Feminism and gender issues in the sun also rises by ernest hemingway

VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES BA RESEARCH FEMINISM AND GENDER ISSUES IN “THE SUN ALSO RISES” BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY (GIỚI NỮ VÀ VẤN ĐỀ GIỚI TÍNH TRONG TÁC PHẨM “MẶT TRỜI VẪN MỌC” CỦA NHÀ VĂN ERNEST HEMINGWAY) Student: Student Code: Major: Supervisor: Hanoi – 2021 HOANG NGOC MAI 621222 ENGLISH LINGUISTICS NGUYEN THI THU THUY, PhD CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “ FEMINISM AND GENDER ISSUES IN “THE SUN ALSO RISES” BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgment in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2021 Hoang Ngoc Mai Approved by SUPERVISOR Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to thank the teachers in the Faculty of Foreign Language Education for teaching me during the past time, so that I have more professional knowledge and the spirit of learning, creating a foundation of knowledge to help me complete this BA thesis I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy, who gave me detailed comments and assessments, helping me to draw a lot of experience to be able to successfully complete my thesis Thank you very much for your kind cooperation during this time helping me complete the BA thesis Taking this opportunity, I would like to thank my family and friends, who were always there for me, encouraging and helping me through the most difficult time ii ABSTRACT Studying Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises shows how feminist and gender issues in The Sun Also Rises are portrayed Through descriptive methods, the present study aims at clarifying how feminism and gender issues are revealed in the feminist literature The author provides an in-depth analysis of Lady Brett Ashley's character through her appearance, personality, behavior, and sexual behavior Thereby, she points out the special points that are supposed to women's rights at Victorian time Besides, the author mentions gender issues in the work by analyzing the main characters, specifically the barriers to express male lead masculinity and focusing on innovations, tendencies masculinity and femininity, and the relationship between masculinity and femininity From there, indicating role changes in the character's relationships Results of analysis and research on feminism and gender issues in the work independently, from a feminist perspective, the female character becomes a new type of female image that breaks the norms of Victorian women The gender issues in the work partly reflect the social reality at that time after the war Thereby, it is implied in the unique character building and feminist look in The Sun Also Rises This study provides learners with more material and new perspectives on female characters in the works of author Ernest Hemingway in general and in The Sun Also Rises in particular, and at the same time provides more knowledge on gender and feminism KEYWORDS: feminism, feminist theories, The Sun Also Rises, gender issues iii List of abbreviation TSAR- The Sun Also Rises iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study .1 1.2 Aims and objectives of study 1.2.1 Aims of study 1.2.2 Objectives of study 1.3 Research question 1.4 Scope of study 1.5 Significance of study 1.6 Design of study PART 2: DEVELOPMENT .4 Chapter - LITERATURE REVIEW .4 2.1 Review of the previous studies 2.2 Review of theoretical background 2.2.1 Feminism 2.2.2 Gender 2.2.3 Iceberg Theory 2.2.4 Literary devices .10 CHAPTER – METHODOLOGY 12 2.1 Research question 12 2.2 Research methods 12 2.3 An overview about the author, the work .12 2.4 Analytical framework 15 Chapter 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 17 3.1 Feminism and the Lady Brett Ashley character format 17 3.1.1 Feminism 17 3.1.2 Lady Brett Ashley character format 18 v 3.2 The downfall of male sexual dominance .24 3.2.1 barriers to self-expression 25 3.2.2 Pedro Romero – the standard of masculinity 31 3.2.3 Masculine and Feminine tendencies 31 3.3 Relationship between masculinity and femininity .33 PART 3: CONCLUSION 36 Recapitulation 36 Limitation of study 36 Recommendations for further study 37 REFERENCES: .38 vi PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study Ernest Hemingway (1988-1961) is the great writer of humanity in the twentieth century He gives readers strong impressions both in literature and in his life He always has his own ways to reflect on his writing page the diversity of life, conveying the urgent problems of life into his work Ernest Hemingway’s works are considered classics of American literature nowadays In my opinion, literature reflects the current social situation This statement is completely correct in “The Sun Also Rises” because of the truthfulness of social reality that the work reflects the period of the 1920s after World War I One of the classics representing "Lost generation", who