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AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications - 9th Edition 2020 [Section 11-end]

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AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications - 9th Edition 2020 [Section 11-end] 11. Abutments, Piers, and Walls 12. Buried Structures and Tunnel Liners 13. Railings 14. Joints and Bearings 15. Design of Sound Barriers Index

� © 2020 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials All rights reserved Duplication is a violation of applicable law SECTION 11: WALLS, ABUTMENTS, AND PIERS TABLE OF CONTENTS 11.1—SCOPE 11-1� 11.2—DEFINITIONS 11-1� 11.3—NOTATION 11-2� 11.3.1—General 11-2� 11.4—SOIL PROPERTIES AND MATERIALS 11-7� 11.4.1—General 11-7� 11.4.2—Determination of Soil Properties 11-7� 11.5—LIMIT STATES AND RESISTANCE FACTORS 11-7� 11.5.1—General 11-7� 11.5.2—Service Limit States 11-8� 11.5.3—Strength Limit State 11-9� 11.5.4—Extreme Event Limit State 11-9� 11.5.4.1—General Requirements 11-9� 11.5.4.2—Extreme Event I, No Analysis 11-9� 11.5.5—Resistance Requirement 11-11� 11.5.6—Load Combinations and Load Factors 11-11� 11.5.7—Resistance Factors—Service and Strength 11-15� 11.5.8—Resistance Factors—Extreme Event Limit State 11-18� 11.6—ABUTMENTS AND CONVENTIONAL RETAINING WALLS 11-19� 11.6.1—General Considerations 11-19� 11.6.1.1—General 11-19� 11.6.1.2—Loading 11-19� 11.6.1.3—Integral Abutments 11-20� 11.6.1.4 —Wingwalls 11-20� 11.6.1.5—Reinforcement 11-20� 11.6.1.5.1—Conventional Walls and Abutments 11-20� 11.6.1.5.2—Wingwalls 11-20� 11.6.1.6 —Expansion and Contraction Joints 11-21� 11.6.2—Movement at the Service Limit State 11-21� 11.6.2.1—Abutments 11-21� 11.6.2.2—Conventional Retaining Walls 11-21� 11.6.3—Bearing Resistance and Stability at the Strength Limit State 11-21� 11.6.3.1—General 11-21� 11.6.3.2—Bearing Resistance 11-21� 11.6.3.3—Eccentricity Limits 11-24� 11.6.3.4—Subsurface Erosion 11-24� 11.6.3.5—Passive Resistance 11-24� 11.6.3.6—Sliding 11-24� 11.6.3.7—Overall Stability 11-24� 11.6.4—Safety against Structural Failure 11-25� 11.6.5—Seismic Design for Abutments and Conventional Retaining Walls 11-25� 11.6.5.1—General 11-25� 11.6.5.2—Calculation of Seismic Acceleration Coefficients for Wall Design 11-27� 11.6.5.2.1—Characterization of Acceleration at Wall Base 11-27� 11.6.5.2.2—Estimation of Acceleration Acting on Wall Mass 11-28� 11.6.5.3—Calculation of Seismic Active Earth Pressures 11-29� 11.6.5.4—Calculation of Seismic Earth Pressure for Nonyielding Abutments and Walls 11-32� 11.6.5.5—Calculation of Seismic Passive Earth Pressure 11-32� 11.6.5.6—Wall Details for Improved Seismic Performance 11-34� 11.6.6—Drainage 11-35� 11.7—PIERS 11-35� 11.7.1—Load Effects in Piers 11-35� 11.7.2—Pier Protection 11-35� 11.7.2.1—Collision 11-35� 11.7.2.2—Collision Walls 11-35� 11.7.2.3—Scour 11-36� © 2020 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials All rights reserved Duplication is a violation of applicable law 11-ii AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, NINTH EDITION, 2020 11.7.2.4—Facing 11-36� 11.8—NONGRAVITY CANTILEVERED WALLS 11-36� 11.8.1—General 11-36� 11.8.2—Loading 11-36� 11.8.3—Movement at the Service Limit State 11-36� 11.8.3.1—Movement 11-36� 11.8.4—Safety against Soil Failure at the Strength Limit State 11-36� 11.8.4.1—Overall Stability 11-36� 11.8.5—Safety against Structural Failure 11-38� 11.8.5.1—Vertical Wall Elements 11-38� 11.8.5.2—Facing 