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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HCM CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LY VAN NGOAN RELATIONS BETWEEN THE SOUTHEAST BORDER PROVINCES OF VIETNAM AND THE PROVINCES BORDERING CAMBODIA FROM 1991 TO 2015 HISTORY DOCTORAL THESIS ABSTRACT MAJOR: VIETNAM OF HISTORY CODE NO: 62 22 03 13 HO CHI MINH CITY - 2022 The work was completed at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Science instructor: Asso Prof Dr Nguyen Van Hiep Dr Le Phung Hoang Review 1: Asso Prof Dr Dinh Quang Hai Review 2: Asso Prof Dr Tran Nam Tien Review 3: Dr Le Van Dat The thesis will be defended in front of the School-level Thesis Judging Committee at: ………………………….… At……hour……….day……….month… …year………… Thesis can be found at the library: - National Library of Vietnam - Library of Ho Chi Minh City University of Education - Library of General Science in Ho Chi Minh City PREAMBLE Reason for choosing the topic The Vietnam-Cambodia relationship is a special relationship, with a long historical tradition, going through certain ups and downs and difficulties In particular, the relationship between localities sharing Vietnam's border with Cambodia's border provinces holds a very important position That relationship tooks place in the most vivid, specific and direct way in the general relationship between Vietnam and Cambodia That relationship is reflected in almost all fields from economic relations, politics, national defense and security, socio-cultural relations to the relations of the residents on both sides of the border On the whole land border between Vietnam and Cambodia has a length of about 1,137 km (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2010, pp 8–9) , passes through 10 provinces of Vietnam and borders provinces of Cambodia 1, is divided into three the Central Highlands, Southeast and Southwest regions Each region has different characteristics and positions for economic and social development as well as in the relationship between the border provinces on the Vietnamese side and the border provinces on the Cambodian side The South- East region of Vietnam includes provinces and city including Ho Chi Minh City, Tay Ninh, Binh Phuoc, Binh Duong, Dong Nai, Ba Ria - Vung Tau today This area has a natural area of 23,590.7 km2 , accounting for 7.12% of the country's area, the total population of 15,790,400 people , accounting for more than 17.40% of the population of Vietnam (GSO, 2014, p 65) This area has two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc, bordering with five provinces of Kratie, Mondulkiri, Tbong Khmum (before 2013 it was Kampong Cham province), Prey Veng, Svay Rieng of Cambodia with a border length of 592,977 km This is an area with an important strategic position and is considered as the land gateway of the Southeast in relations with countries in the region and the world Historically, the relationship between the two countries Vietnam Cambodia has always been of interest to the two countries' governments and 10 provinces in Vietnam: Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Nong, Dak Lak, Binh Phuoc, Tay Ninh, Long An, Dong Thap, An Giang, Kien Giang Nine provinces in Cambodia include: Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri, Kratie, Kampong Cham, Prey Veng, Svay Rieng, Kandal, Takeo, Kampot people, placing them as the number one priority in their foreign policy The two countries always give each other the care, support and dependence on each other in national construction and development as well as in the process of fighting against foreign aggression to protect national independence That was shown specifically in the resistance war against the French invasion, the American intervention and the destruction of the Khmer Rouge genocidal regime later In the relationship between the two countries, the bilateral relationship between the provinces sharing the border between the two countries in general, between the border provinces in the Southeast region of Vietnam and the border provinces on the Cambodian side in particular have the following positions: It is very important because: + The relationship between the border provinces in the Southeast region of Vietnam and the provinces bordering Cambodia contributes to the formation of the common relationship between the two countries + The relationship between the border provinces in the South- East region of Vietnam and the border provinces on the Cambodian side is the process of implementing and implementing the foreign policies of the two countries, Vietnam and Cambodia in a specific and vivid way, most directly at the local level + The relationship between the border provinces in the South- East region of Vietnam and the border provinces on the Cambodian side contributes to solving specific problems stemming from the reality of each locality in Vietnam's international relations with Vietnam Cambodia in all fields from economic and political relations to national defense and security, culture, society and people-to-people relations thereby contributing to enriching the relationship between the two countries Stemming from that historical practice, with the desire to learn systematically, comprehensively and deeply about the basis, reality as well as achievements and limitations in the relations between the border provinces in the Eastern region The South of Vietnam and the provinces bordering Cambodia from 1991 to 2015, to draw lessons from that experience to contribute to strengthening the relationship between the two regions as well as the two countries in the next periods This is a requirement both theoretically and practically Because of the above urgent requirement, the PhD student chose the problem " Relation between the border provinces of Southeast Vietnam and the provinces bordering Cambodia from 1991 to 2015" his doctoral thesis Research purpose - To clarify the important factors underpinning the relationship, from which to confirm the relationship between the Southeast border provinces of Vietnam and the border provinces of Cambodia stemming from real needs, objective