came of age during World War I (1914-1918), the novel not only reflects the dark side of the war but also shows a changing gender reality Many literary critics comment that “a world of men without women” in the works of E Hemingway and they also say that E Hemingway has aversion to women Expanding the topic, I wish to bring a more complete view of gender issues in the work “The Sun Also Rises”, to point out the feminist perspective in the novel In this thesis, the concept of "feminism" is minimally limited to "feminist literary criticism", representing different aspects of female characters in Ernest Hemingway's works, female characters - an expression of feminist voice At the same time, I choose to analyze gender issues in the work, in particular, masculine and feminine tendencies, and barriers to personal expression 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.2.1 Aims of the study The aim of the study is to investigate how feminism and gender issues are realized in The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway 1.2.2 Objectives of the study Objectives of the study are: - Investigating how feminism was realized in The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway in terms of feminist literary criticism/theory - Analyzing the manifestations of gender issues in The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway 1.3 Research questions The study seeks to answer the following questions: How is feminism expressed in The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway in terms of feminist literary criticism/theory? What are the manifestations of gender issues in The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway? 1.4 Scope of the study The study focuses on analyzing and clarifying the gender issues that appear in the novel and analyzing more specifically about changing sex trends (masculine /feminine tendencies), and barriers to personal expression Besides, I analyze the stereotype of Victorian women, women in the 1920s, to explain the woman's characteristics The linguistic source for this study was chosen from "The Sun Also Rises" by Ernest Hemingway 1.5 Significance of the study This study provides learners of American literature point of view towards gender issues in Hemingway's novels and provides more knowledge about gender at the same time 1.6 Design of the study Apart from abstracts, references, and appendices, the study consists of three main parts: PART – INTRODUCTION presents the rationale of the study, aims, and objectives of the study, research questions, the scope as well as the significance of the study PART – DEVELOPMENT is divided into chapters: Chapter - LITERATURE REVIEW provides the theoretical background for the study including the definition of feminism, feminist theory, gender, gender role, gender identity Chapter – METHODOLOGY describes the methodology used in the research including the research methodology, data collection instruments, data analysis Chapter - FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS reports and discusses the findings of the study PART – CONCLUSION summarizes the main issues that have been addressed in the study, points out the limitations, draws pedagogical implications concerning the research topic, and suggests several solutions unusual crime in some way contributes to revealing and establishing the role of the female character 3.2.1 Barriers to self-expression Jake Barnes represents the disillusioned spirit of the "lost generation" Jake has been socially accepted as a male, however, after being wounded in World War I, in an interview with George Plimpton, “His testicles were intact […] a man” his masculinity exists in different aspects from the men around Even when Jake was wounded in the war, he was not mutilated, as Hemingway stated in 1954 However, Jake cannot perform any sexual intercourse in such a way that he cannot perform any specific and useful function in society His preservation of testicles is essential to understanding the macho figure in Hemingway's narrative Jake has the ability to control matters, he can show courage and prove his bravery to other men Jake is a man with a strong sexual desire This is the opposite part that creates a barrier in showing masculinity Jake is trying his best to show his masculinity in different ways In the first chapter of the novel, Jake finds a way to deal with his impotence, The first time we see Jake Barnes with a woman is when he decides to attract her attention a prostitute while drinking after saying goodbye to Robert Cohn Jake's decision to let a prostitute go with him for the evening demonstrates, on a very basic level, Jake's attempt to regain his masculinity naturally as a man Because of a vague idea that it would be nice to go out to eat with someone "Well, what will you drink?" I asked: "Pernod" "That's not good for little girls." "Little girl yourself Dites garcon, un pernod." "A pernod for