thesis documentation

1 Department of Electrical Engineering with emphasis on Telecommunication Blekinge Institute of technology Evaluation of AODV and DSR Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks for Monitoring Applications Asar Ali Zeeshan Akbar (Electrical Engineering with emphasis on Telecommunication) Supervisor: Karel De Vogeleer (karel.de.vogeleer@bth.se) Master’s Degree Thesis Karlskrona October 2009 This Thesis corresponds to 20 weeks of full-time work for each of the authors. 2 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 5 ABSTRACT 6 LIST OF ACRONYMS 7 LIST OF FIGURES 8 LIST OF TABLES 8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 9 1.1 BACKGROUND 10 1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION 11 1.3 METHODOLOGY 12 1.3.1 Review 12 1.3.2 WSN Architecture 12 1.3.3 Functionality of Routing Protocol 12 1.3.4 Simulation Tool 12 1.3.5 Simulation 12 1.3.6 Analysis of Results 13 1.4 GOAL 13 1.5 GUIDELINE OF THESIS 13 1.6 RESEARCH WORK 14 CHAPTER 2: WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 15 2.1 INTRODUCTION 15 2.2 SENSOR NODE ARCHITECTURE 16 2.3 SENSOR NODE COMPONENTS 17 2.3.1 Controlling Component 17 2.3.2 Communication Component 17 2.3.3 Power Component 17 2.3.4 Sensing Component 17 2.4 WSNs COMPARISON WITH MANETs 18 2.5 WSN APPLICATIONS 19 2.5.1 Monitoring of Area 19 2.5.2 Monitoring of Environment 19 3 2.5.3 Applications in Commercial Area 19 2.5.4 Tracking Applications 19 CHAPTER 3: ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WSN 20 3.1 INTRODUCTION 20 3.2 ROUTING PROTOCOL CLASSIFICATION IN WSN 21 3.2.1 Data Centric Protocols 21 3.2.1.1 Flooding and Gossiping 21 3.2.1.2 SPIN 21 3.2.1.3 Directed Diffusion 21 3.2.1.4 Energy Aware Routing 22 3.2.1.5 Rumor Routing 22 3.2.1.6 Gradient-based Routing 22 3.2.1.7 CADR 22 3.2.1.8 COUGAR 22 3.2.2 Hierarchical Protocols 23 3.2.3 Location-based Protocols 23 3.2.4 Network Flow and QoS-aware protocols 24 3.3 AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL 24 3.3.1 Introduction 24 3.3.1.1 RREQ 25 3.3.1.2 RREP 25 3.3.1.3 RERR 25 3.3.1.4 Hello Messages 26 3.3.2 Discovery of Route 26 3.3.2.1 Setup of Reverse Path 26 3.3.2.2 Setup of Forward Path ………….………………………………………………………………………………… 26 3.4 DSR ROUTING PROTOCOL 27 3.4.1 Introduction 27 3.4.2 DSR Route Discovery and Maintenance 27 CHAPTER 4: NETWORK SIMULATION 29 4.1 NETWORK SIMULATOR 29 4.1.1 OPNET Tool 29 4.1.2 Network Design 29 4 4.2 SIMULATION PARAMETERS 30 CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 31 5.1 PARAMETERS 31 5.2 END-TO-END DELAY 31 5.2.1 End-to-End Delay in Small, Large and Very Large Networks 36 5.3 THROUGHPUT 37 5.3.1 Throughput in Small, Large and Very Large Networks 37 5.4 SUMMARY/OBSERVATION 42 CONCLUSION and FUTURE WORK 43 REFERENCES 44 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are thankful to ALMIGHTY ALLAH Who has helped us throughout our whole study period. We would like to our gratitude to our teachers and all those who guided and helped us and provided great environment to complete this thesis and our course work. Special thanks to our supervisor Mr. Karel De Vogeleer for his help and guidance and innovative ideas. We have further more to thank our parents and families back home, without their prayers, support and love we would not have been able to seek a single word. Also we would thank all our friends specially Waqar Ahmed, Humayun Afridi, Junaid bahadur Khan, Shoaib Khattak and Fazal Wahab for their moral support that they provided throughout our stay in Sweden. 6 ABSTRACT Deployment of sensor networks are increasing either manually or randomly to monitor physical environments in different applications such as military, agriculture, medical transport, industry etc. In monitoring of physical environments, the most important application of wireless sensor network is monitoring of critical conditions. The most important in monitoring application like critical condition is the sensing of information during emergency state from the physical environment where the network of sensors is deployed. In order to respond within a fraction of seconds in case of critical conditions like explosions, fire and leaking of toxic gases, there must be a system which should be fast enough. A big challenge to sensor networks is a fast, reliable and fault tolerant channel during emergency conditions to sink (base station) that receives the events. The main focus of this thesis is to discuss and evaluate the performance of two different routing protocols like Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) for monitoring of critical conditions with the help of important metrics like throughput and end-to-end delay in different scenarios. On the basis of results derived from simulation a conclusion is drawn on the comparison between these two different routing protocols with parameters like end-to-end delay and throughput. 