover r a t i o 352 consumers 71 Catchment a r e a consrunptive use 88-91, 180 Changes - i n f l u e n c i n g p r e c i p i t a t i o n 282 cost-sharinz method 256-258 c o s t of water 131, 138, 335, 358-361 381 C r i terium Evapotranspiration 10, 13, 15-18, 43, - of environmental p r o t e c t i o n 226 , 274 - of in-stream water u t i l i z a t i o n 227 - of withdrawal p r i o r i t i e s 227 Fairway 104-105 C r i t i c a l bottom Financial a n a l y s i s 255-258 c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y 100 Fish occurrence 327-328 Floods 52 Degree of flood control 239 Flood control 240, 330 Delta f o r m t i o n 309 Flow control 239-245 Deposition 310 Flow Depth of t h e fairway 105 - s a t u r a t e d 25 Desalination - Des t r a ti f i c a t i o n 324 - i n channel network 32 - overland 22-23 Destructors 71 unsaturated 25 Dew-point 48 Draught FreiEht turnover 107 - admissible 104 Groundwater 25-50 Drinking water 121-136 - c l a s s i f i c a t i o n 67-68 Ecosystem , , 77 Economic optimization 255-258 - Efficiency - reserve - f i l t r a t i o n 164 Guaranteed d e l i v e r y 213 - i r r i g a t i o n 189, 191 Guarantee r a t e 236-238 - a q u a t i c 7 , 324-328 - flow 40, 66 fliictuation 31 p o t e n t i a l 29-30 recharge 35 runoff 37 - f e r t i l i z i n g 192 - s a n i t a r y 193 - water use 181 E l e c t r i c a l conductivity 70 FIomeos t a s i s Hothouse e f f e c t 46 Tlydraulic conductivity 29-30, Hydrologic Energy - cycle , 8-10, 50, 71 - balance n a t u r a l , , , 12 - balance i n i n d u s t r y 164 Hydrometeorological regime 262 - FIyplimnion 319, 322 i n p u t 62 Hydrosphere 94 - r e f l e c t i o n , 270 Epilimnion 319 Index of water managanent 232 Erosion 51-53, 55, 315 Eutrophization 99 Inland water t r a n s p o r t 103-111 I n t e r c e p t i o n 21, 22, 3 , 274 Evaporation 10-18, 3 , , 46 I n f i l t r a t i o n 23-25, 3 , 40, 41, - Impact of l o s s e s 155, 156, 203 r e d i s t r i b u t i o n 306 - suppression 369 27 5-27 - a g r i c u l t u r e 271-287, 292-297 , 212 - f o r e s t r y 271-287 Multipurpose water u t i l i z a t i o n 257, 301 - i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n 287-292 - i r r i g a t i o n 305 Natural environment , 303, 324 - r e s e r v o i r 303, 330 Non-conven t ional Impact on - erosion and floods 277-281 - groundwater 282 - i c h t y o f a m a 327-328 - mesoclimate 306-309 - r a i n f a l l 282 - sediment t r a n s p o r t 309-313 - temperature 8-32 - water q u a l i t y 316 I n f i l t r a t i o n 23-25, 33, 40-41 Inland navigarion 103-111 Irrigation a n t i - f r o s t 195 f e r t i l i z i n g - 191-194 leaching - 195 - techniques 218 - water resources 222 Non-Lit i 1i z a b l e res e w e 19 N u t r i t i o n chain 97 Optimization 240, 254-256 Operating procedures 240 Oxygen - content 96 Oxygen demand - biochemical 69, 97, 102 - chemical 69 Parameters of watemay 103-106 Planning model 259-261 p r o t e c t i v e 194-195 P o l l u t i o n 29, 293-296 primary secondary - remedi a1 191- 194 requirements 188 a i r - 293, 297-299 Specifj-c d a i l y 120 water q u a l i t y 185-187 Population equivalent 166 methods 189 Iake ecological model 323 Land c l a s s i f i c a t i o n 188 l a n g e l l i e r ’ s index 129 Law o f minimum 77 Local climate 46, 73 Lockage 107-111 Long-distance conveyance 361-363 W r g i n a l t r a n s p o r t d i s t a n c e 362 Metalimion 319 Microclima te 119, 307-308 N i n e r a l i z a t i o n 62, 316 Minimum discharges 225-229 Mixing formula 316, 333 Modelling 247-251 Monolimnion 319 Porosity - e f f e c t i v e 25, 40, 212 - t o t a l 25, 212 P r e c i p i t a t i o n 19-21, 33, 36, 49 Process - aerobic 97 - anaerobic 97 Producers 71 Production process 77 Protection a g a i n s t floods 89 Protection of p i p e l i n e s 129 Rainfall-runoff process 36 Rate - of - of - guarantee 234-238 i n f i l t r a t i o n 25 of usage 231 383 Ratio ( o f ) - concentration - water consumption 151 - water l osses 152 - water re-use 149-150 - water surface 304 - withdrawals 232 - withdrawal u t i l i z a t i o n 152 sodiumadsorption 186 Raw water 127 Release - addi t i onal 240-243 Reservoir operation