me, too." "What's the matter?" she asked 25 "Going on a party?" "Sure Aren't you?" "I don't know You never know in this town." "Don't you like Paris?" "No." "Why don't you go somewhere else?" "Isn't anywhere else?" "Happy, hell!" (TSAR 8) You're happy, all right." And as he said later, it had been a long time since he had dined with a woman and thought it would be worth a try The act of picking up a prostitute begins a series of adventures that Jake Barnes takes in the novel in an attempt to redefine his masculinity An important theme dealing with masculinity issues in The Sun Also Rises is the description, for example in the passage when Brett enters the bar: "And with them is Brett I'm angry Somehow they always make me angry I know they're supposed to be amusing, and you should be lenient, but I want to swing my arm at anyone, anyone anything to crush that superior , simple calm" (TSAR 20) In this quote, we can see Jake's aversion to homosexuals, or it can be said to be somewhat afraid of being compared to them Jake's anger also shows his helplessness towards himself, in other words, Jake is stuck in a stereotype of masculinity that he knows he can't meet This creates a conflict between reality and his ideals While Jake's masculinity is heavily dependent on impotence, the inability to be sexually active, the way he deals with this and tries to show his masculinity in other ways, such as participating in bullfights, fighting, fishing, and drinking 26 On this excursion with Bill, especially while fishing, Jake is portrayed as a highlyskilled man through Jake choosing a spot on the river at the foot of a small waterfall where he knows that salmon will gather and the chances of fish biting will be higher, Jake has shown his masculinity as a skilled fisherman in the way he feels and handles the fish: "When I started to pull up I felt that I had one and brought him, fighting and bending the rod almost double, out of the boiling water at the foot of the falls, and swung him up and onto the dam He was a good trout, and I banged his head against the timber so that he quivered out straight, and then I slipped him into my bag" (TSAR 124) Here Jake's skill is depicted as very profound It shows that he is skilled and knowledgeable, through the detailed description of how he fights with nature setting the stage for the sublimation of masculinity In this fishing trip, Bill plays the opposite role highlighting Jake's novelty how they both choose the type of fishing rod, choose the location and each of their fishing exploits reveals something about the place of their masculinity "How are yours? How are yours? Let’s see them They’re packed How big are they really? They’re all about the size of your smallest" (TSAR 125) Jake's refusal to show Bill his fish is seen as the same as his refusal to argue and comment on differing views on masculinity By choosing to challenge the water to fish instead of choosing the calm water like Bill, Jake has created a more challenging result for himself Along these lines, the stream and the scene go about 27 as an antecedent for Jake's foundation as a man who can resist the urge to panic all through crazy occasions later in the novel In the rising sun there is always an arena where masculinity can be expressed, through bullfights only suitable for men In his first conversation with Montoya, we show that in this place, Jake Barnes is in charge of the situation It is quickly revealed when Montoya defines that none of Jake's friends have as much knowledge of cows as he does even Bill, who might be better at fishing, doesn't get everything from Montoya: “Your friend, is he aficionado, too?‛ Montoya smiled at Bill “yes He came all the way from New York” “Yes?‛ Montoya politely disbelieved ‚But he's not aficionado like you.” He put his hand on my shoulder again embarrassedly “Yes,‛ I said ‚He's a real aficionado” “But he’s not aficionado like you are” (TSAR 136) Barnes was the man to guide the understanding of bullfights to all his friends Only through Jake Barnes, Bill, Robert, Michael, and most importantly Brett can one begin to understand the violent beauty of bullfighting Besides that, he's also happy, showing his understanding when introducing Bill to his scene with the bulls: “What's it (the unloading of the bulls) like?‛< “It's pretty good,‛ I said.‚They let the bulls out of the cages one at a time and they have steers in the corral to receive them and keep them from fighting, and the bulls tear in at the steers and the steers run around like old maids trying to quiet them down.” “Do they ever go the steers?” “Sure Sometimes they go right after them and kill them ” “Can't the steers anything?” 