AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications - 9th Edition 2020 [Section 11-end] 11. Abutments, Piers, and Walls 12. Buried Structures and Tunnel Liners 13. Railings 14. Joints and Bearings 15. Design of Sound Barriers Index
� © 2020 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials All rights reserved Duplication is a violation of applicable law SECTION 11: WALLS, ABUTMENTS, AND PIERS TABLE OF CONTENTS 11.1—SCOPE 11-1� 11.2—DEFINITIONS 11-1� 11.3—NOTATION 11-2� 11.3.1—General 11-2� 11.4—SOIL PROPERTIES AND MATERIALS 11-7� 11.4.1—General 11-7� 11.4.2—Determination of Soil Properties 11-7� 11.5—LIMIT STATES AND RESISTANCE FACTORS 11-7� 11.5.1—General 11-7� 11.5.2—Service Limit States 11-8� 11.5.3—Strength Limit State 11-9� 11.5.4—Extreme Event Limit State 11-9� 11.5.4.1—General Requirements 11-9� 11.5.4.2—Extreme Event I, No Analysis 11-9� 11.5.5—Resistance Requirement 11-11� 11.5.6—Load Combinations and Load Factors 11-11� 11.5.7—Resistance Factors—Service and Strength 11-15� 11.5.8—Resistance Factors—Extreme Event Limit State 11-18� 11.6—ABUTMENTS AND CONVENTIONAL RETAINING WALLS 11-19� 11.6.1—General Considerations 11-19� 11.6.1.1—General 11-19� 11.6.1.2—Loading 11-19� 11.6.1.3—Integral Abutments 11-20� 11.6.1.4 —Wingwalls 11-20� 11.6.1.5—Reinforcement 11-20� 11.6.1.5.1—Conventional Walls and Abutments 11-20� 11.6.1.5.2—Wingwalls 11-20� 11.6.1.6 —Expansion and Contraction Joints 11-21� 11.6.2—Movement at the Service Limit State 11-21� 11.6.2.1—Abutments 11-21� 11.6.2.2—Conventional Retaining Walls 11-21� 11.6.3—Bearing Resistance and Stability at the Strength Limit State 11-21� 11.6.3.1—General 11-21� 11.6.3.2—Bearing Resistance 11-21� 11.6.3.3—Eccentricity Limits 11-24� 11.6.3.4—Subsurface Erosion 11-24� 11.6.3.5—Passive Resistance 11-24� 11.6.3.6—Sliding 11-24� 11.6.3.7—Overall Stability 11-24� 11.6.4—Safety against Structural Failure 11-25� 11.6.5—Seismic Design for Abutments and Conventional Retaining Walls 11-25� 11.6.5.1—General 11-25� 11.6.5.2—Calculation of Seismic Acceleration Coefficients for Wall Design 11-27� 11.6.5.2.1—Characterization of Acceleration at Wall Base 11-27� 11.6.5.2.2—Estimation of Acceleration Acting on Wall Mass 11-28� 11.6.5.3—Calculation of Seismic Active Earth Pressures 11-29� 11.6.5.4—Calculation of Seismic Earth Pressure for Nonyielding Abutments and Walls 11-32� 11.6.5.5—Calculation of Seismic Passive Earth Pressure 11-32� 11.6.5.6—Wall Details for Improved Seismic Performance 11-34� 11.6.6—Drainage 11-35� 11.7—PIERS 11-35� 11.7.1—Load Effects in Piers 11-35� 11.7.2—Pier Protection 11-35� 11.7.2.1—Collision 11-35� 11.7.2.2—Collision Walls 11-35� 11.7.2.3—Scour 11-36� © 