Carbon footprint estimation of transportation of thai nguyen university of agriculture and forestry students in thai nguyen, vietnam

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY ANGELICA MILETTE SUNICO ADRIANO CARBON FOOTPRINT ESTIMATION OF TRANSPORTATION OF THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY STUDENTS IN THAI NGUYEN, VIETNAM BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: Advanced Education Program Office Batch: 2018 – 2021 Thai Nguyen, 01/10/2022 Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Student name Student ID Thesis Title Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Angelica Milette Sunico Adriano DTN1754190026 Carbon Footprint Estimation of Transportation of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Students in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam Supervisor (s) Dr Ho Ngoc Son Supervisor’s Signature ii Abstract: Global warming is an issue that is needed to be addressed all over the world Human activities have been the main source of climate change Vietnam ranked 30th of the world’s biggest energy emitter of CO2 The transportation sector in Vietnam plays a big role in that number One of the sectors that use transportation on a daily basis is school moreover, universities Universities must provide annual environmental assessments which also indicate the CO2e of students, faculty and staff Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry needs to have a tangible value of the CO2e of students’ transportation to allow the decision makers to assess the environmental impacts of the said activity Using distance-based method and emission factors, the researcher was able to identify the estimated tCO2e of students which was ranging from 0.32 tCO2 – 1.93 tCO2 per semester And at the 5% level of significance, the study show that there is a sufficient evidence to conclude that the CO2e from academic transportation of students living in the dormitory and students living in their hometown has a significant difference The CO2e of students from hometown is higher because the distance travelled by vehicles is longer and farther than of the students from dormitory carbon footprint, carbon footprint analysis, transportation Keywords: emission factors, university, greenhouse gas (GHG), online survey Number of pages: Date of Submission: 01/10/2022 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I’m very grateful to the Lord for giving me His grace, love, mercy, wisdom, knowledge, and understanding If it weren’t for Him I wouldn’t be able to these things His supplication is what kept me going and He is also my inspiration to continue doing the best in life I can’t take the credit for this success because you alone shall be glorified for your greatness and your mercy Thank you, Lord! I would love to give many thanks to my family, Mommy Rolette and Daddy Mike for your undying love and support I hope I made you both really proud and honoured I love you both so much! To Henry, thank you so much for always being by my side and helping me in every way that you can You are truly amazing and such a wonderful soul Cheers for all the all-nighters we pushed through just to finish our thesis To my Vietnam family, JC, Elisha, Jemimah, Stefanie, Raphael, Duc, Isaiah, James, Ronnieca, and Hanna, many thanks for always supporting each other no matter what situation we’re in To my baby girl, Elibap, thanks for making me sane and for being my “pahinga” in all the stress/mess I’m in You are such a blessing To my advisor, Dr Ho Ngoc Son, thank you for accepting me as your student and thanks for helping me finish my research paper And to everyone that has been a part of this journey, with all of my heart I would like to give thanks Angelica Milette Sunico Adriano iv This Bachelor’s Thesis is dedicated to God the Father and my family for their undying love and support Lord God My dad, Mike Erwin Baluyot Adriano & My mom, Rolette Sunico Adriano You have always been my source of strength and my inspiration all throughout this journey Finally, we can all say, I made it v TABLE OF CONTENT List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale 1.2 Research Objectives 1.3 Research Question And Hypotheses 1.4 Scope And Limitations 1.5 Definition Of Terms PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Carbon Footprint 2.2 Carbon Footprint Emission Calculation In Universities 11 PART III METHODS 16 3.1 Research Locale 16 3.2 Materials 16 3.3 Research Design 17 3.4 Sampling Technique 17 3.5 Data Analysis 18 3.5.1 Transportation Carbon Footprint Data Analysis 18 PART IV RESULTS 22 4.1 Gathered Transportation Carbon Footprint Data 22 4.2 Co2 Emission Of Students (Per Semester) 24 4.3 T-Test 25 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 27 5.1 Discussion 27 5.2 Conclusion 28 References 30 Appendices 30 vi vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Transportation Accounts For 29% of U.S Greenhouse Gas Emissions… Figure 2.2 Annual CO2 Emissions in the World………………………………….