economy - To highlight the most important contents, the deepest aspects of the cooperation relationship between the two bordering provinces from 1991 to 2015 - To draw some characteristics and lessons learned to contribute to strengthening the relationship between the bordering provinces of the two sides in the next period - To serve as a scientific basis for the border provinces in particular and the government in general to refer to in formulating plans for economic and social development, national security and defense, foreign affairs with integration conditions, particularities of each locality - To believe, on the other hand, the thesis also serves as a source of material for the study and research on local history and the Southeast region of lecturers and students Research mission To clarify the above purpose, the thesis has the following tasks: - Analyzing the factors affecting the cooperation relationship between the Southeast border provinces of Vietnam and the provinces bordering Cambodia such as Geographical location and natural conditions, defense factors - security, economic factors and socio-cultural factors on that basis, affirming that the relationship between the bordering provinces of the two sides comes from an objective necessity - Analyzing and clarifying the current situation of the relationship between the Southeast border provinces of Vietnam and the provinces bordering Cambodia from 1991 to 2015 in such fields as: economy, politics, defense - security, culture - society - Evaluate the achievements, limitations, characteristics and draw lessons learned from the relationship between the bordering provinces in the future 4 Object and scope of research About subject: The thesis studies the cooperation relationship between the two Southeast border provinces of Vietnam and the five border provinces of Cambodia in the fields of: economy, politics, defense - security and culture society festival About space: It is among the Southeast border provinces with Cambodia bordering provinces, including: Tay Ninh, Binh Phuoc1 (Vietnam), Svay Rieng, Prey Veng, Tbong Khmum, Kratie , Mondulkiri (Cambodia) About time: The research time limit of the thesis is from 1991 to 2015 Approaches, methods and research resources Approach: The thesis approaches from the perspective of bilateral international relations at the local level between the bordering provinces on both sides of the border and puts that relationship in the overall relationship to identify evaluate and draw lessons learned About research methods - The thesis uses methods such as the methodology of Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's thought; The specific research method is a combination of historical and logical methods Besides, the thesis also uses other methods such as statistics, analysis, comparison Regarding research materials: To carry out the thesis, the PhD student used the following original sources: - The treaties, agreements, cooperation agreements between Vietnam and Cambodia from 1991 to 2015 - Minutes of working, reports on preliminary and summary cooperation of the Provincial Party Committee, People's Committee, departments, branches, localities of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc provinces with Cambodia bordering provinces from 1991 to 2015 - In addition, the thesis also uses research results from other works such as books, newspapers, magazines, scientific topics, thesis Some related concepts used in the thesis There are a number of related basic terms and concepts that are clarified in the thesis such as: Border, Border area (in the border area, there are For Binh Phuoc province before January 1, 1997 in Song Be province, so in the thesis when studying the period before 1997, the space of Song Be province will be mentioned concepts such as border belt, border gate, border market), Border population, Cross-border relations, border trade Scientific contributions of the thesis - Present and analyze in a systematic and relatively comprehensive way the bases for forming the cooperation relationship between the Southeast border provinces of Vietnam and Cambodia bordering provinces such as: Geographical basis and natural conditions, defense-security bases, economic bases and socio-cultural bases on that basis, affirming that the relationship between the bordering provinces of the two sides comes from an inevitable needs objective - Analyzing and clarifying the current situation of the relationship between the Southeast border provinces of Vietnam and the provinces bordering Cambodia from 1991 to 2015 in such fields as: economy, politics, defense - security, culture - society - Evaluate the achievements, limitations, characteristics and draw lessons learned from the relationship between the bordering provinces in the future - Collect, systematize and introduce a volume of documents and documents related to the research topic, serving for reference, research, teaching and learning the history of international relations and the history of Vietnam Modern South Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, list of references and appendices, the content of the thesis is expected to include chapters, in which: Chapter 1: Overview of the research situation Chapter 2: The basis for forming the cooperation relationship between the Southeast border provinces of Vietnam and the border provinces of Cambodia Chapter 3: Status of the relationship between the Southeast border provinces of Vietnam and the provinces bordering Cambodia from 1991 to 2015 Chapter 4: Comments and evaluation of the cooperation relationship between the Southeast border provinces of Vietnam and the provinces bordering Cambodia from 1991 to 2015 CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION 1.1 Research works on Vietnam - Cambodia relations in fields related to the scope and research object of the thesis 1.1.1 Works referring to the field of politics, security - defense + Research projects of typical domestic authors such as: The first is the work "Vietnam - Laos - Cambodia Solidarity Combat Alliance" (1983) by Hoang Van Thai, Truth Publishing