11-38� 11.8.6—Seismic Design of Nongravity Cantilever Walls 11-39� 11.8.6.1—General 11-39� 11.8.6.2—Seismic Active Lateral Earth Pressure 11-40� 11.8.6.3—Seismic Passive Lateral Earth Pressure 11-41� 11.8.6.4—Wall Displacement Analyses to Determine Earth Pressures 11-42� 11.8.7—Corrosion Protection 11-44� 11.8.8—Drainage 11-44� 11.9—ANCHORED WALLS 11-44� 11.9.1—General 11-44� 11.9.2—Loading 11-45� 11.9.3—Movement at the Service Limit State 11-45� 11.9.3.1—Movement 11-45� 11.9.4—Safety against Soil Failure 11-46� 11.9.4.1—Bearing Resistance 11-46� 11.9.4.2—Anchor Pullout Capacity 11-47� 11.9.4.3—Passive Resistance 11-50� 11.9.4.4—Overall Stability 11-50� 11.9.5—Safety Against Structural Failure 11-50� 11.9.5.1—Anchors 11-50� 11.9.5.2—Vertical Wall Elements 11-52� 11.9.5.3—Facing 11-52� 11.9.6—Seismic Design 11-53� 11.9.7—Corrosion Protection 11-54� 11.9.8—Construction and Installation 11-54� 11.9.8.1—Anchor Stressing and Testing 11-54� 11.9.9—Drainage 11-55� 11.10—MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EARTH WALLS 11-55� 11.10.1—General 11-55� 11.10.2—Structure Dimensions 11-57� 11.10.2.1—Minimum Length of Soil Reinforcement 11-58� 11.10.2.2—Minimum Front Face Embedment 11-59� 11.10.2.3—Facing 11-60� 11.10.2.3.1—Stiff or Rigid Concrete, Steel, and Timber Facings 11-60� 11.10.2.3.2—Flexible Wall Facings 11-61� 11.10.2.3.3—Corrosion Issues for MSE Facing 11-61� 11.10.3—Loading 11-61� 11.10.4—Movement at the Service Limit State 11-61� 11.10.4.1—Settlement 11-61� 11.10.4.2—Lateral Displacement 11-62� 11.10.4.3—Soil Failure (Internal Stability) 11-63� 11.10.5—Safety against Soil Failure (External Stability) 11-64� 11.10.5.1—General 11-64� 11.10.5.2—Loading 11-64� 11.10.5.3—Sliding 11-65� 11.10.5.4—Bearing Resistance 11-66� 11.10.5.5—Overturning 11-66� 11.10.5.6—Overall and Compound Stability 11-66� 11.10.6—Safety against Structural Failure (Internal Stability) 11-68� © 2020 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials All rights reserved Duplication is a violation of applicable law SECTION 11: WALLS, ABUTMENTS, AND PIERS 11-iii 11.10.6.1—General 11-68� 11.10.6.2—Loading (Internal Stability) 11-68� 11.10.6.2.1—Maximum Reinforcement Loads 11-69� 11.10.6.2.1a—Special Loading Conditions 11-70� 11.10.6.2.1b—Reinforcement Spacing for Calculation of Tmax 11-72� 11.10.6.2.1c—Calculation of Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficients for Determination of Tmax 11-73� 11.10.6.2.1d—Coherent Gravity Method 11-74� 11.10.6.2.1e—Stiffness Method 11-76� 11.10.6.2.2—Reinforcement Loads at Connection to Wall Face 11-79� 11.10.6.3—Reinforcement Pullout 11-79� 11.10.6.3.1—Boundary between Active and Resistant Zones 11-79� 11.10.6.3.2—Reinforcement Pullout Design 11-81� 11.10.6.4—Reinforcement Strength 11-84� 11.10.6.4.1—General 11-84� 11.10.6.4.2—Design Life Considerations 11-88� 11.10.6.4.2a—Steel Reinforcements 11-88� 11.10.6.4.2b—Geosynthetic Reinforcements 11-90� 11.10.6.4.3—Design Tensile Resistance 11-93� 11.10.6.4.3a—Steel Reinforcements 11-93� 11.10.6.4.3b—Geosynthetic Reinforcements 11-94� 11.10.6.4.4—Reinforcement/Facing Connection Design Strength 11-94� 11.10.6.4.4a—Steel Reinforcements 11-94� 11.10.6.4.4b—Geosynthetic Reinforcements 11-95� 11.10.7—Seismic Design of MSE Walls 11-97� 11.10.7.1—External Stability 11-97� 11.10.7.2—Internal Stability 11-99� 11.10.7.3—Facing Reinforcement Connections 11-103� 11.10.7.4—Wall Details for Improved Seismic Performance 11-104� 11.10.8—Drainage 11-106� 