Reimbursement of expenses 356 Resulting u n i t m s s 316 Retention e f f e c t Return flow 90 River boards 341 River t r a i n i n 336-337 Routing of t he fairway 106 Runoff 33 - augmentation 368-371 - c o e f f i c i e n t 34, 282, 285 - groundwater - 26-32, 21 7-220 - intermediate - 37 - regul at or 46 - surface - 34, 37, 217-220 - 35 - t o t a l annual Safe y i e l d 213 S a l t tolerance 187 Sani t ary - admissible concentration 126, 296 - hazard 193 Sat urat i on 25, 63 Sediment - deposition 310-313 - t ransport 309, 339 Sedimentation 95-96 S e l f - p u r i f i c a t i o n 94-5, 99, 102 Sodium adsorption r a t i o 186 S oil - moisture 26, 42 - q u a l i t y 44, 61, 67-70, 79, 81 - regeneration 9, 336, 351 - water pote ntia l 30 - water regime 44 Storage - depression and detention - 22, 23, 33 - flood - 239 - reduction - 309-313 - underground - 363-365 Steam power water 157-160 Stokes law 95 S t o r a t i v i t y 212 Suffusion 41 System abiotic a g r i c u l t u r a l 169 a na lys is 247 - biologic a l cateffories closed-circuit - 146, 123, 145-148, 155 - de c is ion making 341 - - economic - 252 - i n d u s t r i a l 144 - m d e l l i n g 247-252 - open-circuit 145-146, 155 - operation - optimization 253-254 - root - 176 - socio-economic steam 158 - successive re-use 146 - water management - 245-247 - - Thermal s t r a t i f i c a t i o n 318-324 Toxic matter 298 Transmissivity 212 Transpiration 46 Transport capacity 309 Trap e ffic ie nc y 312 384 Trophicity 79 Was t e - f r e e technologies 167-169 - disposal 94-101 Waste water 90, 94, 144, 147, 191-194 - - categories 296 - - not s u i t a b l e f o r recycling Ib6 - - re-use and recycling 165 Water - c i r c u l a t i o n r a t i o 10 - - consumption 88-93, 149-152, 159, 181 conveyance 361-363 cooling - 15ii-157 development stages 211 d i l u t i o n - 120 drinkine - 121-136 - entering the product 145 feed - 158-159 Water losses 88, 93, 110 - i n industry 145, 149-151, 160-165 Water management - a c t i v i t i e s 343 - function of f o r e s t s - organizations 342 - paradoxes 344-346 - policy 92, 341 products 353 services 354 strategy 346-350 t a c t i c s 351 Water metering 142 - mining 152-153 - needs 221 - occurrence 1, , 88, 212 - pollution 70, 98, 111, 207-210 - pollution indicators 70, 102, 186, 22 - power 111 - pricing 138, 335, 358-361 - quality 100, 224 - rates 131, 355, 358-361 - recreation 115-120 - recycling 150-160 k t e r requirements 88, 92, 220-222 actual - - 175, 180 a g r i c u l t u r a l - - 171 domestic - - 130 f i r e extinguishing - - 136 - 138 i n l m d navigation - - 109 livestock 204, 208 lockage 108-111 maximum - - 141, 207 minimum - - 92, 141 municipal - - 120-139 - - per capita and day 131-135 - - per u n i t of production 152 physiological - - 122, plant - - 173-180 - processing - - 153-155 rural - - 120-139 urban public - - 134-189 raw - 127 re-use 133, 144-152 saving 92, 110, 133 steam power - 157-160 supplementary - 158, 161, 163 supply , 86, 88 transport 103 treatment 127-128, 153-154, 158 - use 86, 93 - - in-stream 86, 87, - - on-site 86, 93 93 Water users 86 Water uses - - non-conventional Warm - 130 Mater wastage 132, 141-142 Waterway c l a s s i f i c a t i o n 104 Water withdrawal 86-88 385 Yield - agricultural - 172-179 - economically utilizable - 217 - maximum sustained - 214 - mining - 214, 218 - natural - 215, 217 - permissive sustained - 214 - theoretical - 215, 217, 218 - technically utilizable - 215 This Page Intentionaiiy Left Blank ... Watering Water P o l l u t i o n from Agricultural Production 01 WATER BALANCE AND WATER SYSTm 3.1 CHARACTERISTICS O SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER RESOURCES F 211 3.2 SAFE YIELD 213 3.3 BALANCE O WATER. .. Control and Water TJithdrawals 330 4.6.6 Effects of River Training and @en Channel Water Conveyance Chapter 336 WATER DEVEIOPMENT AND M N G M N POLICY AAE ET 5.1 WATER MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES AND ORGANIZATIONS... Long-Distance Water Conveyance and Transportation 361 5.5.2 Conjunctive Use of Surface and Groundwater Resources 5.5.3 Groundwater Mining and A r t i f i c i a l Recharge 366 5.5.4 Watershed Management