House, Hanoi; Proceedings of the Scientific Conference "Vietnam - Cambodia relations in a new context: Comprehensive cooperation for mutual development" (2007); Institute for Southeast Asian Studies with the project "Vietnam - Cambodia land border: Historical, political, social, legal basis and solutions for sustainable and harmonious development" (2009); National Border Committee - Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the project "Vietnam Cambodia land border" (2010); Monograph book "Vietnam - Cambodia relations since the cold war" by Tran Xuan Hiep, Social Science Publishing House, Hanoi, 2014; With a historical approach, the topic "The process of forming the land border between Vietnam and Cambodia" by author Le Trung Dung, subject of the National Foundation for Science and Technology Development, Hanoi, 2014 On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the victory of the war to protect the southwestern border, Culture and Information Publishing House publishes the book "Victory of the West-South border of Vietnam and the imprint of the Vietnamese Volunteer Army on the way Cambodia Network” (2014) … + Research works of typical foreign authors: The first is the work "The China - Cambodia - Vietnam Triangle" (1981) by Uyen Phret Bot Lightning, Theoretical Information Publishing House, Hanoi The work "Cambodia - Vietnam Political Relations 1979 - 1989" (2003) by author Camaphon He presented "Conflict between political parties in Cambodia: Impact on Cambodia - Vietnam relations" (2005) by Roy Rasmey The work "Policy of the Kingdom of Cambodia towards Vietnam from 1993 to the present " (2008) by author Sok Dareth The project "Cambodia - Vietnam cooperation from 1993 to the present" by Chhouet Sopheak, Diplomatic Academy, Hanoi, 2009 The work of Sun Sothiarat "The development path of Cambodia - Vietnam traditional friendship relationship from 1998 to present” (2010) Especially with Thearith Leng 's thesis "Small State Diplomacy: Cambodia's Foreign Policy Towards Vietnam" (2018) School of Humanities and Social Sciences The University of New South Wales, Canberra This thesis examines Cambodia's foreign policy towards a larger power like Vietnam in order to contribute to understanding how a small, developing country, especially with many historical disagreements with its large neighbour more, in making its foreign policy (Leng, 2018) 1.1.2 In the economic, cultural and social fields - The works referring to the relationship on the economic field between Vietnam - Cambodia are related to the thesis such as: The first is the author's work Le Huong "Border Flea Market of Vietnam and Cambodia" (1969) Doan Ke Bon with the work "Some solutions to develop trade in goods between Vietnam and Cambodia across the land border in the period up to 2005" (2002) Le Thi Hong with the topic "Vietnam-Cambodia economic cooperation relationship from 1979 to 2007" (2008), Vinh University, Nghe An The topic "Outstanding political and economic issues of Cambodia in the period 2011 - 2020 and their main impact on Vietnam" (2010) is chaired by Nguyen The Ha The project "Capacity for international economic integration of localities contiguous to Cambodia" (2013), chaired by the National Committee for International Economic Cooperation Nguyen Xuan Thien (editor) with the work "Economic relations between Vietnam and Cambodia, the current situation and prospects" (2018), Information and Communication Publishing House - The works referring to the relationship in the field of culture - society between the two countries Vietnam - Cambodia related to the thesis such as: The first is the work "Ethnic, religious and cultural aspects in the Vietnam - Laos - Cambodia Development Triangle" (2009) by Pham Duc Thanh and Vu Cong Quy State-level independent project "Study the historical, cultural, political, social and legal basis of the land border between Vietnam and Cambodia and propose solutions to stabilize and develop the border region between the two countries water” (2010) by Nguyen Sy Tuan Tran Hong Lien with two articles "Buddhist cultural exchange of residents in the Vietnam - Cambodia border area” and "Cultural exchange of residents in the Vietnam - Cambodia border area" (2010), published in the Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, August 2010 Phan An with the article "Ethnic relations on both sides of the national border between Vietnam and Cambodia" (2010), published in the Journal of Southeast Asian Studies Besides, there are also articles published in the journals of Southeast Asian Studies, Economics and Development, Science and Society such as: Le Minh Dien (2009), “Some overall solutions for frontier development between Vietnam and Cambodia"; Nguyen Van Ha (2010), "The current situation and solutions for socio-economic development in the Vietnam-Cambodia border region"; Nguyen Hong Nhung (2010), "The current situation of socioeconomic development in the Vietnam-Cambodia border region"; Quach Thi Cuc (2010), "Borders and issues of sustainable development in the case of Vietnam - Cambodia land border" 1.2 Research works on the Southeast border provinces of Vietnam and Cambodia's border provinces related to the relationship 1.2.1 Research works on the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc are related to the relationship with the border provinces on the Cambodian side - The research works on Tay Ninh province have typical works such as: First with the work "Old Tay Ninh" (2001) Huynh Minh's Youth Publishing House Tay Ninh Provincial People's Committee with the project “Tay Ninh Geography” (2006), National Political Publishing House Topic “Preserving and promoting cultural traditions of ethnic minorities in Tay Ninh” (2009), Author Phan An is in charge The work “Tay Ninh 35 years of construction and development (April 30, 1975 - April 30, 2010)” (2010) of the Statistics Department of Tay Ninh province, released in April 2010 Tay Ninh Provincial Party Committee with the work “History of Tay Ninh Provincial Party Committee 1930 – 2005” (2010), National Political Publishing House The work “Building a relationship of solidarity, friendship and