Screening the antagonistic ability to pathogenic microorganisms and researching biochemical characteristics of streptomycetes sp vnua23

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY - - GRADUATION THESIS TITTLE: “SCREENING THE ANTAGONISTIC ABILITY TO PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS AND RESEARCHING BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STREPTOMYCETES SP VNUA23” Hanoi – 2022 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY - - GRADUATION THESIS TITTLE: “SCREENING THE ANTAGONISTIC ABILITY TO PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS AND RESEARCHING BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STREPTOMYCETES SP VNUA23” Practicing student’s name : NGUYEN BINH NAM Class : K62-CNSHE Student’s code : 620443 Supervisor : Dr TRỊNH XUÂN HOẠT MSc TRẦN THỊ HỒNG HẠNH Major : Microbial Technology Hanoi – 2022 ii COMMITMENT I hereby declare that the data and research results in this thesis are true and not copy the results of any previous graduate reports Graduation thesis with references to documents, citation information is indicated in the references section Hanoi, March 15th, 2022 Sincerely Nguyen Binh Nam iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher who gave me the golden opportunity to this wonderful project on the topic, which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to him Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and best friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame My completion of this project could not have been accomplished without the support of them At last but not least, I am thankful to all my teachers and friends who have been always helping and encouraging me though out the year I have no valuable words to express my thanks, but my heart is still full of the favours received from every person Hanoi, March 15th, 2022 Sincerely Nguyen Binh Nam iv INDEX COMMITMENT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv INDEX v LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix ABSTRACT x PART I INTRODUCTION I Introduction 1.1 Problem .1 1.2 Research purpose PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of plant pathogens 2.1.1 Overview of plant pathogenic fungi 2.1.2 Over view of plant pathogenic bacteria 10 2.2 Overview of Actinobacteria 18 2.2.1 General introduction to Actinomycetes 18 2.2.2 Overview of Streptomyces 20 PART III MATERIALS AND METHODS 28 3.1 Materials 28 3.1.1 Location and time of the study 28 3.1.2 Materials 28 3.1.3 Equipments 28 3.1.4 Medium 29 3.2 Methods 29 3.2.1 Screening the antagonistic ability of Streptomyces sp VNUA23 to pathogenic organisms .29 v 3.2.2 Biochemical characteristics of Streptomyces sp VNUA 23 30 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 40 4.1 Screening and the antagonistic ability of Streptomyces sp VNUA 23 40 4.1.1 Antifungal 40 4.1.2 Antibacterial 41 4.2 Biochemical properties of Streptomyces sp VNUA23 42 4.2.1 Ability to produce extracellular enzymes 42 4.2.2 Ability to produce IAA 43 4.2.3 Ability to produce hydro sulfide 45 4.2.4 Ability to produce indole .46 4.2.5 Methyl red test .47 4.2.6 Voges–Proskauer test 48 4.2.7 Ability to utilize citrate 49 4.2.8 Ability to hydrolize gelatin 49 4.2.9 Ability to solubilize phosphate 50 4.2.10 Ability to produce urease 51 4.2.11 Ability to produce siderophore 52 4.2.12 Ability to reduce nitrate .53 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND PROPOSAL 54 5.1 Conclusion 55 5.2 Proposal 55 REFFERENCES 56 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 The ability to use different carbon sources of actinomycetes VNUA23 25 Table 3.1 Ingredients for medium 31 Table 3.2 Standard IAA Solution Composition 32 Table 3.3 Ingrediants for Indole test 34 Table Gelatin hydrolysis medium 36 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Morphological characteristics of VNUA23 23 Figure 2.2 Morphology of the fiber (A), Spore and spore production (B and C) of VNUA23 23 Figure 2.3 Inoculation of VNUA23 on ISP6 medium after days of culture 24 Figure 2.4 The ability to grow of VNUA23 at 20, 30, 37, 40, 45 and 50℃ 24 Figure 4.1 Antifungal activity of VNUA23 against C Gloeosporioides (55.56%) 40 Figure 4.2 Antifungal activity of VNUA23 agaisnt F.solani (HT39) (37.50%) 40 Figure 4.3 Antibacterial activity of VNUA23 against Xanthomonas axonopodis(a); Clavibacter michiganesis(b) and Ralstonia solanacearum(c) 41 Figure 4.4 Results of six