(LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ) a study on epistemic modality in english inspirational speeches

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY TRỊNH MAI SƯƠNG A STUDY ON EPISTEMIC MODALITY IN ENGLISH INSPIRATIONAL SPEECHES Field English Linguistics Code 8220201 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền download by : skknchat@gmail.com BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN TRỊNH MAI SƯƠNG TÌNH THÁI NHẬN THỨC THỂ HIỆN TRONG CÁC BÀI PHÁT BIỂU TRUYỀN CẢM HỨNG BẰNG TIẾNG ANH Chuyên ngành Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số 8220201 Người hướng dẫn: PGS.TS Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền download by : skknchat@gmail.com i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that the thesis entitled A Study on Epistemic Modality in English Inspirational Speeches is my own original work I further declare that this paper has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma Any works of other authors consulted in this thesis are listed in the reference Quy Nhon, 2021 download by : skknchat@gmail.com ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this graduation thesis is the result of not only my own efforts but also other assistance of organizations and individuals to whom I would like to express my deepest gratitude First of all, I am sincerely grateful to my supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Thu Hien, who has devoted her time and effort to giving critical comments and precious advice for me in spite of her huge workload Without her patience and constant encouragement during the process of conducting this study, the work would never have been completed Secondly, my warmest thanks go to all lecturers from the Department of Foreign Languages and the staff of the Department of Postgraduate Training for their valuable courses and endless support during my study at the university Last but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my beloved family and friends, who have always believed in me and given me strength to overcome all the troubles I encountered during the fulfillment of this research download by : skknchat@gmail.com iii ABSTRACT Epistemic modality has been a well-researched area for decades The present paper aims to investigate the employment of epistemic means namely modal auxiliaries, modal adverbs, modal lexical verbs, modal adjectives and modal nouns in the English inspirational speeches by native speakers Both qualitative and quantitative methods are mainly used combining with descriptive methods to serve the process of data analysis In this study, 30 inspirational speeches were transcribed from the inspiring videos on Youtube and Ted Talks to form the data set The data was then closely examined regarding the various types of epistemic markers and degrees of commitment The findings indicate a clear preference for modal auxiliaries over other types of epistemic markers Meanwhile, modal nouns are the by far least frequent type of markers in the data The examination of epistemic devices also shows the speaker’s tendency to select devices expressing the high commitment to frame their statements with personal attitudes and opinions The issues unfolded from this study are hoped to offer a basis for further research related to epistemic modality It is also expected that the thesis could contribute to a better understanding of epistemic means in communication in general and in inspirational speeches in particular download by : skknchat@gmail.com iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iiii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aim and objectives 1.2.1 Aim 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Design of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Modality 2.1.1 Definition of Modality 2.1.2 Classification of Modality 2.2 Epistemic Modality 2.2.1 Definition of Epistemic Modality 2.2.2 Classification of Epistemic Modality 11 2.2.3 Epistemic Modality Markers 15 2.3 Theory of Motivation and Inspirational Speech 25 2.3.