11.10.9—Subsurface Erosion 11-106� 11.10.10—Special Loading Conditions 11-106� 11.10.10.1—Concentrated Dead Loads 11-106� 11.10.10.2—Traffic Loads and Barriers 11-109� 11.10.10.3—Hydrostatic Pressures 11-110� 11.10.10.4—Obstructions in the Reinforced Soil Zone 11-111� 11.10.11—MSE Abutments 11-112� 11.11—PREFABRICATED MODULAR WALLS 11-113� 11.11.1—General 11-113� 11.11.2—Loading 11-114� 11.11.3—Movement at the Service Limit State 11-114� 11.11.4—Safety against Soil Failure 11-115� 11.11.4.1—General 11-115� 11.11.4.2—Sliding 11-115� 11.11.4.3—Bearing Resistance 11-115� 11.11.4.4—Overturning 11-115� 11.11.4.5—Subsurface Erosion 11-116� 11.11.4.6—Overall Stability 11-116� 11.11.4.7—Passive Resistance and Sliding 11-116� 11.11.5—Safety against Structural Failure 11-116� 11.11.5.1—Module Members 11-116� 11.11.6—Seismic Design for Prefabricated Modular Walls 11-117� 11.11.7—Abutments 11-117� 11.11.8—Drainage 11-118� 11.12—SOIL NAIL WALLS 11-118� 11.12.1—General Considerations 11-118� 11.12.2—Loading 11-120� 11.12.3—Movement at the Service Limit State 11-122� 11.12.4—Safety against Soil Failure (External and Overall Stability—Strength Limit State) 11-122� 11.12.4.1—Sliding 11-122� © 2020 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials All rights reserved Duplication is a violation of applicable law 11-iv AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, NINTH EDITION, 2020 11.12.4.2—Overall Stability 11-122� 11.12.5—Safety against Soil Failure (Internal and Compound Stability—Strength Limit State) 11-123� 11.12.5.1—Soil Shear Strength 11-123� 11.12.5.2—Soil Nail Pullout 11-123� 11.12.6—Safety against Structural Failure (Internal and Compound Stability—Strength Limit State) 11-125� 11.12.6.1—Soil Nail in Tension 11-125� 11.12.6.2—Soil Nail Wall Facing—Strength Limit State 11-126� 11.12.6.2.1—General 11-126� 11.12.6.2.2—Facing Flexure 11-127� 11.12.6.2.3—Facing Punching Shear Resistance 11-130� 11.12.6.2.4—Headed Stud in Tension 11-132� 11.12.7—Seismic Design of Soil Nail Walls 11-133� 11.12.7.1—External and Global Stability 11-133� 11.12.7.2—Internal Stability 11-134� 11.12.8—Corrosion Protection 11-134� 11.12.9—Soil Nail Testing 11-136� 11.12.10—Drainage 11-136� 11.13—REFERENCES 11-137� APPENDIX A11—SEISMIC DESIGN OF RETAINING STRUCTURES 11-143� A11.1—GENERAL 11-143� A11.2—PERFORMANCE OF WALLS IN PAST EARTHQUAKES 11-143� A11.3—CALCULATION OF SEISMIC ACTIVE PRESSURE 11-144� A11.3.1—Mononobe–Okabe Method 11-144� A11.3.2—Modification of Mononobe–Okabe Method to Consider Cohesion 11-146� A11.3.3—Generalized Limit Equilibrium (GLE) Method 11-149� A11.4—SEISMIC PASSIVE PRESSURE 11-149� A11.5—ESTIMATING WALL SEISMIC ACCELERATION CONSIDERING WAVE SCATTERING AND WALL DISPLACEMENT 11-154� A11.5.1—Kavazanjian et al., (1997) 11-155� A11.5.2—NCHRP Report 611—Anderson et al (2008) 11-155� A11.5.3—Bray et al (2010), and Bray and Travasarou (2009) 11-158� A11.6—APPENDIX REFERENCES 11-158� APPENDIX B11—DETERMINATION OF TMAX FOR MSE WALLS USING THE SIMPLIFIED METHOD 11-161� B11.1—GENERAL 11-161� B11.2—DETERMINATION OF TMAX 11-161� B11.3—APPENDIX REFERENCE 11-163 © 2020 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials All rights reserved Duplication is a violation of applicable law 6(�7,21���� :�//6����870(176���1'�3,(56� � � �����6�23(� � 7KLV� 6HFWLRQ� SURYLGHV� UHTXLUHPHQWV� IRU� GHVLJQ� RI DEXWPHQWV� DQG� ZDOOV�� &RQYHQWLRQDO� UHWDLQLQJ� ZDOOV� QRQJUDYLW�� FDQWLOHYHUHG� ZDOOV�� 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