cooperation on the borderline of Tay Ninh province” (2013), authored by Do Van Banh, Political Commissar of the Provincial Military Command, published in the National Defense Journal total population December 2013 The project “Strategy to develop border trade in Tay Ninh province, period 2015 - 2020 and vision to 2030” (2015), led by Le Cao Thanh Tay Ninh Border Guard Command “Tay Ninh Border Guard 40 years of building, fighting and growing up (May 25, 1975 - May 25, 2015)” (2015) People's Army Publishing House Especially with the project “Ethnic relations across borders of some ethnic minorities in Binh Phuoc and Tay Ninh provinces” (2016), Vo Cong Nguyen is the director This is a work meticulously researched on the basis of investigation, fieldwork, with a system of very 14 CHAPTER REALITY OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOUTHEAST BORDER PROVINCES OF VIETNAM AND PROVINCE NORTHING CAMBODIA FROM 1991 TO 2015 3.1 Relations in the field of foreign affairs Through practical research, the process of exchanging, exchanging, contacting and negotiating between the authorities of the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc and the neighboring Cambodian provinces has taken place on a regular basis, and there have been contacts and exchanges Periodically, there has been unexpected and unusual contacts between the two provinces to solve urgent problems Leaders between the bordering provinces of the two sides regularly organize delegations to visit and attend each other on the occasion of holidays and New Year of the two ethnic groups 3.2 Relations in the field of economy and transportation 3.2.1 In the field of cross-border trade General assessment of the total import-export trade turnover across the border between Tay Ninh and Cambodia's bordering provinces from 1991 to 2015 has undergone two phases In the initial period from 1991 to 2005, cross-border trade activities did not develop strongly The reason for this situation reflects the actual situation, as well as the economic and trade potential between Binh Phuoc province and the neighboring Cambodian provinces Entering the period 2005 to 2015, commercial activities between Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc provinces and the three provinces bordering Cambodia have developed and achieved many achievements Typically, the total value of trade between Tay Ninh province and three provinces bordering Cambodia from 2010 to 2015 increased by more than 150% (from 17,985 in 2010 to 45.32 million USD in 2015) Between Binh Phuoc and three provinces bordering Cambodia increased from 50 million USD to 210.19 million USD (increased 4.2 times within years) In addition, the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc also support the sale of commercial electricity in five provinces bordering Cambodia to serve the needs of life and production 3.2.2 In the field of investment Between Tay Ninh province and Cambodia border provinces Investment and production activities between Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc 15 provinces in Cambodia's border provinces only really started in 2010 As for Tay Ninh province, in the period from 2010 to 2015, there were 13 enterprises Agriculture and 127 border residents rent short-term land in 03 bordering Cambodian provinces for agricultural production For Binh Phuoc province, from 2011 to 2015, there are investment projects in the Kingdom of Cambodia, including investment projects in Kratie province with a total registered capital of 148,232,500 USD Through the results of the survey and survey, no individuals and businesses in the bordering Cambodia provinces have invested in production activities in Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc provinces 3.2.3 In the field of coordination in the construction of transport infrastructure The authorities of the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc on the Vietnamese side with five bordering provinces on the Cambodian side have engaged in many activities to exchange, discuss and agree on contents such as: Agreement to open and upgrade border gates and roads, border traffic between the two provinces in order to create favorable conditions for economic and trade relations, goods exchange and people's exchange relations on both sides of the border; Coordinating in managing and carrying out cross-border immigration procedures of the people of the two sides; Building a system of traffic works on the border such as welcome gates, parking lots to serve the needs of exchange of relations between the authorities and people of the two sides By the end of 2015, the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc with five provinces bordering Cambodia have coordinated and agreed to open 03 pairs of international border gates, 04 pairs of main border gates and 14 pairs of auxiliary border gates, with many routes trails, openings will be cleared… 3.3 Relations in the field of defense - security, crime prevention and demarcation 3.3.1 Cooperation in the field of defense and security The relationship between the border guards between Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc and the border provinces of Cambodia from 1991 to 2015 shows that: Border forces of the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc have maintained regular meetings, meetings, exchange border situation with border guards of the provinces bordering Cambodia Specifically, about direct relations periodically and irregularly, a total of 3,883 cases at provincial level 16 (Binh Phuoc 3,807, Tay Ninh 76 cases )1; The station level was 8,919 cases; Exchange by mail a total of 17,199 letters (of which congratulatory letters visit 3,444 letters, protest letters 23 letters and 13,633 letters exchange information and resolve issues related to border security and defense) From the above results, it shows that the relationship in the field of defense - border security is a top concern and a regular work in the general relationship between the bordering provinces of the two sides In addition, in order to further tighten the relationship between the border