differences enzyme activity: (a) Catalase, (b) Protease, (c) pectinase, (d) Amylase, (e) Cellulase, (f) Chitinase 43 Figure 4.5 IAA standard curve 43 Figure 4.6 Result of IAA test 44 Figure 4.7 Result of sulphur reduction test 46 Figure 4.8 Result of Indole test 46 Figure 4.9 Result of MR test 47 Figure 4.10 Result of VP test 48 Figure 4.11 Result of citrate test 49 Figure 4.12 Result of gelatinase test 50 Figure 4.13 Result of phosphorus solubilizing ability 51 Figure 4.14 Result of Urearase test 51 Figure 4.15 Result of Siderophore test 53 Figure 4.16 Result of Nitrate test 54 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Full word Approx Approximately Spp Several species FSSC Fusarium solani species complex F.solani Fusarium solani Sp specie SDS sudden death syndrome C gloeosporioides colletotrichum gloeosporioides C higginsianum Colletotrichum higginsianum C acutatum Colletotrichum acutatum pv Pathovar R solanacearum ralstonia solanacearum Cmm Clavibacter michiganensis sp michiganensis ix ABSTRACT For the purpose of the study, to investigate the antagonism ability of VNUA23 with some pathogenic bacteria of plants and animals for application in bio-fertilizer production, I conducted a survey on the antagonism ability of VNUA23 with bacteria causing disease and pathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis, Rastonia solanacearum, Clavibacter michiganensis and also surveying other biochemical characteristics such as production of Siderophore, IAA, , ability to degrade insoluble phosphate or produce extracellular enzymes that can be applied in the production of microbial fertilizers of VNUA23 From the material source is Streptomyces sp VNUA23 at the Vietnam National University of Agriculture, I activated and stored VNUA23 on Gause I and ISP2 medium to survey experiments Streptomyces sp VNUA23 has almost no antagonism against Xanthomonas axonopodis, Rastonia solanacearum, Clavibacter michiganensis but has the ability to antagonize Fusarium solani and Collectotrichum gloeosporioides In addition, VNUA23 also has the ability to degrade insoluble phosphate, produce siderophore and many other enzymes x of vertebrate connective tissue The result shows that VNUA23 can produce gelatinase VNUA23 Control Figure 4.12 Result of gelatinase test 4.2.9 Ability to solubilize phosphate Phosphorus (P) is a macronutrient required for the proper functioning of plants Because P plays a vital role in every aspect of plant growth and development, deficiencies can reduce plant growth and development Though soil possesses total P in the form of organic and inorganic compounds, most of them remain inactive and thus unavailable to plants Since many farmers cannot afford to use P fertilizers to reduce P deficits, alternative techniques to provide P are needed Phosphate solubilizing microbes (PSMs) are a group of beneficial microorganisms capable of hydrolyzing organic and inorganic insoluble phosphorus compounds to soluble P form that can easily be assimilated by plants PSM provides an ecofriendly and economically sound approach to overcome the P scarcity and its subsequent uptake by plants (Kalayu, 2019) VNUA23 has ability to solubilizing phosphate 50 Figure 4.13 Result of phosphorus solubilizing ability 4.2.10 Ability to produce urease The enzyme urearase is responsible for the breakdown of urea, which increases soil pH by producing NH3, which is weakly basic, and CO2 The results showed that the culture medium of VNUA23 turned pink, indicating that VNUA23 produced urease enzyme VNUA 23 Control Figure 4.14 Result of Urearase test 51 4.2.11 Ability to produce siderophore Iron is an essential nutrient for the host as well as for most microbes In the host, free iron levels are extremely low, as the metal is largely bound to proteins, and iron is further limited during infection through a process known as nutritional immunity To overcome nutritional immunity, some bacteria and fungi produce siderophores, which are small molecules that chelate iron (Behnsen & Raffatellu, 2016) Siderophores have been suggested to be an environmentally friendly alternative to hazardous pesticides (Schenk et al., 2012) It has been known for more than three decades that different Pseudomonas species can improve plant growth by producing siderophores (pyoverdines) and/or by protecting them from pathogens, and thus this group of bacteria was classified as plant growth-promoting bacteria (Kloepper et al., 