A study on local people’s perception on domestic solid waste management at group 10, quyet thang commune thai nguyen city

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY HOANG THI NHAN A STUDY ON LOCAL PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION ON DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AT GROUP 10, QUYET THANG COMMUNETHAI NGUYEN CITY BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advanced Education Program Office Batch : 2015 - 2019 Thai Nguyen, 2021 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name Hoang Thi Nhan Student ID DTN1553110031 A study on local people’s perception on domestic solid Thesis Title waste management at Group 10, Quyet Thang commune - Thai Nguyen city Supervisors MSc Duong Hong Viet Supervisor's Signature Abstract: Thai Nguyen is the gateway for socio-economic exchange between the midland and mountainous region and the Northern Delta region, the economic development along with the constant increase in population has made domestic waste here non-stop It increased comparing with other regions of Vietnam The amount of rabish increase not only in quantity but also in household waste composition, making difficult for management Besides economic and social development, we need sustainable development and a healthy living environment Along with population growth, industrialization and urbanization, solid waste is increasing in both volume and type While in our country the solid waste management has many shortcomings such as the rate of solid waste collection in rural areas is still not high; Domestic solid waste has not been segregated at source leading to low recycling rate People's awareness has a great impact on environmental issues in general and waste problems in particular Separation and management of waste at source is very important in environmental protection Raising people's awareness is the top task in solid waste collection and management Keywords Numbers of pages Date of submission Environmental awareness; Solid waste; waste management; 58 October 20, 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Graduate internship time is a really important time for each student This is the time to consolidate and review the knowledge learned and apply propositions into practice, and help students to enhance their knowledge and working manners after graduation With the agreement of the School- board, Advanced Education Program, I have delved into the subject "A study on local people’s perceptions on domestic solid waste management at Group 10, Quyet Thang commune-Thai Nguyen city" I sincerely thank the teachers who have given me extravagant knowledge throughout the process of learning at the academy.With the knowledge acquired during my studies, it is not only the foundation for my thesis research but also a valuable baggage for me to enter life confidently I would like to express my deep gratitude to MSc.Duong Hong Viet for his enthusiastic guidance and help during the internship and graduation thesis writing process In the Advanced Education Program, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, including MSc Ly Thi Duong and the thoughtful staff, sincerest thank you for the help and break to conduct this exam I would like to thank the officials of Quyet Thang Commune , Thai Nguyen city for the administration support for me to the fieldtrip survey for gathering data for my research Although I have tried very hard to complete the thesis with all my enthusiasm and energy However, due to limited time and capacity, shortcomings cannot be avoided We look forward to receiving valuable comments from teachers and friends Thank you sincerely! Hoang Thi Nhan CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES i LIST OF TABLES ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iii PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Research’s objectives 1.3 Research question and hypotheses 1.3.1 Research question 1.3.2 Hypotheses 1.4 Limitation 1.5 Definitions PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Basic Concepts 2.2 Sources of generation and classification of domestic solid waste 2.2.1 Sources of generation 2.2.2 Classification of domestic solid waste 2.2.3 Impact of waste (DSW) on the environment and public health 2.3.Current status of domestic waste in the world and Vietnam 2.3.1.Current status of domestic waste in the world 2.3.2 Current status of domestic waste in Vietnam 10 2.4.1 Management and treatment of waste in the world 13 2.4.2 Management and treatment of domestic waste in Vietnam 16 2.4.3 Some methods to raise people's awareness in the classification, collection and treatment of DSW in Vietnam 19 PART III METHODOLOGY 23 3.1 Material 23 3.2 Methods 23 3.2.1 Primary data collection method 23 3.3.2 Secondary data collections 24 3.3.3 Data analysis 24 4.1 The nature, economy and society of Quyet Thang commune 25 4.1.1 Nature condition 25 4.1.2 Characteristic about economy and society 28 4.2 Status of solid wastes in Group 10 , Quyet Thang commune 31 4.2.1.The source of waste 31 4.2.2 Assessing community awareness about classification of domestic solid waste in sources 34 4.3 Assessing community awareness about waste collection and treatment in Group 10, Quyet Thang commune 35 