forces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc provinces, they also actively help with financial aid, facilities, equipment, machinery, etc to help functional forces and Cambodian people overcame difficulties and improved their lives thanks to those proactive and creative activities, they have largely maintained border stability, built a border of peace, friendship, cooperation and development hitherto 3.3.2 Cooperation in the field of cross-border crime prevention The cooperation relationship in the field of crime prevention and control between the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc and the Cambodian provinces that share a common border takes place often with high intensity Within 15 years, according to incomplete statistics, the total number of cases between the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc and the border provinces of Cambodia coordinated to investigate and handle a total of 2,744 cases If calculated on average in 15 years , there are more than cases/month on average This proves that the crime situation in border areas is frequent and complicated However, with the determination and cooperation between the crime prevention forces between the bordering provinces on both sides of the border, the fight against cross-border crime took place quite effectively security and order on the border line is maintained, especially the crime situation is decreasing 3.3.3 Cooperation in solving the problem of encroachment and invasion Through the research on the relationship in solving the situation of invasion and invasion on the border line between the Tay Ninh province and Cambodia, it has been shown that: In the period 1991 - 2005, the exchange, Statistical data of Tay Ninh province, the author made statistics according to the agreement dated January 8, 1996 to 2015 (because the author could not fully exploit the sources of data from the Tay Ninh Provincial People's Committee) 17 cooperation, even struggle The legal dispute between the Tay Ninh province and Cambodia's border provinces took place with a high degree and intensity The reason for the above situation is that the province has a long border and passes through many turning points The situation of people living in intercropping has existed for a long time This situation has begun to improve over time From 2005 onward, the situation of invasion on the borderline between Tay Ninh province and three provinces bordering Cambodia has been decreasing, even almost non-existent in the period from 2010 to 2015 Relationship This relationship between Binh Phuoc province and the provinces bordering Cambodia almost does not happen 3.3.4 Cooperation in demarcation and marker planting The border line passing through the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc is 500,433 km long (Tay Ninh 240km, Binh Phuoc 258,939 km) , and is tasked with planting 137 major landmarks (Tay Ninh 109 landmarks, Binh Phuoc 29 landmarks) It can be said that the relationship in PGCM work in the period before 2005 has generally not been implemented much in the field, the number of border kilometers covered by the PGCM is very modest PGCM work has been improved and put into practice since 2005 onwards; Specifically, since the "Treaty between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Kingdom of Cambodia supplementing the 1985 Treaty on National Boundary Planning" (referred to as the 2005 Additional Treaty for short) From 2005 to 2015, between the two provinces of Tay Ninh, Binh Phuoc and the provinces of Cambodia, they coordinated and carried out PGCM across the border of the two provinces, achieving many important achievements By 2015, between Tay Ninh and Cambodia bordering provinces, 100/109 landmarks have been identified and planted, reaching 91.74%, demarcating 172/240 km, reaching 71.66% Especially between Binh Phuoc province and Cambodia bordering provinces, after years of implementing the task of PGCM (2006 - 2011), the main carpentry demarcation work was completed 100% 3.4 Cooperation in the field of culture - society 3.4.1 Relations between ethnic communities living on both sides of the border The characteristics of the residential communities on both sides of the border in Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc provinces with Cambodia's border provinces are that they have many similarities in social and cultural life, 18 especially most ethnic communities Living on both sides of the border shares the same ethnic origin Therefore, the appearance of a relationship between the resident communities on both sides of the border is an objective necessity 3.4.2 Neighborhood relations, cooperative cooperation, assistance of residents and social organizations Due to the production characteristics of border residents in Tay Ninh province and Cambodia's border provinces, mainly seasonal agricultural production Therefore, there is a need for jobs and job creation For the citizen, from that situation, there appeared a relationship in the recruitment and supply of cross-border labor, forming hired teams called "foreign workers", each group of Cambodians from 20-30 people flocked to Tay Ninh to work Workers and they stay in Tay Ninh during the working time, at the end of the season they return to the other side of the border In addition, between Tay Ninh and Cambodia's border provinces, many action programs have been launched to facilitate and promote the relationship between residents of the two sides, such as "The model of women's nests gradually changing Vietnamese labors."South - Cambodia" In addition, the Vietnam-Cambodia Friendship Association in Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc provinces also have many friendship exchange activities, charity assistance, etc for poor Cambodian people in some provinces, which have created good feelings in the community hearts of the people, arousing the traditional spirit of solidarity and friendship of the two peoples of Vietnam and Cambodia 3.4.3 Relationships in the cultural and spiritual life of residents Every year, at the annual traditional festivals of the Khmer in Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc with Cambodia's border provinces, it is an opportunity for people to meet, visit, and attend the Chol Chnam Thmay festival together, Donta, Ok Ombok In addition, the similarity in the religion of the communities living on both sides of the border is considered the glue that binds the two ethnic communities of Vietnam - Cambodia residing along the border, thereby creating better conditions for the relationship between the two ethnic groups cultural exchange system in other fields such as wedding customs, culture - art In general, the relationship in the field of culture and society between the residents of the bordering provinces is also quite active, this relationship contributes to tightening solidarity and closeness among the people of the two countries in particular, and between the people of the two countries in 19 general 3.4.4 In the field of education and training In general, through surveying the relationship between the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc and the border provinces of Cambodia in the field of education and training, there is very little, the amount of training is not much, only appearing in the short period of time, later time between Tay Ninh province and Cambodia's border provinces In 2007, Tay Ninh province received training support for 60 health workers from Kampong Cham and Svay Rieng provinces (Kampong Cham 40 people, Svay Rieng 20 people) to study at Tay Ninh Medical Intermediate School Continuing for years (from 10.2013 to 10.2015), Tay Ninh Provincial Medical School received a total of 53 students from Cambodia with two majors in nursing and midwifery In Binh Phuoc province, no relationship has been recorded in this field Sub-conclusion of chapter From the actual relationship between the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc and the provinces bordering Cambodia in the period from 1991 to 2015, it can be seen that this relationship takes place in almost all fields of economy, politics, and national affairs, room – security and social culture That relationship goes through certain ups and downs In the first period from 1991 to 2005, the relationship between the two bordering provinces in the area did not develop Cross-border trade relations and exchanges are very limited; The demarcation and planting of landmarks was almost interrupted This situation began to improve from 2005 and developed until 2015 During the period from 2005 to 2015, the cooperation relationship between neighboring provinces The border between the two sides has begun to achieve many important achievements in almost all fields such as: The cross-border import and export trade relations between the bordering provinces of the two sides are increasing, the proportion of export turnover is increasing next year's imports are always higher than the previous year; The coordination activities in the demarcation and planting of landmarks began to be implemented in the field and completed 100% in Binh Phuoc province, Tay Ninh province also achieved 93.57% Besides, in other fields such as cooperation in the field of transportation, investment cooperation, in the field of culture - society also achieved many remarkable achievements 20 CHAPTER COMMENTS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOUTHEAST BORDER PROVINCE OF VIETNAM AND THE PROVINCES NEARING CAMBODIA FROM 1991 TO 2015 4.1 Characteristics of the relationship Firstly, this relationship is an integral part of the common relationship of the two countries, based on the implementation of foreign policy between the two countries at the local level Secondly, Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc provinces with Cambodia's bordering provinces have many similarities and have many potentials and comparative advantages that can complement each other for development Thirdly, in the relationship of ethnicity, kinship, and neighborliness between the residents of the bordering provinces, it is a natural relationship, so in any circumstances, the communities living adjacent are all geared towards each other Fourth, in cross-border relations, each citizen, represents both as an individual and as a citizen of a country Fifth, the relationship between Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc provinces with Cambodia's bordering provinces is one-way in a number of areas in the process of exchange and cooperation Sixth, the relationship between the two provinces of Tay Ninh, Binh Phuoc and the border provinces of Cambodia from 1991 to 2015 had many ups and downs 4.2 Achievements and limitations 4.2.1 Outstanding Achievements The relationship between the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc and the border provinces of Cambodia from 1991 to 2015 despite experiencing many difficulties, but with the efforts of the leaders of the provinces, as well as from the need for cooperation between the two provinces Cooperation between the bordering provinces of the two sides, the relationship has been continuously consolidated and strengthened and achieved many important achievements in all fields such as: economy, foreign affairs, defense - security; sociocultural 4.2.2 Existences and limitations 21 Besides the basic achievements already achieved, there are certain limitations on the relationship between the two provinces during this period: Firstly, the relationship between the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc and the provinces bordering Cambodia depends largely on the political situation in Cambodia in general and the situation in the bordering Cambodian provinces in particular Second, the relationship between Tay Ninh, Binh Phuoc and the provinces bordering Cambodia is still suffering negative impacts from hostile forces outside as well as opposing and reactionary forces from within Thirdly, the security and order situation on the border of Tay Ninh, Binh Phuoc with Cambodia's border provinces still has many potential complications Fourth, in the economic and trade exchange relationship, it can be seen that the import and export goods from Tay Ninh, Binh Phuoc to the border provinces of Cambodia and vice