1980; Gamalero and Glick, 2011) In addition to pseudomonads, other bacteria such as Azadirachta indica which produce ferrioxamines could contribute into plant Fe nutrition and promote the root and shoot growth (Siebner-Freibach et al., 2003; Verma et al., 2011) Mycorrhizal fungi can also be used as biofertilizers to enhance plant growth Mycorrhizal sorghum plants were shown to take up higher concentrations of Fe than nonmycorrhizal plants (Caris et al., 1998) It is suggested that the ectomycorrhizal fungi associations in plant nutrition depend on fungal siderophores (Van Schöll et al., 2008) Recently, the plant growth-promoting activities of fungi were investigated, and siderophores produced by Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum and Trichoderma harzianum were found to increase the shoot and root lengths of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) (Yadav et al., 2011) Furthermore, the significant role of siderophores in the biological control mechanism has also been demonstrated by Kloepper and colleagues (1980) This mechanism depends on the role of siderophores as competitors for Fe in order to reduce the Fe availability for the phytopathogens (Beneduzi et al., 2012) There are several studies regarding the role of 52 siderophores in the biological control of plant pathogens Pyoverdine siderophores produced by pseudomonads were found to control the wilt diseases of potato caused by Fusarium oxysporum (Schippers et al., 1987), in addition to being involved in the biocontrol of Gaeumannomyces graminis, which causes a deficiency of wheat and barley growth (Voisard et al., 1989) Furthermore, pyoverdines were also observed to suppress the phytopathogens in peanuts and maize (Pal et al., 2001) There are other bacterial species besides pseudomonads that can be used as biocontrol agents For example, siderophores produced by Bacillus subtilis had a significant role in the biocontrol of F. oxysporum, which causes the Fusarium wilt of pepper (Yu et al., 2011) Also, siderophores produced by A. indica had a high affinity to chelate Fe(III) from soil and thereby negatively affect the growth of several fungal pathogens (Verma et al., 2011)(Ahmed & Holmström, 2014) Experimental result shows that VNUA23 has the ability to produce siderophore Figure 4.15 Result of Siderophore test 4.2.12 Ability to reduce nitrate Nitrate reduction test is used for the differentiation of members of Enterobacteriaceae on the basis of their ability to produce nitrate reductase enzyme that hydrolyzes nitrate (NO3–) to nitrite (NO2–) which may then again 53 be degraded to various nitrogen products like nitrogen oxide, nitrous oxide and ammonia (NH3) depending on the enzyme system of the organism and the atmosphere in which it is growing Nitrogen (N) is an important nutritional element not only for plants but also for microorganisms Nitrogen reserve source in nature is large, in the air alone, up to 78.16% is nitrogen, this nitrogen source is not used for plants In order for plants to use nitrogen as nutrients, atmospheric nitrogen must be converted through nitrogen fixation (fixation) under the action of a group of immobilized microorganisms One of the methods of increasing the average amount of soil is to use nitrogen-fixing microorganisms from the air VNUA 23 doesn‟t have the ability to fix nitrogen VNUA 23 Control Figure 4.16 Result of Nitrate test 54 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND PROPOSAL 5.1 Conclusion The Streptomyces sp VNUA23 is able to antagonize the fungi colletotrichum gloeosporioides and fusarium solani In addition, VNUA23 is capable of producing extracellular enzymes: chitinase, cellulase, protease, amylase, pectinase and catalase VNUA23 also can produce siderophore, IAA, gelantinase, urease and utilize citrate as sole carbon source 5.2 Proposal Continue to research on conditions and environment for fermentation 55 REFFERENCES Ahmed E & Holmström S J M (2014) Siderophores in environmental research: roles and applications Microbial biotechnology 7(3): 196-208 Aittamaa M., Somervuo P., Laakso I., Auvinen P & Valkonen J P (2010) Microarray‐ based comparison of genetic differences between strains of Streptomyces turgidiscabies with focus on the pathogenicity island Molecular Plant Pathology 11(6): 733-746 Álvarez B., Biosca E & López M (2010) On the life of Ralstonia solanacearum, a destructive bacterial plant pathogen Current research, technology