4.3.1 People's assessment of domestic waste collection of Urban environmental company 35 4.3.2 People's assessment of the fee level of urban companies in the area 36 4.3.3.People's garbage disposal and collection rate 38 4.4 The community's interest in waste separation at source, collection and treatment of domestic solid waste 39 4.5 Plan to raise people's awareness on segregation and management of domestic solid waste along with sustainable development 41 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 43 REFERENCES 44 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Sources of domestic waste Figure Rate of generation of solid waste in urban areas in Vietnam in 2007 11 Figure The proposed process for a zero-waste campus at TUAF 22 Figure 4.Method of collecting information by surveying local people 23 Figure Geographical location of Quyet Thang commune 25 Figure Sources of domestic waste generated in Group 10, Quyet Thang 32 Figure 7.Waste component in Group 10, Quyet Thang commune 34 Figure percentages of people's waste treatment 39 Figure The chart show the assessment of people's interest in domestic solid waste management and environmental issues 40 Figure 10 Image of the process of interviewing residents 49 Figure 11 The gathering place for domestic waste in Group 10, Quyet Thang commune 49 Figure 12 Image of waste collectors 50 Figure 13 Transport waste to the waste treatment facility 50 I LIST OF TABLES Table Typical composition of domestic solid waste of some countries Table Composition and proportion of waste in the US 10 Table Generation of domestic solid waste 11 Table Amount of urban solid waste by geographical region in Vietnam in 2007 12 Table Composition of domestic solid waste in some northern urbans (% weight) 13 Table Waste treatment methods of some countries in Asia 16 Table Climate characteristics of Quyet Thang commune 26 Table Sources of domestic waste generated in Group 10, Quyet Thang 31 Table Waste component in Group 10, Quyet Thang commune 33 Table 10 The classification of domestic solid waste at the source of the local people 35 Table 11 Residents assessment about waste collection of Urban environmental company 36 Table 12 The commune's environmental sanitation fee level 37 Table 13 Assessment table of the residential community on the collection of environmental sanitation fees (ESF) 37 Table 14 Table of percentages of people's waste treatment 38 Table 15 Statistical assessment of people's interest in domestic solid waste management and environmental issues 39 II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS D DSW E ESF U URENCO V VND W WB WHO 3R Domestic solid waste Environmental sanitation fees Urban Environment Company Vietnam dong World Bank World Health Organization Reduce, reuse, and recycle III PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale There is a fact that environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious in many countries around the world such as India, Bangladesh, Qatar This not only affects human health and animal survival, but also affects the development of these nations As a results, there are a lot of activities and policies have been put forwarded to protect the environment, however, this has not been able to deal with negative impacts Over decades, as the economy and technology development, people's living standards also increase Each family uses and releases many different types of waste into the environment, especially domestic solid waste Currently, in Vietnam, waste pollution is getting more and more serious (The status of environmental pollution in Vietnam and solutions, 2018) Domestic solid waste is one of the direct causes of environmental pollution, unclassified domestic solid waste in households causes overcrowding for households, treatment process at environmental service companies Domestic solid waste is thrown indiscriminately at the wrong time and in the wrong place, leading to land pollution, water pollution, air pollution, etc All of the above problems pose an urgent need for sanitation, domestic solid waste management Community participation greatly contributes to the recognition of risks to the environment, providing more policy options for the classification and treatment of domestic solid waste Therefore, raising people's awareness about the importance of environmental protection, waste management and collection is extremely important This topic clearly shows the attitude and awareness of people in protecting the environment through the classification, collection and treatment of waste Provide information and solutions to further raise people's awareness of environmental protection Starting from the above issues, I a research project on “A study on local people’s perception on domestic solid waste management in group 10, Quyet Thang commune - Thai Nguyen city” 1.2 Research’s objectives The main goals of our thesis are as follows: - Determine the people's awareness of environmental issues, management and treatment of domestic solid waste - Proposing some methods to reduce the problem of environmental pollution and raise the awareness of people in group 10, Quyet Thang commune 1.3 Research question and hypotheses 1.3.1 Research question - What is the current amount domestic solid waste in Group 10, Quyet Thang commune ? - How is the local people’s perception about domestic solid waste management ? -What is the method to raise awareness of people about environmental protecting? 