versa are mostly raw materials, consumer goods used cheaply and remained almost unchanged during this period Fifth, although some achievements in economic, trade and investment have been achieved between the bordering provinces on both sides of the border, in general, enterprises in the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc with the bordering provinces to the east have achieved some achievements Cambodia is still weak in capital and technology to implement large economic projects and programs to promote the process of production, investment and exploitation of the full potential and natural resources and minerals of the bordering provinces of the two sides Sixth, the investment policy of the Cambodian government often changes, creating an unfavorable environment for businesses in Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc provinces to invest in the provinces of Cambodia Seventh, although the authorities of the bordering provinces of the two sides are very interested in investment and development, the economic and social life of border residents has been increasingly improved, there are no hungry households, and poor households have decreased sharply Eighth, Cambodia 's border trade infrastructure is underdeveloped 4.3 Lessons Learned The practical relationship between the border provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc of Vietnam and the five provinces bordering Cambodia in the 22 period 1991 - 2015 in various fields has provided many valuable lessons to continue to strengthen the relationship between the two provinces, consolidate and strengthen cooperation relations between the two bordering provinces in the next period The first, The two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc in cooperation with Cambodia's border provinces in particular, with other localities of Cambodia in general must always firmly grasp, thoroughly grasp and apply principles, flexibly and creatively the foreign policy of independence, equality, peace and cooperation for development in solving border and territorial issues of the Party and the State of Vietnam and Cambodia Secondly, from the achievements and limitations on the relationship between the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc and the provinces bordering Cambodia, it is possible to draw lessons to solve border and crossborder issues with localities The Cambodian side must avoid subjective actions and only hasty willpower in directing and carrying out relations activities Thirdly, with the feature that bordering provinces share a common border, in the relationship between border and territory, it is always a sensitive and complicated issue and is always concerned by the authorities of the bordering provinces of the two sides focus, put as the top focus in the relationship Fourth, promote the propaganda of undertakings and policies of the Party and the State in order to raise the awareness of people in border areas about issues of ethnicity, border and territory, foreign policy , and boundary landmarks Fifth, the level and intensity must be maintained in the process of exchanging meetings and exchanges between the authorities and functional forces of the two sides according to the agreement between the authorities of the bordering provinces of the two sides, which are the provincial level to meet quarterly Every months), district and station levels meet once a month and at commune level once every months Besides, not to mention the unexpected meetings when there are situations that appear beyond the ability of the authorities of the two provinces On the basis of those frequent contacts and exchanges, problems have been detected and promptly resolved since they appeared Sixth, the authorities of Tay Ninh province and localities opposite the 23 Cambodian side should consider coordinating in building, renovating and upgrading the border infrastructure system connecting the two sides If possible, the governments of the two sides jointly invest in opening factories to process products produced by people in the border areas such as noodles, rubber, tobacco, concentrated animal control and slaughter areas; Coordinating to build inter - country trade, service and entertainment centers , turning these places into centers of exchange, exchange and cooperation not only of border residents but also into areas crowded urban areas to attract investment in border areas with the direction of " rich people and strong border " Seventh, the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc in particular, the Vietnamese provinces bordering Cambodia in general, need to implement the policy of "peace of the people" and "a border", considering it a fundamental condition to preserve and maintain, and develop a sustainable relationship between the bordering provinces of the two sides Sub-conclusion of chapter It can be said that the relationship between the Southeast border provinces of Vietnam and the provinces bordering Cambodia from 1991 to 2015 achieved many important achievements, but there are also limitations that need to be overcome The achievements in the fields of politics, diplomacy, national defense and security, economy and socio-culture are remarkable However, the relationship between the border provinces in the Southeast of Vietnam and the provinces bordering Cambodia from 1991 to 2015 still has limitations in the fields of economy, investment and especially the issues of social security Border security is still quite complicated There are many reasons leading to these limitations, such as: The complexity of the political situation, as well as the opposition of the opposition parties in Cambodia related to border issues and territorial sovereignty; Prejudices left behind by historical issues; And to a certain extent, the agencies and departments of the provinces bordering the two sides have not really tried their best (the Cambodian provinces) in building a good relationship; The population situation on both sides of the border is still facing economic difficulties, as well as the level of awareness is much lower than the common level of the province