(Luận văn) a study on epistemic modality in english inspirational speeches

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY TRỊNH MAI SƯƠNG lu an n va to ENGLISH INSPIRATIONAL SPEECHES p ie gh tn A STUDY ON EPISTEMIC MODALITY IN d oa nl w Field English Linguistics lu 8220201 nf va an Code z at nh oi lm ul Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN TRỊNH MAI SƯƠNG lu an n va gh tn to TÌNH THÁI NHẬN THỨC THỂ HIỆN TRONG p ie CÁC BÀI PHÁT BIỂU TRUYỀN CẢM HỨNG d oa nl w BẰNG TIẾNG ANH nf va an lu Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số 8220201 z at nh oi lm ul Chuyên ngành z gm @ Người hướng dẫn: PGS.TS Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền m co l an Lu n va ac th si i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that the thesis entitled A Study on Epistemic Modality in English Inspirational Speeches is my own original work I further declare that this paper has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma Any works of other authors consulted in this thesis are listed in the reference Quy Nhon, 2021 lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this graduation thesis is the result of not only my own efforts but also other assistance of organizations and individuals to whom I would like to express my deepest gratitude First of all, I am sincerely grateful to my supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Thu Hien, who has devoted her time and effort to giving critical comments and precious advice for me in spite of her huge workload Without her patience and constant encouragement during the process of conducting lu an this study, the work would never have been completed va n Secondly, my warmest thanks go to all lecturers from the Department tn to of Foreign Languages and the staff of the Department of Postgraduate ie gh Training for their valuable courses and endless support during my study at the p university nl w Last but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my d oa beloved family and friends, who have always believed in me and given me nf va this research an lu strength to overcome all the troubles I encountered during the fulfillment of z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si iii ABSTRACT Epistemic modality has been a well-researched area for decades The present paper aims to investigate the employment of epistemic means namely modal auxiliaries, modal adverbs, modal lexical verbs, modal adjectives and modal nouns in the English inspirational speeches by native speakers Both qualitative and quantitative methods are mainly used combining with descriptive methods to serve the process of data analysis In this study, 30 inspirational speeches were transcribed from the inspiring videos on Youtube lu an and Ted Talks to form the data set The data was then closely examined n va regarding the various types of epistemic markers and degrees of commitment tn to The findings indicate a clear preference for modal auxiliaries over other types gh of epistemic markers Meanwhile, modal nouns are the by far least frequent p ie type of markers in the data The examination of epistemic devices also shows w the speaker’s tendency to select devices expressing the high commitment to oa nl frame their statements with personal attitudes and opinions The issues d unfolded from this study are hoped to offer a basis for further research related lu nf va an to epistemic modality It is also expected that the thesis could contribute to a better understanding of epistemic means in communication in general and in lm ul inspirational speeches in particular z at nh oi z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iiii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii lu CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION an va 1.1 Rationale n 1.2 Aim and objectives gh tn to 1.2.1 Aim p ie 1.2.2 Objectives w 1.3 Research questions oa nl 1.4 Scope of the study d 1.5 Design of the study an lu CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW nf va 2.1 Modality lm ul 2.1.1 Definition of Modality 2.1.2 Classification of Modality z at nh oi 2.2 Epistemic Modality 2.2.1 Definition of Epistemic Modality z @ 2.2.2 Classification of Epistemic Modality 11 l gm 2.2.3 Epistemic Modality Markers 15 2.3 Theory of Motivation and Inspirational Speech 25 co m 2.3.