and education topics in applied microbiology and microbial biotechnology Aoki T., O'Donnell K., Homma Y & Lattanzi A R (2003) Sudden-death syndrome of soybean is caused by two morphologically and phylogenetically distinct species within the Fusarium solani species complex F virguliforme in North America and F tucumaniae in South America Mycologia 95(4): 660-84 Barka E A., Vatsa P., Sanchez L., Gaveau-Vaillant N., Jacquard C., Klenk H.P., Clément C., Ouhdouch Y & Wezel G P v (2016) Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 80(1): 1-43 Behnsen J & Raffatellu M (2016) Siderophores: More than Stealing Iron mBio 7(6): e01906-16 Bywater J (1959) Infection of peas by Fusarium solani var martii forma and the spread of the pathogen Transactions of the British Mycological Society 42(2): 201-IN4 Cannon P F., Bridge P & Monte E (2000) Linking the past, present and future of Colletotrichum systematics Colletotrichum: host specificity, pathology and host-pathogen interaction 1-20 56 Cannon P F & Simmons C M (2002) Diversity and host preference of leaf endophytic fungi in the Iwokrama Forest Reserve, Guyana Mycologia 94(2): 210-220 Carlton W., Braun E & Gleason M (1998) Ingress of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp michiganensis into tomato leaves through hydathodes Phytopathology 88(6): 525-529 Cavalier-Smith T (2002) The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 52(2): 297-354 Chaudhary D., Kumar A & Nabi S (2017) In-vitro evaluation of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes against Ralstonia solanacearum Race Christou T (1962) Penetration and host-parasite relationships of Thielavlopsis basicola in the Bean plant Phytopathology 52(3) Coleman J J (2016) The Fusarium solani species complex: ubiquitous pathogens of agricultural importance Molecular Plant Pathology 17(2): 146-158 dela Cruz T E E & Torres J M O J A S M (2012) Gelatin hydrolysis test protocol Dias M P., Bastos M S., Xavier V B., Cassel E., Astarita L V & Santarém E R (2017) Plant growth and resistance promoted by Streptomyces spp in tomato Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 118: 479-493 Dickman M., Podila G & Kolattukudy P (1989) Insertion of cutinase gene into a wound pathogen enables it to infect intact host Nature 342(6248): 446448 Doehlemann G., Ökmen B., Zhu W & Sharon A (2017a) Plant pathogenic fungi Microbiology spectrum 5(1): 5.1 14 Doehlemann G., Ökmen B., Zhu W & Sharon A (2017b) Plant Pathogenic Fungi Microbiol Spectr 5(1) 57 Eichenlaub R., Gartemann K.-H & Burger A (2007) Clavibacter michiganensis, a group of Gram-positive phytopathogenic bacteria In: Plant-associated bacteria Springer: 385-421 pages Flärdh K & Buttner M J (2009) Streptomyces morphogenetics: dissecting differentiation in a filamentous bacterium Nature Reviews Microbiology 7(1): 36-49 Gunnell P S & Gubler W D (1992) Taxonomy and morphology of Colletotrichum species pathogenic to strawberry Mycologia 84(2): 157165 Guozhong L., Cannon P F., Alex R & Simmons C M (2004) Diversity and molecular relationships of endophytic Colletotrichum isolates from the Iwokrama Forest Reserve, Guyana Mycological research 108(1): 53-63 Hasani A., Kariminik A & Issazadeh K (2014) Streptomycetes: characteristics and their antimicrobial activities Hasegawa S., Meguro A., Shimizu M., Nishimura T & Kunoh H (2006) Endophytic actinomycetes and their interactions with host plants Actinomycetologica 20(2): 72-81 Hayward A (1991) Biology and epidemiology of bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum Annual review of phytopathology 29(1): 6587 Homa M., Galgóczy L., Manikandan P., Narendran V., Sinka R., Csernetics Á., Vágvölgyi C., Kredics L & Papp T (2018) South Indian Isolates of the Fusarium solani Species Complex From Clinical and Environmental Samples: Identification, Antifungal Susceptibilities, and Virulence Frontiers in Microbiology Kalakoutskii L & Agre N S (1976) Comparative aspects of development and differentiation in actinomycetes Bacteriological reviews 40(2): 469-524 58 Kalayu G (2019) Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms: Promising Approach as Biofertilizers International Journal of Agronomy 2019: 4917256 Kämper J., Kämper U., Rogers L & Kolattukudy P (1994) Identification of regulatory elements in the cutinase promoter from Fusarium solani f sp pisi (Nectria haematococca) Journal of Biological Chemistry 269(12): 9195-9204 Kannan V., Bastas K & Antony R (2015) Plant pathogenic bacteria: An overview Sustainable Approaches to Controlling Plant Pathogenic Bacteria 10: 1-16 Kannan V R & Bastas K K (2015) Sustainable Approaches to Controlling Plant Pathogenic Bacteria CRC press pages pages Kieser T., Bibb M J., Buttner M J., Chater K F & Hopwood D A (2000) Practical streptomyces genetics (291) John Innes Foundation Norwich pages pages Law J W.