1.3.2 Hypotheses - Estimate the amount of domestic solid waste in Group10, Quyet Thang commune is about 300kg/ day - All of the residents have knowledge about domestic solid waste managenment 1.4 Limitation The study was carried out in Group 10, Quyet Thang commune: the scope was very small Although the study has achieved its objectives, there are still some limitations affecting the research process and results Because of the short time and the impact of the covid epidemic, people are afraid to contact strangers, so they answer interviews quickly At the same time, the outcome of the study depends greatly on the respondent is willingness to be interviewed and their honesty as well as when answering all the survey questions in writing 1.5 Definitions “Waste” is any substance, solid, liquid, or gas that is no longer usable by the body or the system that produced it and which requires disposal Domestic solid waste (DSW) (also known as domestic waste) refers to wastes produced from residential areas from day to day activities called "household" solid wastes (Edward, 2010) The typical properties of domestic solid waste such as: can be classified (organic and inorganic domestic solid waste), domestic solid waste has hazardous characteristics and ordinary domestic solid waste Table 11 Residents assessment about waste collection of Urban environmental company Very good Good Average Poor Very poor [score 5-4] [score 4-3] [score 3-2] [score 2-1] [score 1-0] Rati Qua Rati Qua Rati Qua Rati Qua Rati Targets Quano no no no no tity (%) tity (%) tity (%) tity (%) tity (%) Garbage collection 33 73 12 27 time Garbage collection 27 60 11 24 16 frequency Cleanliness 10 22 16 20 44 18 - - Environme ntal staff 30 attitude 67 15 33 - - - - - - (Survey data, 2021) According to the actual observation and survey, the attitude of the waste collection staff of the urban environmental company in the survey area is very good, they are happy and smile a lot Every day, they usually collect people's garbage early in the morning from 5-8 am According to survey data, 67% of people rate the attitude of collectors as very good the number of people who rated it well accounted for 33% Not a single rating is poor and very poor Most of the people give a very good assessment of the collection time and the attitude of the staff who collect environmental solid waste Garbage collection frequency is time/day is considered suitable for the garbage collection needs of the local people Specifically, 27/45 people rated it as very good 11/45 people rated it good and people rated it as average However, people think the cleanliness is still not absolute Because sometimes there is still garbage left behind Sometimes staff forget to collect in some houses, and the transportation process also causes litter along the road, causing unsightly street 4.3.2 People's assessment of the fee level of urban companies in the area Through the process of surveying the DSW collection fee of 45 peoples in the are, the following results were obtained in Table 12: 36 Table 12 The commune's environmental sanitation fee level Students Group Fee (VND/person/month) Boarding Domitory house 20,000 10,000 Residents Market sellers and store owners 5,000 22,000 (Survey data, 2021) Through the fee table, it is shown that students and traders have to pay higher environmental sanitation fees than non-business households because the amount of waste generated by business and trade groups is often diverse in composition and large in volume quantity In addition, the data of the table also shows that: Although they are the same group of business and trading households, the toll rate of households outside the road is higher than that of households in the hamlet and alley despite this difference in toll rates, not tall However, through that, it is also seen that the fee rate is based on the economic conditions of the people We can see that Market sellers and store owners have to pay the highest fee of 22,000 VND/person/month Students in the dormitory are charged a cleaning fee of 10,000 VND/person/month Meanwhile, students living in student accommodation have to pay a fee of 20,000 VND/person/month Depending on income and personal opinion, each person will think that the current fee collected by the collection agency is high or low, and through the actual survey, I have a table of opinions about the garbage fee Waste collected at the commune is as follows: Table 13 Assessment table of the residential community on the collection of environmental sanitation fees (ESF) Group % Citizen 's opinion Medium 79.2 Students Low 8.3 High 12.5 Residents 12.5 83.3 4.2 Market sellers and store owners 20.8 75.0 4.2 (Survey data, 2021) 37 Through the survey data, the survey in the above table shows that: All groups of households think that the fee that the sanitation team is collecting is reasonable, accounting for a high proportion : 83.3 % residents , second is students with 79.2 % and then 75% in market sellers and store owner However, among the three groups of households, the students