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 25 2.3.2 Inspirational Speech 27 download by : skknchat@gmail.com v 2.4 A Review of Previous Study on Modality Used in Different Genres 29 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 33 3.1 Research Methods 33 3.2 Data Collection 33 3.3 Procedures 34 3.4 Data analysis 34 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 37 4.1 Frequency of EM markers in the speeches 37 4.1.1 Modal Auxiliaries 38 4.1.2 Modal Adverbs 45 4.1.3 Modal Lexical Verbs 49 4.1.4 Modal Adjectives 54 4.1.5 Modal Nouns 56 4.2 Degrees of commitment in the speeches 58 4.2.1 High Engagement 60 4.2.2 Medium Engagement 63 4.2.2 Low Engagement 66 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 68 5.1 Conclusions 68 5.2 Implications 70 5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research 71 REFERENCES 73 APPENDIX download by : skknchat@gmail.com vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 The possibility/ necessity notions of epistemic, deontic and dynamic modality Table 2.2 Examples of judgments and evidentials 13 Table 2.3 Epistemic markers 24 Table 4.1 Frequency and Distribution of Types of Epistemic Markers 37 Table 4.2 Frequency and Distribution of Epistemic Modal Auxiliaries 38 Table 4.3 Frequency and Distribution of Epistemic Modal Adverbs 45 Table 4.4 Frequency and Distribution of Modal Lexical Verbs 49 Table 4.5 Frequency and Distribution of Epistemic Modal Adjectives 55 Table 4.6 Frequency and Distribution of High Engagement Markers 60 Table 4.7 Frequency and Distribution of Medium Engagement Markers 64 Table 4.8 Frequency and Distribution of Low Engagement Markers 66 download by : skknchat@gmail.com vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 26 Figure 4.1 Distribution of types of epistemic markers 38 Figure 4.2 Distribution of levels of commitment 59 download by : skknchat@gmail.com CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale In inspirational speeches, as a type of persuasive discourse, the speakers are in the business of selling their products – their own practical experience and strategies that will create a positive emotional experience for the audiences (Erika, 2020) and influence their own ideas and decisions In Erika’s vein, an inspirational speech is often made so as to have intended effects on the audience: it “pushes apathy away and awakens people to new and exciting possibilities” They are able to transcend their limitations and mundane lives to progress toward their goals Most often, inspiration is found in others who say something or something thought-provoking and meaningful Thus, choice of words is considered as a matter of prime importance in composing an inspirational speech Accordingly, to express the degrees of truth and the speakers’ commitment to the truth of the utterance, the speakers have an array of epistemic device which can exert an intended effect on the audience This linguistic device is an important means of expressing not only interpersonal functions, but also social roles of the speaker and the hearer (Halliday, 1970) Because of its important role in social communication, epistemic modality (EM) has been approached experimentally by different international scholars, (e.g Aidinlou & Mohammadpour, 2012; Baumgarten & House, 2010; Fetzer, 2014; Khosravi, 2016; Milkovich & Sitarica, 2017; Rubin, 2010; Tôn Nữ Mỹ Nhật & Nguyễn Thị Diệu Minh, 2019) While the studies reported above deal mostly with specific characteristics of EM such as lexical verbs “I think”, “I don’t know”, “I mean”, or specific EM’s functions in download by : skknchat@gmail.com 70 serve a persuasive function The use of high engagement EM markers is understood as the means to inspire full confidence to the audience, which matches one of the characteristics of inspirational speeches - persuasive Next, the inspiring speakers also make great use of the markers expressing medium engagement which ranks second position Probability, which denotes the intermediate point in the epistemic continuum, is sufficient for speakers to persuade the listeners in the safest way It can be inferred that despite the speakers’ clear interests in having the audience agree with their points of view, their interests not take over those of the audience Contrary to the predominance of high and medium engagement, low engagement appears less common It helps the speakers to be more tentative and cautious in the presentation of their propositions 5.2 Implications It is hoped that this research paper could give many helpful, valuable and insightful messages to the viewers and people concerning English EM in general and the use of epistemic means in communication in particular From the detailed analysis of each type of EM markers, the writer expects to give more knowledge for investigators about the linguistic features of inspirational speeches Moreover, this study provides the learners of English with authentic models of epistemic devices as well as the strategies in drawing tentative conclusions English learners can also benefit from this study as they can apply expressions denoting the degrees of certainty in everyday communication and public speaking to precisely express their point of view, attitude, comment and assertion to an affair or event in necessary