To solve these limitations, the authorities of the neighboring provinces The two sides in the relationship need to actively come up with appropriate solutions in all fields, especially in the fields of political diplomacy, national defense and security, economy and culture - society to bring about the best possible solutions for the two sides, the relationship between the border provinces in the Southeast of Vietnam and the provinces 24 bordering Cambodia in particular, the relationship between Vietnam and Cambodia in general is increasingly developing sustainably 25 CONCLUSION In-depth study of the relationship between Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc provinces with Cambodia's border provinces from 1991 to 2015, we draw the following conclusions: Firstly, the relationship between the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc and the provinces bordering Cambodia is an objective necessity Secondly, the relationship between the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc of Vietnam and the border provinces of Cambodia from 1991 to 2015, is the epitome of the special relationship, comprehensive cooperation between Vietnam and Cambodia, is the vivid expression of the relationship between the two countries at the local level Third, the cooperation relationship between the two Southeast border provinces of Vietnam and the provinces bordering Cambodia from 1991 to 2015 achieved many important achievements, which greatly contributed to the common development of each country, province in particular and the country in general Fourth, despite the above achievements, the cooperation relationship between the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc and the border provinces of Cambodia from 1991 to 2015 still has limitations and problems that need to be resolved Fifth, for the relationship between the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc and the five provinces bordering Cambodia to continue to develop in the next period, the governments of the two bordering provinces need to develop a strategy of the relationship based on the Lessons learned are drawn from the actual relationship between the bordering provinces of the two sides In general, in the relationship between the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc and the border provinces of Cambodia during the period from 1991 to 2015, the two bordering provinces have implemented and implemented very well the guidelines and policies The policy that the two countries Vietnam and Cambodia have agreed and signed That implementation process is shown in a specific, vivid and diverse way in the reality of the two provinces of Tay Ninh and Binh Phuoc The achievements in the relationship between the bordering provinces in the past 25 years (1991 - 2015) are a testament to that creativity and righteousness However, this relationship is still deeply affected by factors at home and abroad and may contain difficulties and challenges, requiring leaders of bordering provinces of the two sides to anticipate in advance and have appropriate solutions to continue promoting the relationship between the bordering provinces of the two sides to become more and more sustainable./ 26 27 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Ly Van Ngoan (2016) Trade relations between Tay Ninh province and Cambodia from 2010 to 2015 Scientific Journal of Saigon University, No 18 (43) July 2016 Page 90 – 98 ISSN Index 1859-3208 Ly Van Ngoan (2018) Tay Ninh during the Tet Offensive and Uprising in the spring of 1968 in the South National seminar "50 years of the Tet Offensive and Uprising (1968 - 2018) theoretical and practical values", held on January 26, 2018 at Thu Dau Mot University Ly Van Ngoan (2018) Contributing to the assessment of the southern border defense system at the beginning of the Nguyen dynasty and the lesson of building the current southwest border defense system The article Scientific conference for master students and graduate students of Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Ho Chi Minh City, 2018 (Publishing yearbook No 1) Ly Van Ngoan (2020) Perspectives of the two states of Vietnam Cambodia in planning the land border from 1945 to the present " The article Scientific conference for master students and graduate students of Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Ho Chi Minh City, 2020 Publishing House of Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, index ISBN 978-604-309-130-4 Ly Van Ngoan, Le Minh Hieu (2021) Cross-border relations of border residents with the defense and security of the Vietnam-Cambodia border " (practical study in Tay Ninh province) Article published in Political Theory magazine, number 5-2021, pages 98 – 104; ISSN index 2525-2585 Ly Van Ngoan (director) (2021) Cross-border relations of residents in the border area of Tay Ninh province with Cambodia's border provinces from 1991 to 2019 " Scientific research project of Thu Dau Mot University Acceptance 20/6/2021; Good Ly Van Ngoan, Le Minh Hieu (2021) Cross-border relations of the Khmer community in Tay Ninh province with their compatriots in Cambodia" Scientific conference article "Identifying basic and urgent problems in Khmer people in the trend of regional sustainable development" Tra Vinh University organized, June 16, 2021 Pages 195 201 28 Ly Van Ngoan, Thach Pholla (2021) Perceptions of Khmer people in Loc Ninh, Binh Phuoc province on historical issues in the Southern region” Scientific conference article "Identifying basic and urgent problems in Khmer people in the trend of regional sustainable development" Tra Vinh University organized, June 16, 2021 Tr 182 188 Ly Van Ngoan (2021) Cross-border economic relations of residents in Tay Ninh border area with Cambodia's border provinces in the period 2010-2020 Article Scientific seminar for lecturers and postgraduate students, Thu Dau Mot University to be held in June 2021 10 Ly Van Ngoan (2022) Cross-border relations of communities living in the border areas of Tay Ninh province - Cambodia Scientific Journal of Saigon University, March 81, 2022 Pages 81 – 89 ISSN index 1859-3208