household group thinks that the fee is high, accounting for the largest percentage (12.5%) Market sellers and store owners think that the current waste collection fee is cheap, accounting for 20.8% Only 4.2 % of market sellers and store owners think this fee is high Thereby showing the economic disparity between these two groups of households: students and household business We find that the economic disparity leads to a different assessment of the collection fee by the garbage collector 4.3.3.People's garbage disposal and collection rate According to the survey results on the current situation of waste treatment in group 10, out of a total of 45 questionnaires, there are: votes: Apply self-immolation method votes: Apply reuse votes: Discharge freely into the environment 37 votes: Garbage collection From the survey results, 3/45 votes, equivalent to 6.7 % of households, conduct self-incineration However, among these, they who still pay environmental cleaning fees and dispose of garbage for the sanitation workers to collect normally because they only burn some types of paper and garbage such as leaves, trees, etc Garbage from cleaning the garden and some other garbage… The following is a table of the percentages of how local people treat domestic waste: Table 14 Table of percentages of people's waste treatment Forms processing Self-incineration (burning, burying, etc.) Reuse Released freely into the environment Collect Sum 38 Quantity Ratio% 37 45 6.7 11.1 82.2 100 (Survey data, 2021) (Unit: %) Figure percentages of people's waste treatment The chart shows that: Households carry out the method of recycling waste, accounting for 11.1% Reuse is mainly keeping the waste that can be sold for scrap or some households can use leftovers for livestock Collection: The final treatment for domestic solid waste resources Survey data shows that this rate accounts for 82.2 % Thus, with the amount of domestic waste generated from households being 488kg/day, in fact only about 401kg of household waste is collected/day From the survey, it was found that no people directly discharged their waste into the environment Most people collect household waste 6.7% of people treat their own waste by burning 4.4 The community's interest in waste separation at source, collection and treatment of domestic solid waste Table 15 Statistical assessment of people's interest in domestic solid waste management and environmental issues Frequency Quantity Percentages Often 11.1% Occasionally 11 24.4% Rarely 22 48.9% Never 15.6% 39 (Unit: %) Figure The chart show the assessment of people's interest in domestic solid waste management and environmental issues According to statistics from the actual survey, people rarely seek information and pay attention to the classification, collection and treatment of domestic solid waste Environmental issues are of little concern to the people Specifically, only 11.1% of people regularly pay attention to, watch news and collect information related to waste management and environmental issues While 22.4% of people are occasionally interested in it The majority account for 48.9% of people rarely pay attention to and learn about the above issue And up to 15.6 % of people never cared about this issue Most people learn and absorb information through news on newspapers, radio, and television Along with that is receiving information through propaganda of the authorities at the launching ceremony to clean up the environment, villages and extra-curricular sessions A small number of people self-learn through books and electronic information about environmental issues in general and the importance of separating waste at source, managing and treating waste properly and protecting the environment Besides, the lack of awareness of the people has a significant impact on the environment The act of dumping garbage in the wrong place, not sorting garbage before throwing it has a great influence on the process of garbage collection and treatment Therefore, local authorities are required to take measures to prevent and handle to protect the environment 40 4.5 Plan to raise people's awareness on segregation and management of domestic solid waste along with sustainable development Many people are concerned about the environment and are aware of the importance of the environment in their daily lives However, the majority of people in Group 10, Quyet Thang commune have not really paid attention to the classification, collection of domestic waste and the treatment of garbage by local authorities Besides, the propaganda, dissemination and training for the people have not been focused by the management agencies of the ward Domestic waste is one of the causes of soil, water and air pollution and affects urban beauty The handling of domestic waste (collection, classification and treatment) is an urgent and important requirement that requires the participation of everyone, and at the same time needs the coordination of authorities (Department of Transport, public relations, the Department of Natural Resources and Environment, etc.) Research results show that environmental issues are very concerned by people Most people have a good awareness of environmental pollution caused by domestic waste, but attitudes and behaviors