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 25 an Lu 2.3.2 Inspirational Speech 27 n va ac th si v 2.4 A Review of Previous Study on Modality Used in Different Genres 29 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 33 3.1 Research Methods 33 3.2 Data Collection 33 3.3 Procedures 34 3.4 Data analysis 34 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 37 4.1 Frequency of EM markers in the speeches 37 lu 4.1.1 Modal Auxiliaries 38 an 4.1.2 Modal Adverbs 45 va n 4.1.3 Modal Lexical Verbs 49 4.1.5 Modal Nouns 56 ie gh tn to 4.1.4 Modal Adjectives 54 p 4.2 Degrees of commitment in the speeches 58 nl w 4.2.1 High Engagement 60 d oa 4.2.2 Medium Engagement 63 an lu 4.2.2 Low Engagement 66 nf va CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 68 5.1 Conclusions 68 lm ul 5.2 Implications 70 z at nh oi 5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research 71 REFERENCES 73 z APPENDIX m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 The possibility/ necessity notions of epistemic, deontic and dynamic modality Table 2.2 Examples of judgments and evidentials 13 Table 2.3 Epistemic markers 24 Table 4.1 Frequency and Distribution of Types of Epistemic Markers 37 lu Table 4.2 Frequency and Distribution of Epistemic Modal Auxiliaries 38 an n va Table 4.3 Frequency and Distribution of Epistemic Modal Adverbs 45 tn to Table 4.4 Frequency and Distribution of Modal Lexical Verbs 49 ie gh Table 4.5 Frequency and Distribution of Epistemic Modal Adjectives 55 p Table 4.6 Frequency and Distribution of High Engagement Markers 60 oa nl w Table 4.7 Frequency and Distribution of Medium Engagement Markers 64 d Table 4.8 Frequency and Distribution of Low Engagement Markers 66 nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 26 Figure 4.1 Distribution of types of epistemic markers 38 Figure 4.2 Distribution of levels of commitment 59 lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale In inspirational speeches, as a type of persuasive discourse, the speakers are in the business of selling their products – their own practical experience and strategies that will create a positive emotional experience for the audiences (Erika, 2020) and influence their own ideas and decisions In lu Erika’s vein, an inspirational speech is often made so as to have intended an effects on the audience: it “pushes apathy away and awakens people to new va n and exciting possibilities” They are able to transcend their limitations and tn to mundane lives to progress toward their goals Most often, inspiration is found ie gh in others who say something or something thought-provoking and p meaningful Thus, choice of words is considered as a matter of prime nl w importance in composing an inspirational speech Accordingly, to express the d oa degrees of truth and the speakers’ commitment to the truth of the utterance, an lu the speakers have an array of epistemic device which can exert an intended nf va effect on the audience This linguistic device is an important means of lm ul expressing not only interpersonal functions, but also social roles of the speaker and the hearer (Halliday, 1970) z at nh oi Because of its important role in social communication, epistemic modality (EM) has been approached experimentally by different international z gm @ scholars, (e.g Aidinlou & Mohammadpour, 2012; Baumgarten & House, 2010; Fetzer, 2014; Khosravi, 2016; Milkovich & Sitarica, 2017; Rubin, 2010; l Tôn Nữ Mỹ Nhật & Nguyễn Thị Diệu Minh, 2019) While the studies co m reported above deal mostly with specific characteristics of EM such as lexical an Lu verbs “I think”, “I don’t know”, “I mean”, or specific EM’s functions in n va ac th si 70 serve a persuasive function The use of high engagement EM markers is understood as the means to inspire full confidence to the audience, which matches one of the characteristics of inspirational speeches - persuasive Next, the inspiring speakers also make great use of the markers expressing medium engagement which ranks second position Probability, which denotes the intermediate point in the epistemic continuum, is sufficient for speakers to persuade the listeners in the safest way It can be inferred that despite the speakers’ clear interests in having the audience agree with their lu points of view, their interests not take over those of the audience an n va Contrary to the predominance of high and medium engagement, low tn to engagement appears less common It helps the speakers to be more tentative ie gh and cautious in the presentation of their propositions p 5.2 Implications nl w It is hoped that this research paper could give many helpful, valuable and d oa insightful messages to the viewers and people concerning English EM in an lu general and the use of epistemic means in communication in particular From nf va the detailed analysis of each type of EM markers, the writer expects to give more knowledge for investigators about the linguistic features of inspirational z at nh oi lm ul speeches Moreover, this study provides the learners of English with authentic models of epistemic devices as well as the strategies in drawing tentative z conclusions English learners can also benefit from this study as they can @ l gm apply expressions denoting