…10 Figure 2.3 University CFs per capita and year relative to national per capita footprints………………………………………………………………………………12 Figure 3.1 TUAF Map…………………………………………………………….…15 Figure 4.1 Different Modes of Transportation Used by Students Staying at the Dormitory…………………………………………………………………………… 21 Figure 4.2 Different Modes of Transportation Used by Students Staying on Their Hometown…………………………………………………………………………….22 Figure 4.3 Estimated CO2e of Students' per Mode of Transportation (From Dormitory)………………………………………………………………………….…23 Figure 4.4 Estimated CO2e of Students' per Mode of Transportation (From Hometown) ………………………………………………………………………… 23 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 List of Emission Factor for Each Mode of Transportation in tCO2e/km………18-19 Table 4.1 Descriptive Statistics………………………………………………………24 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AEP – Advanced Education Program CF – Carbon Footprint GHG – Greenhouse Gas INDC - Intended Nationally Determined Contribution PEMS - Portable Emission Measuring Systems TUAF – Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Brennan, K (2021) How to calculate motorbike CO2 emissions Thrust Carbon Retrieved from https://www.thrustcarbon.com/insights/how-to-calculate- motorbike-co2-emissions (11/12/2021) Burgard, D.A, Bishop, G.A., Stadtmuller, R.S., Dalton, T.R., and Stedman, D.H (2006) Spectroscopy applied to on -road mobile source emissions Applied Spectroscopy 60 DOI: 10.1366/000370206777412185 Chan, T.L and Ning, Z (2005) On -road remote sensing of diesel vehicle emissions measurement and emission factors estimation in Hong Kong Atmospheric Environment 39, 6843 – 6856 doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.07.048 Cheremisinoff, N.P & Rosenfeld, P.E (2011) Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production Vol 3: Best Practices in the Agrochemical Industry Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production Vol 3: Best Practices in the Agrochemical Industry 10.1016/C2009-0-20362-X Crippa M, Oreggioni G, Guizzardi D, Muntean M, Schaaf E, Lo Vullo E, Solazzo E, Monforti-Ferrario F, Olivier JGJ, Vignati E (2019) Fossil CO2 and GHG emissions of all world countries 2019 JRC Science for policy report https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en Accessed on 13/11/2021 Davison, J., Bernard, Y., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Farren, N.J., Hausberger, S., Sjödin, Å., Tate, J.E., Vaughan, A.R., and David C Carslaw (2020) Distance-based emission factors from vehicle emission remote sensing measurements Science of 31 The Total Environment Volume 739, 139688, ISSN 0048-9697 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139688 EEA (2019) Air quality in Europe — 2019 report Technical Report European Environment Agency URL: http://europa.eu , doi: 10.2800./822355 Eggleston, S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., and Tanabe, K (Eds.) (2006) 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories (Vol 5) Hayama, Japan: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies EPA (2008) Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data European Cyclist Federation (2020) The Level of Impact is Under Our Control Bikelix Retrieved from https://bikelix.com/e-bike-stats/ (3/12/2021) Güereca, L.P., Torres, N and Noyola, A (2013) Carbon footprint as a basis for cleaner research institute in Mexico J Clean Prod 47, 396 – 403 Helmers, E., Chang, C.C & Dauwels, J (2021) Carbon footprinting of universities worldwide: Part I—objective comparison by standardized metrics Environ Sci Eur 33, 30 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00454-6 Hertwich, E and Peters, G (2009) Environmental Science & Technology 43 (16), 6414-6420 DOI: 10.1021/es803496a Jacob-Lopes, E and Costa Deprá, M (2021) Sustainability Metrics and Indicators of Environmental Impact 32 Konicyzni, D (2013) Using carbon foot print to evaluate environmental issues of food transportations Log forum, 1-9 Langevin, J., Gurian, P.L., and Wen, J (2013) Reducing energy consumption in low income public housing Interviewing residents about energy behaviors Appl Energy 102, 1358e1370 Larsen, H.N., Pettersen, J., Solli, C and Hertwich, E.G.