are still not correct Especially in the classification, collection and treatment of domestic waste The authorities have tried to solve the waste problem but have not been thorough and have not implemented well propaganda measures for the people People need to change their perceptions, attitudes and behaviors to suit urban life - Disseminate people what is organic waste, what is inorganic waste, propagandize to raise people's awareness about waste classification through political organizations: elderly association, association war veterans, farmers' unions, women's unions, schools, distributing leaflets to classify solid waste at households, etc - Regularly propagate and disseminate the harmful effects caused by waste to the environment and human health through the village's information system such as local newspapers, radio, television, posters, etc - Organize activities, programs and movements to clean the environment: World Environment Day, keeping the streets green and clean, youth action for the environment - Promote propaganda and education in schools on the issue of environmental protection and hygiene, launch movements such as planting trees, clearing sewers, erasing environmental concepts Instead, 41 the school regularly organizes extracurricular activities on environmental topics in a lively way to create excitement for students when learning about the environment, in order to form habits good for students about environmental protection awareness such as using environmental teaching software - Putting environmental protection criteria into the assessment of cultural families Families who have a sense of responsibility in protecting the environment will be honored and families who lack awareness will also be named on the loudspeaker every day 42 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion and conclusion Through the results of the survey, we found that the actual volume of garbage is 488kg/ day It is more than the hypothesized 300kg/day The survey results show that among the survey participants, only 11.1% of people regularly learn and care about solid waste issues, classify and treat them to protect the environment Still 7% of people not care about that issue Based on the analysis of natural, economic and social conditions and studying the current status of waste and people's awareness in the management of domestic waste in the area of Group 10, Quyet Thang Commune We can see that every day, about 500 kg of domestic waste is generated in Group 10, in which the amount of household waste, dormitory accounts for the largest proportion (about 361 kg / day), but the rate is The collection rate is only 82.2%, so the actual amount of waste collected is only about 401 kg/day The composition of waste in the commune depends on the characteristics of each group Since the population is mainly households doing commerce, services and students, the average composition of organic waste is on average of Group 10 (accounting for 61.2%) is higher than that of non-organic waste (accounting for 38.8%) In general, the management in the commune is still limited and inadequate, the collection activities have not been paid much attention and attention by the people, the propaganda, education and awareness raising for the people are still limited 5.2 Recommendation In order to better manage domestic waste in the area of Group 10, I make some recommendations as follows: It is recommended to build a separate hygienic waste dump for easy and convenient management Develop a toll collection system to balance management, increase investment, and build material and technical foundations for the collection, transportation and treatment of domestic waste Improve the capacity and professional qualifications for workers and officials in charge of the environment Create close coordination between the town's People's Committee and the officials of the villages to make it easier to operate and more effective in waste management Promote propaganda and education to raise people's awareness about environmental sanitation, garbage classification activities 43 REFERENCES Tran Hieu Nhue, (2001) " Solid waste management " Construction Publishing House Edwards, Sue (ed.), (2010) Ethiopian Environment Review No Forum for Environment, Addis Ababa “The Law on Environmental Protection”, (2005) took effect from July 1, 2006 (This Law replaces the Law on Environmental Protection 1993) WHO (1996) Guides for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Pacific countries Health Cites, Health Islands Document Series No.6 World Health Organization, Western Pacific Region “Environmental Protection Department”, (2007) Model development and pilot implementation of classification, collection, and treatment of domestic waste for new urban areas Int J Environ Res, (2019) Public Health “Early classify of domestic solid waste”, Journal of Environment Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, National report on environmental status 2011-2015, (2015) Chapter 3: Generation and treatment of solid waste K Silpa, L Yao, P Bhada-Tata, and F Van Woerden.