the degrees of certainty in everyday communication and public speaking to precisely express their point of view, co m attitude, comment and assertion to an affair or event in necessary situations an Lu Besides, comprehending the use of EM as well as the levels of commitment n va ac th si 71 it denotes also helps students interpret the exact meaning each proposition conveys, which benefits not only English learners in general but also those who are studying English translation in particular 5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research The findings obtained from this study may provide a foundation for further inquiry Although the research has reached its aims, there remain some unavoidable limitations which need to be acknowledged and addressed in future research lu an Firstly, since modality is a broad and abstract field, the thesis just focuses n va on its semantic aspect with an analysis of five among nine means of EM in tn to English as Palmer’s (2003) classification, namely modal auxiliaries, lexical ie gh verbs, adjectives, adverbials and nouns This is probably not helpful so much p for scholars who want to investigate thoroughly on nine exponents of EM including idioms, particles, mood and prosody Therefore, in-depth analyses nl w d oa in the future could be conducted to cover all epistemic means of EM an lu Secondly, the lack of the comparison between the employment of nf va epistemic markers of native and non-native inspiring speakers prevented me from reaching more concrete conclusions about the use of EM in inspirational lm ul speeches Future analyses could therefore focus on the similarities and z at nh oi differences in using epistemic means of both native and non-native English speakers It would also be interesting for researchers to undertake an z investigation into the distribution of EM in the English transcriptions and @ gm Vietnamese translational equivalents of inspirational speeches to examine m certainty the English originals convey or not co l whether the Vietnamese versions could precisely express the degrees of an Lu Finally, due to the limited time allotted to a master thesis, the sample n va ac th si 72 collection is just 30 inspiring videos As a result, this study cannot generalize all linguistic features expressing EM of inspirational genre It is advisable for researchers to conduct a large-scale examination on the use of EM in inspirational speeches lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si 73 REFERENCES Vietnamese materials Nguyễn Văn Hiệp (2008) Cơ Sở Ngữ Nghĩa Phân Tích Cú Pháp Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Giáo Dục Ngũ Thiện Hùng (2003) Khảo sát phương tiện từ vựng, ngữ pháp biểu đạt tính tình thái nhận thức tiếng Anh tiếng Việt (Doctoral lu dissertation) Retrieved from National Library of Viet Nam an English materials va n Aidinlou, N A., & Mohammadpour, S (2012) An investigation of epistemic to 729-737 p ie gh tn modality in literary texts International J Soc Sci & Education, 2(4), w Baumgarten, N & House, J (2010) I think and I don’t know in English as oa nl lingua franca and native English discourse Journal of Pragmatics, 42, d 1184-1200 doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.09.018 lu nf va an Bellert, I (1977) On Semantic and Distributional Properties of Sentential Adverbs Linguistic Inquiry lm ul Bolinger, D (1967) 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New York, n va ac th si 79 Perkins, M (1983) Modal expressions in English London: Frances Pinter Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G & Startvik, J (1985) A comprehensive grammar of the English language New York: Longman Rubin, V L (2010) Epistemic modality: From uncertainty to certainty in the context of information seeking as interactions with texts Information Processing and Management, 46, 533-540 doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2010.02.006 Simpson, P (1993) Language, ideology and point of view British Library lu an Catalogue va n Smith, S & Jucker, A (2000) Actually and other markers of an apparent to In Andersen, G & Fretheim, T (Eds.), Pragmatic Markers and ie gh tn discrepancy between propositional attitudes of conversational partners p Propositional Attitude (pp 207-238) Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John nl w Benjamins Publishing Company d oa Souders, B (2021, February 15) 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in an lu Psychology Retrieved from https://positivepsychology.com/motivation- nf va theories-psychology/ JULISA, 11(2), 156-179 z at nh oi lm ul Suhadi, J (2011) Epistemic and deontic modality: Two sides of a coin Thrash, T M., & Elliot, A J (2004) Inspiration: Core Characteristics, Personality and Antecedents, Social and Function