28 “No They're trying to make friends” “What they have them in for?” “To quiet down the bulls and keep them from breaking their horns against the walls, or goring each other" (TSAR 138) His fighting prowess and knowledge of bullfighting, allowing Jake Barnes to showcase his masculinity, for enthusiasts of the sport like Montoya, his injuries condition Jake will be an issue that will never be discussed Enthusiasm, passion, and enjoyment of bullfights are measure of masculinity Jake's value was further confirmed when Pedro Romero is regarded as the greatest bullfighter at the fiesta, invite Jake to discuss fights and bulls with him and his men "Have you seen the bulls for tomorrow?" the critic asked "Yes I saw them unloaded." Pedro Romero leaned forward "What did you think of them?' "Very nice,‛ I said ‚About twenty-six arrobas horns Haven't you seen them?" "Oh, yes," said Romero "They won’t weight twenty-six arrobas," "No," said Romero "They’ve got bananas for horns,' the critic said He turned to me and smiled "You wouldn't call them bananas?" "No," I said "They're horns all right." "They're very short," said Pedro Romero "They're very short," said Pedro Romero "Still, they aren’t bananas" (TSAR 178 ) As mentioned earlier, the economic fund is also an area where Jake can show his masculinity in relation to Brett The fact that Jake pays for her drinks and food 29 proves that when it comes to finances, Jake shows his masculinity more properly with Brett Notably, He saved her from her troubles in Madrid, paid for her food, and she took a taxi around the city and maybe for once, since Brett was having a hard time, Jake was able to fulfill the role of a manly man for the first time In addition to having difficulty expressing masculinity, some researchers who have looked at sexuality in Hemingway's work have addressed the issue of "masochism" They had assumed that Jake was an example of this situation In Masochism and the Art of Fiction, Richard Fanita considers the relationship between Jake and Brett in the novel The Sun Also Rises as a prime example among Hemingway's characters Fanita delves into Jake's lack of manliness, analyzing both how Jake and Brett fall in love to portray the character's painful torments For example, a passage in The Sun Still Rises: “ The street was dark again and I kissed her Our lips pressed together and she turned away, huddled against the corner of the chair, pulling herself away Her head bowed” "Don't touch me," she said, "please don't touch me - What's the matter? - I can't stand it…” (TSAR 34) Brett loves Jake and she suffers, afraid her instincts will be awakened Jake was helpless, his love style could not bring complete happiness to Brett The wound in the intimate area takes away Jake's masculinity, but Jake's sexual instincts have not been eliminated The tug-of-war between desire and The ability to perform gave Jake pain One wound hurt both of them Physical impotence has partly brought mental impotence and torment to this couple From this helpless complex, the character Jake has fallen into a vicious circle with no way out From physical injuries to mental traumas leads to impotence Helplessness causes pain and torment This phenomenon is, in a sense, masochism 30 3.2.2 Pedro Romero - the standard of masculinity Unlike Jake's troubled masculinity, Pedro Romero represents a masculine identity grounded on self-assurance, bravery, and uprightness Romero still holds the point of honoring the true gladiator Romero's image is depicted with handsomeness, talent, and masculinity Romero is a traditional fighter, that by using tricks to avoid the bull's stabs, Romero is like playing with the bull until it is exhausted and accepts defeat Romero was greatly appreciated by the audience for the way he slid his back over the bull's horns and turned around, the audience excited with his adventure and skill Romero said: "The bulls are my best friends." I translated to Brett "You kill your friends?" she asked "Always," he said in English and laughed "So they don't kill me." It seems that, throughout the novel, the masculinity of Perdo Romero's character is undeniable 3.2.3 Masculine and Feminine tendencies In Hemingway's works, it is possible to see the types of characters with sexual anomalies, female characters who are not feminist, male characters who are not fully masculine in the usual order Usually, inherently default The special thing, even the characters are really men, with the context, men's actions: War, bullfighting, boxing but still have female character traits From that, it can be seen that a deep understanding of these issues is also one of the ways to understand more about Hemingway's works from a feminist perspective Through studying Hemingway's work, it can be seen that the absence of women is only a superficial manifestation, in terms of the gender correlation of the character system Feminist imprints are very strong in Hemingway's work His male 31 characters are all masculine, "gentlemen" but have many "females": emotional, vulnerable, passive this is easily seen in The Sun Also Rises Even the appearance of male characters in some of Hemingway's works, behind his strong, masculine appearance, still