( 2018) What a Waste 2.0 A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050, World Bank “National environmental status report”, (2019) Ministry of natural resources and environment, Dan Tri Publishing House 10 Asia Institute of Technology , Municipal Solid Waste Management in Asia, 2004 11 "Environmental Protection Department", 2007 Model development and pilot implementation of classification, collection, and treatment of domestic waste for new urban areas 12 Pervez Alam & Kafeel Ahmade (2013) "Impact of solid waste on health and the environment " 13 Ly Thi Thuy Duong et al (2017) “Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Zero-waste Campus Program”, p 16 14 “Decree on solid waste management and environment”, (2006) https://thuvienphapluat.vn/ (Accessed: 17 August 2021) 15 Thai Nguyen Map, (2017).http://thainguyen.ban-do.net/2017/12/ (Accessed: 17 August 2021) 16 Luong Thi Binh, (2020) The report on socio-economic development results in 2020; Direction and tasks in 2021 of Quyet Thang Commune People's Committee p 14 44 APPENDICES Domestic solid waste management Questionnaire On the theme of A study on local people’s perceptions on domestic solid waste management in Group 10, Quyet Thang commune- Thai Nguyen city This questionnaire was conducted to collect the necessary information to help give solutions to raise people's awareness about important of domestic solid waste management in environmental protection The information we receive from you is essential, importance and valuable Please answer all questions correctly and in a constructive manner We sincerely thank you! Please tick (V) the idea you choose A Amount of waste collected Estimated how many kg of synthetic waste does your family produce per day? 1.5-2kg 2.5-3 kg 2-2.5kg More than 3kg Currently, is there any domestic waste collection in the area? Yes No How often is household waste collected? day/time week/time days/time Sometimes The fee you are willing to pay for garbage collection and treatment is: 5000VND/person /month 15000VND /person /month 10000VND /person /month 20000VND /person /month Other price ……………………………………………………… 45 How you feel about the fee of garbage collection and treatment Low Medium High What is your waste disposal habit? Self-incineration (burning, Reuse burying, etc.) Released freely into the Collect environment Which of the following types of waste you usually classify? Organic waste such as: leftovers, spoiled vegetables Recyclable waste: paper boxes, plastic, metal, glass Remaining solid waste: clothes, shoes, nylon, sand Hazardous solid waste: batteries, light bulbs, glass bottles and jars, chemical shells Bulky solid waste: large tree branches, mattresses, beds, tables and chairs How would you rate the domestic waste collection of Urban environmental company? (You give points in the range of fluctuation) Targets Very good Good [score 5-4] [score 4-3] Garbage collection time Garbage collection frequency Cleanliness environmental staff attitude 46 Average [score 3-2] Poor [score 2-1] Very poor [score 10] B Evaluate people's perception Have you ever been interested in information about management, waste treatment and the environment? Often Occasionally Rarely Never 10 How did you get that information? Public media: TV, newspaper, radio, etc Local propaganda programs Volunteer consulting programs of environmental companies Self-study through books, environmental law 11 If In your opinion, if not properly classifying and treating domestic solid waste will lead to any environmental pollution? Soid Air Water No impact on the environment 12 What are the benefits of sorting waste at source? Environmental Protection Urban beauty Save on handling costs All the answers 13 If you could choose to participate in one of the activities, which of the following would you choose? Participating in propaganda programs about waste classification and treatment campaigns in the community Be willing to sort your trash at home when instructed Receiving information and instructions on environmental protection from competent authorities 47 14 Which of the following types of waste cannot be disposed of by incineration? Organic waste Harm waste Recycled waste All of the above garbage 15 In your opinion, how many mainly types of garbage can be classified? types types types No need to categorize 16 If you only spend a few minutes a day sorting trash, would you agree? Agree Disagree 17 According to you, is your waste separation process at your source good? Targets Very good [score 5-4] Good Average Poor [score 43] [score 32] [score 21] Very poor [score 10] Waste sorting Waste collection Waste management Waste treatment 18 How would you rate the level of providing environmental information to citizen? Often Occasionally Never 19 Do you have any further comments on the issue of garbage collection by the competent authority? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 20 In your opinion, what should be changed to improve environmental sanitation? ……………………………………………………………………………………… Please tell me more about yourself: Age ……………… sex ………… address occupation …… Sincerely thank you for your cooperation! 48 Some images of interview process Figure 10 Image of the process of interviewing residents Figure 11 The gathering place for domestic waste in Group 10, Quyet Thang commune 49 Figure 12 Image of waste collectors Figure 13 Transport waste to the waste treatment facility 50