situations Besides, comprehending the use of EM as well as the levels of commitment download by : skknchat@gmail.com 71 it denotes also helps students interpret the exact meaning each proposition conveys, which benefits not only English learners in general but also those who are studying English translation in particular 5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research The findings obtained from this study may provide a foundation for further inquiry Although the research has reached its aims, there remain some unavoidable limitations which need to be acknowledged and addressed in future research Firstly, since modality is a broad and abstract field, the thesis just focuses on its semantic aspect with an analysis of five among nine means of EM in English as Palmer’s (2003) classification, namely modal auxiliaries, lexical verbs, adjectives, adverbials and nouns This is probably not helpful so much for scholars who want to investigate thoroughly on nine exponents of EM including idioms, particles, mood and prosody Therefore, in-depth analyses in the future could be conducted to cover all epistemic means of EM Secondly, the lack of the comparison between the employment of epistemic markers of native and non-native inspiring speakers prevented me from reaching more concrete conclusions about the use of EM in inspirational speeches Future analyses could therefore focus on the similarities and differences in using epistemic means of both native and non-native English speakers It would also be interesting for researchers to undertake an investigation into the distribution of EM in the English transcriptions and Vietnamese translational equivalents of inspirational speeches to examine whether the Vietnamese versions could precisely express the degrees of certainty the English originals convey or not Finally, due to the limited time allotted to a master thesis, the sample download by : skknchat@gmail.com 72 collection is just 30 inspiring videos As a result, this study cannot generalize all linguistic features expressing EM of inspirational genre It is advisable for researchers to conduct a large-scale examination on the use of EM in inspirational speeches download by : skknchat@gmail.com 73 REFERENCES Vietnamese materials Nguyễn Văn Hiệp (2008) Cơ Sở Ngữ Nghĩa Phân Tích Cú Pháp Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Giáo Dục Ngũ Thiện Hùng (2003) Khảo sát phương tiện từ vựng, ngữ pháp biểu đạt tính tình thái nhận thức tiếng Anh tiếng Việt (Doctoral dissertation) Retrieved from National Library of Viet Nam English materials Aidinlou, N A., & Mohammadpour, S (2012) An investigation of epistemic modality in literary texts International J Soc Sci & Education, 2(4), 729-737 Baumgarten, N & House, J (2010) I think and I don’t know in English as lingua franca and native English discourse Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 1184-1200 doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.09.018 Bellert, I 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New York: Routledge Hardjanto, T., & Mazia, N (2019) “We believe in democracy…”: Epistemic Modality in Justin Trudeau’s Political Speeches Jurnal Humaniora, 31, 130 https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.v31i2.44948 download by : skknchat@gmail.com 76 Hinck, E A & Hinck, S S (2002) Politeness strategies in the 1992 vicepresidential and presidential debates Argumentation and Advocacy, 38, 234-251 Holman, R (July 5, 2017) The Important Difference Between Inspiration and Motivation Retrieved from https://www.robbholman.com/2017/07/05/the-important-differencebetween-inspiration-and-motivation/ Holmes, J (1983) Speaking English with the appropriate degree of conviction In C Brumfit (Ed.), Learning and teaching languages for communication: Applied linguistic perspectives London: CILT Hoye, L (1997) Adverbs and modality in English London: Longman Huddleston, R & Pullum, G K (2002) The Cambridge grammar of the English language Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Kantorgorje, C K., Israel, P C., & Mwinwelle, P (2021) Epistemic Modality in Selected Presidential Inaugurals in Ghana Open Journal of Social Sciences, 9, 154-168 doi.org/10.4236/jss.2021.96013 Khosravi, M (2016) Epistemic modality in Iranian EFL learners’ written performance International Conference on Literature and Linguistics Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/28702318/Epistemic_Modality_in_Iranian_E FL learners_written_performance Kulo, L (2009) Linguistic Features in Political Speeches: How Language Can be used to Impose Certain Moral or Ethical Values on People (Bachelor Thesis) Lulea University of Technology, Sweden