2020 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials All rights reserved Duplication is a violation of applicable law 11-ii AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, NINTH EDITION, 2020 11.7.2.4—Facing 11-36� 11.8—NONGRAVITY CANTILEVERED WALLS 11-36� 11.8.1—General 11-36� 11.8.2—Loading 11-36� 11.8.3—Movement at the Service Limit State 11-36� 11.8.3.1—Movement 11-36� 11.8.4—Safety against Soil Failure at the Strength Limit State 11-36� 11.8.4.1—Overall Stability 11-36� 11.8.5—Safety against Structural Failure 11-38� 11.8.5.1—Vertical Wall Elements 11-38� 11.8.5.2—Facing 11-38� 11.8.6—Seismic Design of Nongravity Cantilever Walls 11-39� 11.8.6.1—General 11-39� 11.8.6.2—Seismic Active Lateral Earth Pressure 11-40� 11.8.6.3—Seismic Passive Lateral Earth Pressure 11-41� 11.8.6.4—Wall Displacement Analyses to Determine Earth Pressures 11-42� 11.8.7—Corrosion Protection 11-44� 11.8.8—Drainage 11-44� 11.9—ANCHORED WALLS 11-44� 11.9.1—General 11-44� 11.9.2—Loading 11-45� 11.9.3—Movement at the Service Limit State 11-45� 11.9.3.1—Movement 11-45� 11.9.4—Safety against Soil Failure 11-46� 11.9.4.1—Bearing Resistance 11-46� 11.9.4.2—Anchor Pullout Capacity 11-47� 11.9.4.3—Passive Resistance 11-50� 11.9.4.4—Overall Stability 11-50� 11.9.5—Safety Against Structural Failure 11-50� 11.9.5.1—Anchors 11-50� 11.9.5.2—Vertical Wall Elements 11-52� 11.9.5.3—Facing 11-52� 11.9.6—Seismic Design 11-53� 11.9.7—Corrosion Protection 11-54� 11.9.8—Construction and Installation 11-54� 11.9.8.1—Anchor Stressing and Testing 11-54� 11.9.9—Drainage 11-55� 11.10—MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EARTH WALLS 11-55� 11.10.1—General 11-55� 11.10.2—Structure Dimensions 11-57� 11.10.2.1—Minimum Length of Soil Reinforcement 11-58� 11.10.2.2—Minimum Front Face Embedment 11-59� 11.10.2.3—Facing 11-60� 11.10.2.3.1—Stiff or Rigid Concrete, Steel, and Timber Facings 11-60� 11.10.2.3.2—Flexible Wall Facings 11-61� 11.10.2.3.3—Corrosion Issues for MSE Facing 11-61� 11.10.3—Loading 11-61� 11.10.4—Movement at the Service Limit State 11-61� 11.10.4.1—Settlement 11-61� 11.10.4.2—Lateral Displacement 11-62� 11.10.4.3—Soil Failure (Internal Stability) 11-63� 11.10.5—Safety against Soil Failure (External Stability) 11-64� 11.10.5.1—General 11-64� 11.10.5.2—Loading 11-64� 11.10.5.3—Sliding 11-65� 11.10.5.4—Bearing Resistance 11-66� 11.10.5.5—Overturning 11-66� 11.10.5.6—Overall and Compound Stability 11-66� 11.10.6—Safety against Structural Failure (Internal Stability) 11-68� © 2020 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials All rights reserved Duplication is a violation of applicable law SECTION 11: WALLS, ABUTMENTS, AND