-F., Ser H.-L., Khan T M., Chuah L.-H., Pusparajah P., Chan K.-G., Goh B.-H & Lee L.-H (2017) The potential of Streptomyces as biocontrol agents against the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae (Pyricularia oryzae) Frontiers in Microbiology 8: Li D & Kolattukudy P E (1997) Cloning of cutinase transcription factor 1, a transactivating protein containing Cys6Zn2 binuclear cluster DNAbinding motif Journal of Biological Chemistry 272(19): 12462-12467 Li D., Sirakova T., Rogers L., Ettinger W F & Kolattukudy P (2002) Regulation of Constitutively Expressed and Induced Cutinase Genes by Different Zinc Finger Transcription Factors inFusarium solani f sp pisi (Nectria haematococca) Journal of Biological Chemistry 277(10): 79057912 59 Lippincott J A., Lippincott B B & Starr M P (1981) The genus Agrobacterium In: The prokaryotes Springer: 842-855 pages Louden B C., Haarmann D & Lynne A M (2011) Use of Blue Agar CAS Assay for Siderophore Detection Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education 12(1): 51-53 Maclean D., Braithwaite K., Manners J & Irwin J (1993) How we identify and classify fungal plant pathogens in the era of DNA analysis? Advances in Plant Pathology 10: 207-244 MacWilliams M P J A S f M., Washington, DC (2012) Indole test protocol Mansfield J., Genin S., Magori S., Citovsky V., Sriariyanum M., Ronald P., Dow M., Verdier V., Beer S V & Machado M A (2012) Top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria in molecular plant pathology Molecular Plant Pathology 13(6): 614-629 Medina C A., Reyes P A., Trujillo C A., Gonzalez J L., Bejarano D A., Montenegro N A., Jacobs J M., Joe A., Restrepo S., Alfano J R & Bernal A (2018) The role of type III effectors from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv manihotis in virulence and suppression of plant immunity Molecular Plant Pathology 19(3): 593-606 Moon C., Seo D.-J., Song Y.-S & Jung W.-J (2020) Antibacterial activity of various chitosan forms against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv glycines International journal of biological macromolecules 156: 1600-1605 Moraes S R G., Tanaka F A O & Massola Júnior N S (2013) Histopathology of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on guava fruits (Psidium guajava L.) Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 35(2): 657-664 Narasimha Murthy K., Soumya K., Udayashankar A C., Srinivas C & Jogaiah S (2021) - Biocontrol potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) against Ralstonia solanacearum: Current and future 60 prospects In: Biocontrol Agents and Secondary Metabolites Jogaiah, S (ed.) Woodhead Publishing: 153-180 pages Nion Y A & Toyota K (2015) Recent trends in control methods for bacterial wilt diseases caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Microbes and environments ME14144 Osdaghi E Datasheet report for Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato) Pacios-Michelena S., Aguilar González C N., Alvarez-Perez O B., RodriguezHerrera R., Chávez-González M., Arredondo Valdés R., Ascacio Valdés J A., Govea Salas M & Ilyina A (2021) Application of Streptomyces Antimicrobial Compounds for the Control of Phytopathogens Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems Patel P., Shah R., Krishnamurthy R & Amaresan N (2020) Fusarium solani A New Pathogen that Causes Stem Rot of Sugarcane in South Gujarat, India National Academy Science Letters 43(3): 291-294 Photita W., Lumyong S., Lumyong P., McKenzie E & Hyde K (2004) Are some endophytes of Musa acuminata latent pathogens? Fungal diversity Photita W., Taylor P W., Ford R., Hyde K D & Lumyong S (2005) Morphological and molecular characterization of Colletotrichum species from herbaceous plants in Thailand Fungal diversity Prusky D & Plumbley R (1992) Quiescent infections of Colletotrichum in tropical and subtropical fruits Quiescent infections of Colletotrichum in tropical and subtropical fruits.: 289-307 Ranjani A., Dharumadurai D & P M G (2016) An Introduction to Actinobacteria In.: 3-37 pages Rogers L M., Kim Y.