Retrieved from http://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:1028973/FULLTEXT01.pdf download by : skknchat@gmail.com 77 Latif, E A (2016) Analysing Political Speeches: Rhetoric, Discourse and Metaphor Metaphor and Symbol, 31(4), 250- 252 https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2016.1223462 Leech, G., & Svartvik, J (1975) A communicative grammar of English Harlow: Longman Letica, S (2009) Use of epistemic modality by non-native speakers of English In R Lugossy, J Horváth, & M Nikolov (eds), UPRT 2008: Empirical studies in English applied linguistics (pp.119-134) Pécs: Lingua Franca Csoport Lillian, D 2008 Modality, Persuasion and Manipulation in Canadian Conservative Discourse East Carolina University Retrieved from http://cadaad.net/files/journal/CADAAD2-1-Lillian-2008Modality_Persuasion_And_Manipulation_In_Canadian_Conservative_D iscourse.pdf Locke, E A (1976) The nature and consequences of job satisfaction In M.D Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp 1297 - 1350) Chicago: Rand-Mcnally Lyons, J (1977) Semantics (Vol 2) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Martin, P M (2001) Epistemic modality in English and Spanish psychological texts Revista de Lenguas para Fines Específicos, 8, 197208 Maslow, A.H (1943) A theory of human motivation Psychological Review 50(1), 370-396 Mifka-Profozic, N (2017) Processing epistemic modality in a second language: A self-paced reading study International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 55(3), 245-264 download by : skknchat@gmail.com 78 Milkovich, M & Sitarica, A (2017) Epistemic modality in political discourse Social Studies and Humanities, 3(1), 75-79 doi.org/10.18413/2408932X-2017-3-1-75-79 Nguyễn Hòa (2004) Understanding English Semantics Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội Nguyễn Thị Thu Hạnh (2014) Epistemic Markers in Conan Doyle’s Detective Stories and Vietnamese Translational Equivalents (Unpublished master’s thesis) Quy Nhon University, Viet Nam Nuyts, J (2000) Epistemic modality, language and conceptualization A cognitive-pragmatic perspective Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Nuyts, J (2006) Modality: Overview and linguistic issues In W Frawley (ed.), The expression of modality (pp.1-26) Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter Olaniyan, K.K., & Adeniji, A (2015) Modality in statement of objectives in arts-based research article abstracts British Journal of English Linguistics, 3(1), 42-51 Palmer, F R (1986) Mood and modality Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Palmer, F R (2001) Mood and modality (2nd ed.) 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New York, USA: Routledge download by : skknchat@gmail.com 79 Perkins, M (1983) Modal expressions in English London: Frances Pinter Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G & Startvik, J (1985) A comprehensive grammar of the English language New York: Longman Rubin, V L (2010) Epistemic modality: From uncertainty to certainty in the context of information seeking as interactions with texts Information Processing and Management, 46, 533-540 doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2010.02.006 Simpson, P (1993) Language, ideology and point of view British Library Catalogue Smith, S & Jucker, A (2000) Actually and other markers of an apparent discrepancy between propositional attitudes of conversational partners In Andersen, G & Fretheim, T (Eds.), Pragmatic Markers and Propositional Attitude (pp 207-238) Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company Souders, B (2021, February 15) 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology Retrieved from https://positivepsychology.com/motivationtheories-psychology/ Suhadi, J (2011) Epistemic and deontic modality: Two sides of a coin JULISA, 11(2), 156-179 Thrash, T M., & Elliot, A J (2004) Inspiration: Core Characteristics, Component Processes, Personality and Antecedents, Social and Function Psychology, 87, Journal of 957-973 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.957 Tôn Nữ Mỹ Nhật, & Nguyễn Thị Diệu Minh (2019) Epistemic modality in TED talks on education VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 35(4), 75-91 Urmson, J (1952) Parenthetical verbs Mind, 61, 480–496 download by : skknchat@gmail.com 80 Vázquez, I., & Giner, D (2008) Beyond mood and modality: Epistemic modality markers as hedges in research articles A cross-disciplinary study Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, 21, 171-190 Verstraete, J (2001) Subjective and objective modality: Interpersonal and ideational functions in the English modal auxiliary system Journal of Pragmatics, 33, 1505–1528 Vold, E.T (2006) Epistemic modality markers in research articles: a crosslinguistic and crossdisciplinary study International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 16(1), 61-87 Woo, C (2005, July 6) What is an Inspirational Speech? Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-inspirational-speech-dr-chris-woo/ Yang, X (2018) A corpus-based study of modal verbs in Chinese learners’ academic writing English Language Teaching, 11(2), 122-130 download by : skknchat@gmail.com AP.1 APPENDIX Data Sources: List of 30 English inspirational speeches Code Title Speaker Source S1 Jim Rohn https://www.youtube.com/ Start Fresh Everyday watch?v=cPfGVM9DE9I S2 Wake Up Your Jim Rohn Potential S3 Focus On Yourself https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=z3YIujKhYkc Jim Rohn https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=iIn0GnQU5kk S4 How Everyone Can Tom Oliver Make Their Dreams https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=3EOlBRdBzZE Reality S5 S6 How to Live Before Steve Jobs https://www.youtube.com/ You Die watch?v=G3JBOJ9Ajp4 The Benefits Of Failure JK Rowling https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=kM8HJPbFnJg S7 How to Stop A Bully Nick Vujicic https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=jkZizIN5aEg&t= 4s S8 Never Give Up Nick Vujicic https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=wBCfxhyEDB0 S9 S10 Overcoming Nick Vujicic https://www.youtube.com/ Hopelessness watch?v=6P2nPI6CTlc How Hope Can Change Amy Downs https://www.youtube.com/ download by : skknchat@gmail.com AP.2 Your Life S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 watch?v=UhMGxmzvxoY Activating Your Fabienne https://www.youtube.com/ Potential for Greatness Fredrickson watch?v=Tpy-NQx8owg Pursuing Happiness Richard https://www.youtube.com/ Layard watch?v=0OfxvQ2aROs Denzel https://www.youtube.com/ Washington watch?v=DrSJwjVSYqs Denzel https://www.youtube.com/ Washington watch?v=JEFbfwg9dek Peter Sage https://www.youtube.com/ Change Your Year Fall Forward How to Become Your Best When Life Gives watch?v=I4svF7J6MWg You Its Worst S16 How to Eliminate Self Peter Sage Doubt Forever & The https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=v1ojZKWfShQ Power of Your Unconscious Mind S17 S18 S19 Stop Waiting for Life to Peter Sage https://www.youtube.com/ Happen watch?v=11RKiZ1S0e4 Why We Do What We Tony https://www.youtube.com/ Do Robbins watch?v=YUcjNtLFqsI The Energy of Thought Penny Zenker https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=lrQ5MJw3mss S20 Success, Failure and Elizabeth https://www.ted.com/talks The Drive to Gilbert /elizabeth_gilbert_success Keep Creating _failure_and_the_drive_to download by : skknchat@gmail.com AP.3 _keep_creating S21 Living Beyond Limits Amy Purdy https://www.ted.com/talks /amy_purdy_living_beyon d_limits S22 Good Leaders Make Simon Sinek You Feel Safe S23 How Great Leaders watch?v=lmyZMtPVodo Simon Sinek Inspire Action S24 How to Buy Happiness https://www.youtube.com/ https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=qp0HIF3SfI4 Michael https://www.ted.com/talks Norton /michael_norton_how_to_ buy_happiness S25 Inside the Mind of a Tim Urban Master Procrastinator https://www.ted.com/talks /tim_urban_inside_the_mi nd_of_a_master_procrasti nator S26 The Power of Passion Richard St https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ John richard-st-john-the-powerof-passion S27 Why Aren’t We AnneMarie https://www.youtube.com/ Teaching You Rossi watch?v=-yJPcdiLEkI Why It Pays to Work Richard St https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ Hard John richard-st-john-why-it- Mindfulness S28 pays-to-work-hard download by : skknchat@gmail.com AP.4 S29 Traits of Successful Richard St https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ People John richard-st-john-8-traits-ofsuccessful-people S30 30 seconds to mindfulness Phil Boissiere https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ad7HqXEc2Sc download by : skknchat@gmail.com ... modal auxiliaries, modal adverbs, modal lexical verbs, modal adjectives and modal nouns in the English inspirational speeches by native speakers Both qualitative and quantitative methods are mainly... emotional videos of speeches are delivered via Internet by renowned inspiring speakers This has generated my motivation to conduct a study on ? ?Epistemic Modality in English Inspirational Speeches? ??... researcher’s findings based on the analysis of the data Chapter 5, Conclusion, consists of the summary of main findings on which conclusions are based, implications, limitations of the research and suggestions