seems to "hide" a soft, flexible but that does not match his gender, the areas reserved for men mentioned above still have the imprint of femininity As evidenced by the character Romero, the bullfighter muses as he finishes off the animal he confronts, whom he considers the good bull to be his best friend create a juxtaposition between the "strong man" and the "weak man" in his characters Considering the characteristics of men and women in traditional conceptions inherent in the United States, until the end of the nineteenth century, naturally, women and men were still considered as complementary opposites In fact, American society is divided into two halves of men and women, and each half is associated with specific gender values The male half requires tough emotional and moral qualities necessary to survive in a competitive world The female half, on the other hand, is associated with the cardinal virtues of women: chastity, piety, domesticity, and submissiveness These "norms" are probably not limited to the United States either Most of the ancient East-West society implicitly acknowledged this It is also the source of the feminist struggle Even maintaining such norms or making a revolution to change it has created contradictions within feminists By showing femininity in male characters, Hemingway seems to have created a gender crossover This intersectionality seems to have partly contributed to erasing the defaults that create the male-female boundary Discuss the Masculine tendencies, the character Brett She appears as a man with many expressions from appearance to action, behavior style Hemingway even let Jake call Brett a man But there are times when she appears with a feminine, seductive appearance In terms of looks, Brett's manliness with his hair cut short, 32 the way he dresses, is seen on the one hand as an overt initiation of a dominant woman but on the other hand, seems to embody her charms as a modern woman Her new way of thinking, liberal lifestyle, and hobbies as mentioned above also show masculinity and freedom as a man Just like that, brett is identified: "is the contrast of Victorian women" So, after all, in both Hemingway's male and female characters, the one that remains most in the personality traits is still in the depths of the feminist domain Much has been said about Hemingway's art of making stories Feminine contributed to the quintessence of much of the ice he had built Bringing the feminine imprint to spread both on the male character system and vice versa, Hemingway has contributed to blurring the line that seems to have been verified over time between male and female characters From this perspective, we can see that he quietly promoted the role of women in society 3.3 Relationship between masculinity and femininity The "deviation" of the characters Hemingway created shows that the element of social change has strongly influenced Hemingway's view of women as well as the way in which female characters are built- in him Since the 20s of the last century, in Europe and America, free sexuality has been seen as an expression of feminism The power structure between men and women is also changed in the relationship Brett, with his manly clothes and hair, is a character who is said to exercise more prominent masculine standards than Jake Paul Baker argues that the traits described for typical masculine behavior are identified as: assertive, aggressive, logical, pragmatic, competitive, and non-emotional Brett's pragmatic and rather logical side makes her at least appear to be engaging in a more masculine behavior However, her economic fund is almost dependent on the man next to her Meanwhile, Jake is the character that works throughout the novel, having a slightly more stable economic source 33 In the sexual realm, their gender roles seem to be reversed or reversed, she is he and he is she Jake is a man who has lost his sexuality due to the terrible injuries he suffered during the war Because he can't have sex, he slowly learns to reduce its role She can have sex, and she does Indeed, jake's sexuality is useless; Brett's sexuality defines key features of her identity As Brett flourishes in her opportunity of sexuality, Jake should rethink himself, his sex job, and his life's importance However, Hemingway's character cannot simply illustrate the feminist shifts in society, although these changes have had a significant impact on the writer In addition to the aspect of social reflection, the exchange of sexual characteristics between male and female characters in Hemingway's work presents profound aspects of the human psyche This so-called exchange is in a sense the characters' journey to their selves 3.4 Summary Although Hemingway is not a true feminist, he is also one of the witnesses of the height of the feminist struggle His life and works are also dissected and judged by feminists There is no denying that the imprint of feminism is always present