(2013) Investigating the carbon footprint of a university – the case of NTNU J Clean Prod 48, 39 – 47 Li, X., Tan, H., and Rackes, A (2015) Carbon footprint analysis of student behavior for a sustainable university campus in China Journal of Cleaner Production Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.084 (10/12/2021) Lindsey, R (2020) Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Climate Watch Magazine Retrieved from https://www.climate.gov/news- features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbondioxide#:~:text=Friedlingstein%20et%20al.,2019).,%C2%B1%200.1%20ppm%20per%20year (9/12/2021) McCombes, S (2020) Descriptive Research Design | Definition, Methods and Example Scribbr Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/ (8/1/2022) McIntosh, A and Pontius, J (2017) Science and the Global Environment 33 Mock, P (2017) Real -driving emissions test procedure for exhaust gas pollutant emissions of cars and light commercial vehicles in Europe Technical Report International Council on Clean Transportation Ozawa-Meida, L., Brockway, P., Letten, K., Davies, J., and Fleming, P (2013) Measuring carbon performance in a UK University through a consumption-based carbon footprint: De Montfront University case study J Clean Prod 56, 185 198 Peggy (2008) Carbon Dioxide, Part 2: Walk, Drive a Car, or Ride a Bike The Globe Program Retrieved from https://www.globe.gov/explore-science/scientistsblog/archived-posts/sciblog/index.html_p=186.html (5/12/2022) Peters, G (2010) Carbon footprints and embodied carbon at multiple scales Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability Print, C F (2013) Carbon foot print Time for change Qafisheh, N., Sarr, M., Hussain, U., and Awadh, S (2017) Carbon Footprint of ADU Students: Reasons and Solution Environment and Pollution; Vol 6, No Robinson, O., Kemp, S., and Williams, I (2015) Carbon management at universities: a reality check J Clean Prod 106, 109–118 Shen, H., Luo, Z., Xiong,R., Liu, X., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Du, W., Chen, Y., Cheng, H., Shen, and G., Tao, S (2021) A critical review of pollutant emission factors from fuel combustion in home stoves, Environment International, Volume 157, 34 106841, ISSN 0160-4120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106841 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412021004669) Schipper, L., Cordeiro, M., and Ng, W (2007) Measuring the Carbon Dioxide Impacts of Urban Transport Projects in Developing Countries Schraufnagel, D.E., Balmes, J.R., Cowl, C.T., De Matteis, S., Jung, S.H., Mortimer, K., Perez - Padilla, R., Rice, M.B., Riojas -Rodriguez, H., Sood, A., Thurston, G.D., To, T., Vanker, A., and Wuebbles, D.J (2019) Air Pollution and Noncommunicable Diseases: A Review by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies’ Environmental Committee, Part 1: The Damaging Effects of Air Pollution Chest 155, 409 –416 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.042 Selin, N (2020) carbon footprint Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/carbon-footprint (4/12/2021) Steemers, K and Yun, G (2009) Household energy consumption: a study of the role of occupants Building Research & Information Sudas, H and Ozelturkay, E (2014) Analyzing the Thoughts of Ecological Footprints of University Students: A Preliminary Research on Turkish Students International Conference on Strategic Innovative Marketing, IC-SIM 2014, September 1-4, 2014, Madrid, Spain Terry, B (2015) Carbon Footprint R Thakur, M (2020) t-Test Formula Retrieved from https://www.educba.com/t-testformula/ (accessed on 02/11/2021) 35 The World Bank (2016) CO2 emissions (kt) – Vietnam Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.KT?locations=VN&most_ recent_value_desc=true (13/12/2021) Tong, H.Y., Hung, W.T., and Cheung, C.S (2000) On -road motor vehicle emissions and fuel consumption in urban driving conditions Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 50, 543 –554 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2000.10464041 U.S Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration (2010) Greenhouse Gas Sources: Vehicles and Carbon Dioxide Public Transportation’s Role in Responding to Climate Change Utaraskul, T (2015) Carbon Footprint of Environmental Science Students in Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Thailand, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 197, Pages 1156-1160, ISSN 1877-0428 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.371 Wiedmann, T and Minx, J (2008) A definition of carbon footprint Ecology Economy Res Trends Yanez, P., Sinha, A., and Vasquez, M (2019) Carbon Footprint Estimation in a University Campus: Evaluation and Insight 36 Zhou, Y., Fu, L., and Cheng, L., (2007) Characterization of in-use light-duty gasoline vehicle emissions by remote sensing in Beijing: Impact of recent control measures Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 57, 1071–1077 doi: 10.3155/1047-3289.57.9.1071 37 APPENDICES APPENDIX A This is the questionnaire prepared by the researcher through Google forms which is approved by the supervisor The questions are formulated to accurately acquire the data needed to answer the research question The respondents had the right to provide or not to provide their name The photos below are screen grabs from the Google form the researcher made 38 39 40 41 APPENDIX B The researcher gathered 124 responses but due to the inefficiency of 24 responses the data is narrowed down to 100 responses, 50 of which students from the dormitory and 50 from their hometowns 42 43 Staying in Hometown 44 Staying in Dormitory 45