Psychology, Journal 87, of 957-973 gm @ Processes, z Component https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.957 l m co Tôn Nữ Mỹ Nhật, & Nguyễn Thị Diệu Minh (2019) Epistemic modality in Urmson, J (1952) Parenthetical verbs Mind, 61, 480–496 an Lu TED talks on education VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 35(4), 75-91 n va ac th si 80 Vázquez, I., & Giner, D (2008) Beyond mood and modality: Epistemic modality markers as hedges in research articles A cross-disciplinary study Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, 21, 171-190 Verstraete, J (2001) Subjective and objective modality: Interpersonal and ideational functions in the English modal auxiliary system Journal of Pragmatics, 33, 1505–1528 Vold, E.T (2006) Epistemic modality markers in research articles: a crosslinguistic and crossdisciplinary study International Journal of Applied lu an Linguistics, 16(1), 61-87 n va Woo, C (2005, July 6) What is an Inspirational Speech? Retrieved from tn to https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-inspirational-speech-dr-chris-woo/ ie gh Yang, X (2018) A corpus-based study of modal verbs in Chinese learners’ p academic writing English Language Teaching, 11(2), 122-130 d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si AP.1 APPENDIX Data Sources: List of 30 English inspirational speeches Code Title Speaker Source S1 Jim Rohn https://www.youtube.com/ Start Fresh Everyday watch?v=cPfGVM9DE9I S2 Wake Up Your Jim Rohn https://www.youtube.com/ Potential lu S3 watch?v=z3YIujKhYkc an Focus On Yourself Jim Rohn https://www.youtube.com/ n va watch?v=iIn0GnQU5kk How Everyone Can tn to S4 https://www.youtube.com/ Make Their Dreams p ie gh watch?v=3EOlBRdBzZE Reality How to Live Before Steve Jobs https://www.youtube.com/ nl w S5 Tom Oliver watch?v=G3JBOJ9Ajp4 The Benefits Of Failure JK Rowling https://www.youtube.com/ an lu S6 d oa You Die How to Stop A Bully Never Give Up Nick Vujicic https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=jkZizIN5aEg&t= z at nh oi lm ul S8 nf va S7 watch?v=kM8HJPbFnJg 4s Nick Vujicic https://www.youtube.com/ z Nick Vujicic https://www.youtube.com/ l Hopelessness watch?v=6P2nPI6CTlc How Hope Can Change Amy Downs https://www.youtube.com/ m co an Lu S10 Overcoming gm @ S9 watch?v=wBCfxhyEDB0 n va ac th si AP.2 Your Life S11 S12 S13 watch?v=UhMGxmzvxoY Fabienne https://www.youtube.com/ Potential for Greatness Fredrickson watch?v=Tpy-NQx8owg Pursuing Happiness Richard https://www.youtube.com/ Layard watch?v=0OfxvQ2aROs Denzel https://www.youtube.com/ Washington watch?v=DrSJwjVSYqs Denzel https://www.youtube.com/ Washington watch?v=JEFbfwg9dek Peter Sage https://www.youtube.com/ Change Your Year S14 lu Activating Your Fall Forward an va n S15 How to Become Your to gh tn Best When Life Gives You Its Worst p ie How to Eliminate Self Peter Sage https://www.youtube.com/ w S16 watch?v=I4svF7J6MWg watch?v=v1ojZKWfShQ oa nl Doubt Forever & The d Power of Your lu S17 nf va an Unconscious Mind Stop Waiting for Life to Peter Sage Why We Do What We Do The Energy of Thought Tony https://www.youtube.com/ Robbins watch?v=YUcjNtLFqsI Penny Zenker https://www.youtube.com/ z S19 watch?v=11RKiZ1S0e4 z at nh oi S18 lm ul Happen https://www.youtube.com/ S20 l gm @ watch?v=lrQ5MJw3mss Elizabeth https://www.ted.com/talks The Drive to Gilbert /elizabeth_gilbert_success m an Lu Keep Creating co Success, Failure and _failure_and_the_drive_to n va ac th si AP.3 _keep_creating S21 Living Beyond Limits Amy Purdy https://www.ted.com/talks /amy_purdy_living_beyon d_limits S22 Good Leaders Make Simon Sinek https://www.youtube.com/ You Feel Safe lu S23 watch?v=lmyZMtPVodo How Great Leaders Simon Sinek https://www.youtube.com/ an Inspire Action va n S24 watch?v=qp0HIF3SfI4 How to Buy Happiness https://www.ted.com/talks Norton /michael_norton_how_to_ gh tn to Michael Inside the Mind of a Tim Urban https://www.ted.com/talks w S25 p ie buy_happiness /tim_urban_inside_the_mi oa nl Master Procrastinator d nd_of_a_master_procrasti lu S26 nf va an nator The Power of Passion Why Aren’t We John richard-st-john-the-power- AnneMarie https://www.youtube.com/ Rossi watch?v=-yJPcdiLEkI John richard-st-john-why-it- m Hard https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ co Richard St l Why It Pays to Work gm @ Mindfulness S28 of-passion z Teaching You https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ z at nh oi lm ul S27 Richard St an Lu pays-to-work-hard n va ac th si AP.4 S29 Traits of Successful Richard St https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ People John richard-st-john-8-traits-ofsuccessful-people S30 30 seconds to Phil Boissiere https://www.youtube.com/ mindfulness watch?v=ad7HqXEc2Sc lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si