in Hemingway's work From a feminist perspective, the type of character Brett created by the author is the embodiment of feminism It can be said that few literary images create conflicting opinions as diverse as Hemingway's female character His character always has an intersection between personality traits, contrasting circumstances The so-called feminism in his work is more of a life than a theory, Feminism does not mean separating women from men, making women different in the inherent world Women's rights must be placed in the synthesis of social relationships, including those with men Seen in general, With the journey of female characters in the flow of American literature, Hemingway has contributed a unique way of expressing and more than 34 that, not only in the scope of feminism, the female image conveyed the spirit of the times and deeply human values The issue of sex and gender that Hemingway raised in his work has many unusual features, but it is not unusual Hemingway accepted this tolerantly and he conveyed those feelings to the reader so that the final mark of the abnormality of sex and sex was a very humane sympathy and sharing The conclusion about the female image and gender issues of the work is that this "the bottom of the iceberg" is always an eternal challenge for all desires to discover That makes an important contribution to the longevity and freshness of Hemingway's works 35 PART 3: CONCLUSION Recapitulation This study demonstrates how to portray feminist and gender issues in The Sun Also Rises, a novel by Hemingway, published in 1926 In the first part of the essay, I mentioned women's rights and the identity of female characters through an indepth analysis of Lady Brett Ashley's character through her character's appearance, personality, behavior, and sexual behavior In addition, I researched the subversive potential of Brett Ashley, she represents a new type of woman who rejects traditional ideas of submission and is a strong woman, a new role model In the following sections, I address the exploration of gender issues in the work, specifically the barriers to expressing the male protagonist's masculinity and focus on innovations I analyzed the character Jake, a man who is sexually incapacitated However he is still a man, he tries to show his masculinity through other aspects such as fishing, bullfighting, drinking Next, I studied Pedro Romero's masculinity, Romero's masculinity was undeniable Romero is described as talented and manly, his presence is the epitome of masculinity that the author Hemingway meant Next, I discuss the tendency of masculinity and feminization in the work through the main character couple Finally, I discuss the relationship between masculinity and femininity, pointing to the changing gender roles between men and women, particularly in the characters Brett and Jake In summary, this article has shown that the main characters of Hemingway's The Rising Sun throughout the novel behave in ways that are generally considered nonstandard This is a testament to the expansion of gender norms, for example, Lady Brett Ashley represents this innovation Brett is no longer subject to the old society's constraints on women's standards, but instead is a liberal, witty and strong 36 Brett Many gender studies have been found involving Ernest Hemingway, but not many have focused on analyzing the character's inner self through conversations this is what this essay attempts to analyze Limitation of the study Although the study has achieved the goal, the research also has some limitations The scope of the study is only in The Sun Also Rises, so the exploitation of data to support each point is limited, we can only take the evidence in the work without the object of comparison Therefore, the evidence is not really rich and completely convincing Due to a lack of ability to research, select information, plan and manage personal time in a scientific way, this thesis was completed in a hurry Recommendations for further study For a more in-depth look at gender issues in Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises, it would be helpful to extend your research to the writings of Ernest Hemingway, both to gain a new perspective, more general and also more sources of evidence To expand your research, focus on newer, more interesting details to focus your analysis on 37 REFERENCES: Thanh Hương (2019) Mặt trời mọc Atanu Bhuiyan (2018) The line in the sand: a feminist and new-historicist exploration of the treatments of the female characters in Ernest Hemingway's novels The sun also rises and a farewell to arms, and short stories "Soldier's Home" and "Hills like white elephants" Beauvoir, Simone (1953) The Second Sex New York: Knopf Print Carlos Baker (1961), Hemingway and His Critics, Hill and Wang Inc, New York Caprino, K (2017) What Is Feminism, And Why Do So Many Women And Men Hate It? 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