-K., Guo W., González-Candelas L., Li D & Kolattukudy P E (2000) Requirement for either a host-or pectin-induced pectate lyase 61 for infection of Pisum sativum by Nectria hematococca Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97(17): 9813-9818 Sahin N (2005) Antimicrobial activity of Streptomyces species against mushroom blotch disease pathogen Journal of Basic Microbiology 45(1): 64-71 Samac D A & Leong S A (1989) Disease development in Cucurbita maxima (squash) infected with Fusarium solani f sp cucurbitae Canadian Journal of Botany 67(12): 3486-3489 Schroers H.-J., Samuels G J., Zhang N., Short D P G., Juba J & Geiser D M (2016) Epitypification of Fusisporium (Fusarium) solani and its assignment to a common phylogenetic species in the Fusarium solani species complex Mycologia 108(4): 806-819 Sharma M & Kulshrestha S (2015a) Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: an anthracnose causing pathogen of fruits and vegetables Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 12(2): 1233-1246 Sharma M & Kulshrestha S (2015b) Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: An Anthracnose Causing Pathogen of Fruits and Vegetables Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 12: 1233-1246 Smith B & Black L (1990) Morphological, cultural and pathogenic variation among Colletotrichum species isolated from strawberry Plant disease 74(1): 69-76 Song L., Jiang N., Wei S., Lan Z & Pan L (2020) Isolation, screening, and identification of actinomycetes with antifungal and enzyme activity assays against Colletotrichum dematium of Sarcandra glabra Mycobiology 48(1): 37-43 Stackebrandt E., Rainey F A & Ward-Rainey N L (1997) Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 47(2): 479-491 62 Starr M P (1981) The genus Xanthomonas In: The prokaryotes Springer: 742-763 pages Strange R N & Scott P R (2005) Plant disease: a threat to global food security Annu Rev Phytopathol 43: 83-116 Strider D L (1969) Bacterial canker of tomato caused by Corynebacterium michiganense; a literature review and bibliography NC Agr Exp Sta Tech Bull Sundström J F., Albihn A., Boqvist S., Ljungvall K., Marstorp H., Martiin C., Nyberg K., Vågsholm I., Yuen J & Magnusson U (2014) Future threats to agricultural food production posed by environmental degradation, climate change, and animal and plant diseases–a risk analysis in three economic and climate settings Food Security 6(2): 201-215 Sutton B (1992) The genus Glomerella and its anamorph Colletotrichum The genus Glomerella and its anamorph Colletotrichum.: 1-26 Van der Wolf J., Elphinstone J., Stead D., Metzler M., Müller P., Hukkanen A & Karjalainen R 2005 Epidemiology of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp sepedonicus in relation to control of bacterial ring rot PRI Bioscience Von Schrenk H (1903) The Bitter Rot of Apples, by Hermann Von Schrenk and Perley Spaulding US Government Printing Office pages pages Waksman S A & Henrici A T (1943) The nomenclature and classification of the actinomycetes Journal of bacteriology 46(4): 337-341 Waksman S A., Reilly H C & Harris D A (1948) Streptomyces griseus (Krainsky) Waksman and Henrici Journal of bacteriology 56(3): 259269 Wharton P., Hammerschmidt R & Kirk W W (2007) Fusarium dry rot Winslow C.-E., Broadhurst J., Buchanan R., Krumwiede Jr C., Rogers L & Smith G H (1917) The families and genera of the bacteria preliminary 63 report of the Committee of the Society of American Bacteriologists on characterization and classification of bacterial types Journal of bacteriology 2(5): 505-566 Wonglom P., Suwannarach N., Lumyong S., Ito S.-i., Matsui K & Sunpapao A (2019) Streptomyces angustmyceticus NR8-2 as a potential microorganism for the biological control of leaf spots of Brassica rapa subsp pekinensis caused by Colletotrichum sp and Curvularia lunata Biological Control 138: 104046 Yang Z., Rogers L M., Song Y., Guo W & Kolattukudy P (2005) Homoserine and asparagine are host signals that trigger in planta expression of a pathogenesis gene in Nectria haematococca Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(11): 4197-4202 Glickmann E., Dessaux Y J A & microbiology e (1995) A critical examination of the specificity of the Salkowski reagent for indolic compounds produced by phytopathogenic bacteria 61(2): 793-796 Subhashini D & Kumar A (2004) Phosphate solubilising Streptomyces spp obtained from the rhizosphere of Ceriops decandra of Corangi mangroves ICAR 64