7 LIST OF ACRONYMS AODV Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector APS Ad-hoc Positioning System ATD Analog to Digital ASYM Asymmetric CPU Central Processing Unit DD Directed Diffusion DSR Dynamic Source Routing EAR Energy Aware Routing FTP File Transfer Protocol GEAR Geographic and Energy Aware Routing IC Integrated Circuit MAC Medium Access Control MECN Minimum Energy Communication Network SMECN Small Minimum Energy Communication MMSPEED Multi path and Multi Speed OPNET Optimized Network Engineering Tool QoS Quality of Service RREQ Route Request RREP Route Reply SAR Sequential Assignment Routing SYM Symmetric TORA Temporally ordered Routing Algorithm UART Universal Asynchronous Receive and transmit WSN Wireless Sensor Network WLAN Wireless Local Area Network 8 LIST OF FIGRUES FIGURE DESCRIPTION Figure 1 WSN Architecture Figure 2 Block Diagram of functional Wireless Sensor node Figure 3 Discovery of Route. Figure 4 DSR Route Discovery and Maintenance. Figure 5 Wireless Sensor Network. Figure 6 End-to-End Delay of DSR vs. AODV for 10 nodes Figure 7 End-to-End Delay of DSR vs. AODV for 20 nodes Figure 8 End-to-End Delay of DSR vs. AODV for 35 nodes Figure 9 End-to-End Delay of DSR vs. AODV Figure 10 Throughput of DSR vs. AODV for 10 nodes Figure 11 Throughput of DSR vs. AODV for 20 nodes Figure 12 Throughput of DSR vs. AODV for 35 nodes Figure 13 Throughput of DSR vs. AODV List of Tables DESCRIPTION Table 1 Route Request Parameters. Table 2 Route Reply Parameters. Table 3 Simulation Parameters. Table 4 Comparison of DSR and AODV. 9 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION The advancements in wireless communication technologies enabled large scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs) deployment [30]. Due to the feature of ease of deployment of sensor nodes, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a vast range of applications such as monitoring of environment and rescue missions [31]. Wireless sensor network is composed of large number of sensor nodes. The event is sensed by the low power sensor node deployed in neighborhood and the sensed information is transmitted to a remote processing unit or base station [21]. To deliver crucial information from the environment in real time it is impossible with wired sensor networks whereas wireless sensor networks are used for data collection and processing in real time from environment [21]. The ambient conditions in the environment are measured by sensors and then measurements are processed in order to assess the situation accurately in area around the sensors. Over a large geographical area large numbers of sensor nodes are deployed for accurate monitoring. Due to the limited radio range of the sensor nodes the increase in network size increases coverage of area but data transmission i.e. communication to the base station (BS) is made possible with the help of intermediate nodes. Depending on the different applications of wireless sensor networks they are either deployed manually or randomly. After being deployed either in a manual or random fashion, the sensor nodes self-organize themselves and start communication by sending the sensed data. These sensor networks are deployed at a great pace in the current world. Access to wireless sensor networks through internet is expected within 10-15 years [1]. There is an interesting unlimited potential in this wireless technology with various application areas along with crisis management, transportation, military, medical, natural disaster, seismic sensing and environmental. There are two main applications of wireless sensor networks which can be categorized as: monitoring and tracking. In general the two types of wireless sensor networks are: unstructured and structured. The structured wireless sensor networks are those in which the sensor nodes deployment is in a planned manner whereas unstructured wireless sensor networks are the one in which sensor nodes deployment is in an ad-hoc manner. As there is no fixed infrastructure between wireless sensor networks for communication, routing becomes an issue in large number of sensor nodes deployed along with other challenges of manufacturing, design and management of these networks. There are different protocols that have been proposed for these issues. The critical condition monitoring application is studied in this thesis by evaluation of two routing protocols with the help of some performance metrics considering applications demand as well. 10 1.1 BACKGROUND: The use of different wireless devices like cell phones, GPS devices, laptops, RFID and other electronic devices have become more pervasive, cheaper and important in today’s life. The demand for communication and networking among these various wireless devices has been increased for different applications. Wireless sensor networks from this point of view are the latest trend [34]. Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) that is connected by wireless links is a self configuring network of mobile nodes. The devices freely move in any direction and links among these devices are changed frequently [5]. A cooperative network organized by collection of sensor nodes is a wireless sensor network [5]. Both of these networks fall into the category of infrastructure less wireless networks as they do have any requirement regarding infrastructure during the deployment. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) and cellular networks fall into the other category of wireless networks that require infrastructure during their deployment. These two categories which are infrastructure less and infrastructure based have their own cons and pros. In the first category which is the infrastructure based networks, both voice and data with good quality of service from source to destination is carried but infrastructure is required. In second category which is infrastructure less networks have constraints with limitation in bandwidth, power and range. Despite of the constraints these infrastructures less networks have many advantages [41]. A wide range of wireless sensor network applications are: Underwater sensor networks that are used for monitoring of fisheries and coral reefs [32]. The underwater sensor network is composed of mobile and static nodes. The installation, deployment and maintenance process is accelerated by using WSN in volcanic monitoring. As these networks use equipments that are lighter, smaller and less power consumption. This application of WSN has many challenges that include data collection, event detection, high data rates and sparse deployment of nodes. Other applications of WSN include [32]:  Outdoor/indoor monitoring of environment.  Monitoring of health.  Factory and process automation. [...]... results Deriving a conclusion on basis of performance evaluation 1.5 GUIDELINE OF THESIS: There are five chapters presented in this thesis work In next chapter, the architecture, components and applications about WSN is covered Also the comparison between MANETs and WSN is done in the next chapter The third chapter of the thesis work covers the study of the routing protocols and main design issues of... from simulation are analyzed in this step 1.4 GOAL: The main goal of this thesis work is the study, selection and evaluation of routing protocols from the existing one for wireless sensor network and compares the performance of these routing protocols for monitoring application of critical condition The particular goals of this thesis work are to: Develop and design a simulation model Perform a simulation... steps which were performed to achieve the objectives of this thesis work 1.3.1 Review In this step any published work or surveying of the literature of the research work done relevant about the study area is gathered for assessment 1.3.2 WSN Architecture In this step the required background information for the understanding of the subject of this thesis work is provided Also a general understanding of the... in near future The problem of monitoring of critical conditions over a large area with the help of wireless sensor networks in order to detect an event and transmit it reliably is investigated in this thesis Some of the aspects in wireless sensor networks may be generic but specific requirements of the applications should be carefully considered, as in case of demanding application such as environmental... work covers the study of the routing protocols and main design issues of WSNs A detailed explanation of the different types of protocols including their architecture and classification required for the thesis work is also presented The simulation tool, network design is explained in the fourth chapter The two routing protocols AODV and DSR are implemented in the OPNET simulator In final chapter the analysis . Supervisor: Karel De Vogeleer (karel.de.vogeleer@bth.se) Master’s Degree Thesis Karlskrona October 2009 This Thesis corresponds to 20 weeks of full-time work for each of the authors conclusion on basis of performance evaluation. 1.5 GUIDELINE OF THESIS: There are five chapters presented in this thesis work. In next chapter, the architecture, components and applications. teachers and all those who guided and helped us and provided great environment to complete this thesis and our course work. Special thanks to our supervisor Mr. Karel De Vogeleer for his help