PIERS 11-iii 11.10.6.1—General 11-68� 11.10.6.2—Loading (Internal Stability) 11-68� 11.10.6.2.1—Maximum Reinforcement Loads 11-69� 11.10.6.2.1a—Special Loading Conditions 11-70� 11.10.6.2.1b—Reinforcement Spacing for Calculation of Tmax 11-72� 11.10.6.2.1c—Calculation of Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficients for Determination of Tmax 11-73� 11.10.6.2.1d—Coherent Gravity Method 11-74� 11.10.6.2.1e—Stiffness Method 11-76� 11.10.6.2.2—Reinforcement Loads at Connection to Wall Face 11-79� 11.10.6.3—Reinforcement Pullout 11-79� 11.10.6.3.1—Boundary between Active and Resistant Zones 11-79� 11.10.6.3.2—Reinforcement Pullout Design 11-81� 11.10.6.4—Reinforcement Strength 11-84� 11.10.6.4.1—General 11-84� 11.10.6.4.2—Design Life Considerations 11-88� 11.10.6.4.2a—Steel Reinforcements 11-88� 11.10.6.4.2b—Geosynthetic Reinforcements 11-90� 11.10.6.4.3—Design Tensile Resistance 11-93� 11.10.6.4.3a—Steel Reinforcements 11-93� 11.10.6.4.3b—Geosynthetic Reinforcements 11-94� 11.10.6.4.4—Reinforcement/Facing Connection Design Strength 11-94� 11.10.6.4.4a—Steel Reinforcements 11-94� 11.10.6.4.4b—Geosynthetic Reinforcements 11-95� 11.10.7—Seismic Design of MSE Walls 11-97� 11.10.7.1—External Stability 11-97� 11.10.7.2—Internal Stability 11-99� 11.10.7.3—Facing Reinforcement Connections 11-103� 11.10.7.4—Wall Details for Improved Seismic Performance 11-104� 11.10.8—Drainage 11-106� 11.10.9—Subsurface Erosion 11-106� 11.10.10—Special Loading Conditions 11-106� 11.10.10.1—Concentrated Dead Loads 11-106� 11.10.10.2—Traffic Loads and Barriers 11-109� 11.10.10.3—Hydrostatic Pressures 11-110� 11.10.10.4—Obstructions in the Reinforced Soil Zone 11-111� 11.10.11—MSE Abutments 11-112� 11.11—PREFABRICATED MODULAR WALLS 11-113� 11.11.1—General 11-113� 11.11.2—Loading 11-114� 11.11.3—Movement at the Service Limit State 11-114� 11.11.4—Safety against Soil Failure 11-115� 11.11.4.1—General 11-115� 11.11.4.2—Sliding 11-115� 11.11.4.3—Bearing Resistance 11-115� 11.11.4.4—Overturning 11-115� 11.11.4.5—Subsurface Erosion 11-116� 11.11.4.6—Overall Stability 11-116� 11.11.4.7—Passive Resistance and Sliding 11-116� 11.11.5—Safety against Structural Failure 11-116� 11.11.5.1—Module Members 11-116� 11.11.6—Seismic Design for Prefabricated Modular Walls 11-117� 11.11.7—Abutments 11-117� 11.11.8—Drainage 11-118� 11.12—SOIL NAIL WALLS 11-118� 11.12.1—General Considerations 11-118� 11.12.2—Loading 11-120� 11.12.3—Movement at the Service Limit State 11-122� 11.12.4—Safety against Soil Failure (External and Overall Stability—Strength Limit State) 11-122� 11.12.4.1—Sliding 11-122� © 2020 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials All rights reserved Duplication is a violation of applicable law 11-iv AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, NINTH EDITION, 2020 11.12.4.2—Overall Stability 11-122� 11.12.5—Safety against Soil Failure (Internal and Compound Stability—Strength Limit State) 11-123� 11.12.5.1—Soil Shear Strength 11-123� 11.12.5.2—Soil Nail Pullout 11-123� 11.12.6—Safety against Structural Failure (Internal and Compound Stability—Strength Limit State) 11-125� 11.12.6.1—Soil Nail in Tension 11-125� 11.12.6.2—Soil Nail Wall Facing—Strength Limit State 11-126� 11.12.6.2.1—General 11-126� 11.12.6.2.2—Facing Flexure 11-127� 11.12.6.2.3—Facing Punching Shear Resistance 11-130� 11.12.6.2.4—Headed Stud in Tension 11-132� 11.12.7—Seismic Design of Soil Nail Walls 11-133� 11.12.7.1—External and Global Stability 11-133� 11.12.7.2—Internal Stability 11-134� 11.12.8—Corrosion Protection 11-134� 11.12.9—Soil Nail Testing 11-136� 11.12.10—Drainage 11-136� 11.13—REFERENCES 11-137� APPENDIX A11—SEISMIC DESIGN OF RETAINING STRUCTURES 11-143� A11.1—GENERAL 11-143� A11.2—PERFORMANCE OF WALLS IN PAST EARTHQUAKES 11-143� A11.3—CALCULATION OF SEISMIC ACTIVE PRESSURE 11-144� A11.3.1—Mononobe–Okabe Method 11-144� A11.3.2—Modification of Mononobe–Okabe Method to Consider Cohesion 11-146� A11.3.3—Generalized Limit Equilibrium (GLE) Method 11-149� A11.4—SEISMIC PASSIVE PRESSURE 11-149� A11.5—ESTIMATING WALL SEISMIC ACCELERATION CONSIDERING WAVE SCATTERING AND WALL DISPLACEMENT 11-154� A11.5.1—Kavazanjian et al., (1997) 11-155� A11.5.2—NCHRP Report 611—Anderson et al (2008) 11-155� A11.5.3—Bray et al (2010), and Bray and Travasarou (2009) 11-158� A11.6—APPENDIX REFERENCES 11-158� APPENDIX B11—DETERMINATION OF TMAX FOR MSE WALLS USING THE SIMPLIFIED METHOD 11-161� B11.1—GENERAL 11-161� B11.2—DETERMINATION OF TMAX 11-161� B11.3—APPENDIX REFERENCE 11-163 © 2020 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials All rights reserved Duplication is a violation of applicable law 6(�7,21���� :�//6����870(176���1'�3,(56� � � �����6�23(� � 7KLV� 6HFWLRQ� SURYLGHV� UHTXLUHPHQWV� IRU� GHVLJQ� RI DEXWPHQWV� DQG� ZDOOV�� &RQYHQWLRQDO� UHWDLQLQJ� ZDOOV� QRQJUDYLW�� FDQWLOHYHUHG� ZDOOV�� DQFKRUHG� ZDOOV� PHFKDQLFDOO��VWDELOL]HG�HDUWK��06(��ZDOOV��SUHIDEULFDWHG PRGXODU�ZDOOV��DQG�VRLO�QDLO�ZDOOV�DUH�FRQVLGHUHG�� � �� �����'(),1,7,216� � �EXWPHQW���VWUXFWXUH�WKDW�VXSSRUWV�WKH�HQG�RI�D�EULGJH�VSDQ��DQG�SURYLGHV�ODWHUDO�VXSSRUW�IRU�ILOO�PDWHULDO�RQ�ZKLFK�WKH� URDGZD��UHVWV�LPPHGLDWHO��DGMDFHQW�WR�WKH�EULGJH��,Q�SUDFWLFH��GLIIHUHQW�W�SHV�RI�DEXWPHQWV�PD��EH�XVHG��7KHVH�LQFOXGH�� •� 6WXE��EXWPHQW�6WXE�DEXWPHQWV�DUH�ORFDWHG�DW�RU�QHDU�WKH�WRS�RI�DSSURDFK�ILOOV��ZLWK�D�EDFNZDOO�GHSWK�VXIILFLHQW� WR�DFFRPPRGDWH�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�GHSWK�DQG�EHDULQJV�ZKLFK�VLW�RQ�WKH�EHDULQJ�VHDW�� •� 3D�WLDO�'HSWK��EXWPHQW�3DUWLDO�GHSWK�DEXWPHQWV�DUH�ORFDWHG�DSSUR[LPDWHO��DW�PLGGHSWK�RI�WKH�IURQW�VORSH�RI� WKH�DSSURDFK�HPEDQNPHQW��7KH�KLJKHU�EDFNZDOO�DQG�ZLQJZDOOV�PD��UHWDLQ�ILOO�PDWHULDO��RU� WKH�HPEDQNPHQW� VORSH�PD��FRQWLQXH�EHKLQG�WKH�EDFNZDOO��,Q�WKH�ODWWHU�FDVH��D�VWUXFWXUDO�DSSURDFK�VODE�RU�HQG�VSDQ�GHVLJQ�PXVW� EULGJH�WKH�VSDFH�RYHU�WKH�ILOO�VORSH��DQG�FXUWDLQ�ZDOOV�DUH�SURYLGHG�WR�FORVH�RII�WKH�RSHQ�DUHD��,QVSHFWLRQ�DFFHVV� VKRXOG�EH�SURYLGHG�IRU�WKLV�VLWXDWLRQ�� •� )XOO�'HSWK� �EXWPHQW�)XOO�GHSWK� DEXWPHQWV� DUH� ORFDWHG� DW� WKH� DSSUR[LPDWH� IURQW� WRH� RI� WKH� DSSURDFK� HPEDQNPHQW��UHVWULFWLQJ�WKH�RSHQLQJ�XQGHU�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�� •� ,QWHJ�DO��EXWPHQW�,QWHJUDO�DEXWPHQWV�DUH�ULJLGO��DWWDFKHG�WR�WKH�VXSHUVWUXFWXUH�DQG�DUH�VXSSRUWHG�RQ�D�VSUHDG� IRRWLQJ�RU�D�GHHS�IRXQGDWLRQ�FDSDEOH�RI�SHUPLWWLQJ�QHFHVVDU��KRUL]RQWDO�PRYHPHQWV�� � �QFKR�HG�:DOO��Q�HDUWK�UHWDLQLQJ�V�VWHP�W�SLFDOO��FRPSRVHG�RI�WKH�VDPH�HOHPHQWV�DV�QRQJUDYLW��FDQWLOHYHUHG�ZDOOV�� DQG�WKDW�GHULYH�DGGLWLRQDO�ODWHUDO�UHVLVWDQFH�IURP�RQH�RU�PRUH�WLHUV�RI�DQFKRUV�� � *HRJ�LG���JHRV�QWKHWLF� IRUPHG�E��D�UHJXODU�QHWZRUN�RI� LQWHJUDOO��FRQQHFWHG�HOHPHQWV�ZLWK�DSHUWXUHV�JUHDWHU�WKDQ� �����LQ��WR�DOORZ�LQWHUORFNLQJ�ZLWK�VXUURXQGLQJ�VRLO��URFN��HDUWK��DQG�RWKHU�VXUURXQGLQJ�PDWHULDOV�WR�IXQFWLRQ�SULPDULO�� DV�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�� � *HRVW�LS�3RO�PHULF�PDWHULDO�LQ�WKH�IRUP�RI�D�VWULS��DOVR�VRPHWLPHV�FDOOHG�D�SRO�PHU�VWUDS��RI�ZLGWK�QRW�PRUH�WKDQ����� LQ���XVHG�LQ�FRQWDFW�ZLWK�VRLO�RU�RWKHU�PDWHULDOV�LQ�JHRWHFKQLFDO�DQG�FLYLO�HQJLQHHULQJ�DSSOLFDWLRQV��RU�ERWK�� � *HRWH�WLOH���SHUPHDEOH�JHRV�QWKHWLF�FRPSULVHG�VROHO��RI�WH[WLOHV�� � 0HFKDQLFDOO�� 6WDELOL�HG� (D�WK� :DOO��� VRLO�UHWDLQLQJ� V�VWHP�� HPSOR�LQJ� HLWKHU� VWULS�� RU� JULG�W�SH�� PHWDOOLF�� RU� SRO�PHULF�WHQVLOH�UHLQIRUFHPHQWV�LQ�WKH�VRLO�PDVV��DQG�D�IDFLQJ�HOHPHQW�WKDW�LV�HLWKHU�YHUWLFDO�RU�QHDUO��YHUWLFDO�� � 1RQJ�D�LW���DQWLOH�H��:DOO���VRLO�UHWDLQLQJ�V�VWHP�WKDW�GHULYHV�ODWHUDO�UHVLVWDQFH�WKURXJK�HPEHGPHQW�RI�YHUWLFDO�ZDOO� HOHPHQWV�DQG�VXSSRUWV�UHWDLQHG�VRLO�ZLWK�IDFLQJ�HOHPHQWV��9HUWLFDO�ZDOO�HOHPHQWV�PD��FRQVLVW�RI�GLVFUHWH�HOHPHQWV��H�J��� SLOHV��GULOOHG�VKDIWV��RU�DXJHU�FDVW�SLOHV�VSDQQHG�E��D�VWUXFWXUDO�IDFLQJ��H�J���ODJJLQJ��SDQHOV��RU�VKRWFUHWH���OWHUQDWLYHO��� WKH� YHUWLFDO�ZDOO� HOHPHQWV�DQG� IDFLQJ�PD�� EH�FRQWLQXRXV�� H�J��� VKHHW�SLOHV�� GLDSKUDJP�ZDOO�SDQHOV�� WDQJHQW�SLOHV�� RU� WDQJHQW�GULOOHG�VKDIWV�� � 3LH��3DUW�RI�D�EULGJH�VWUXFWXUH�WKDW�SURYLGHV�LQWHUPHGLDWH�VXSSRUW�WR�WKH�VXSHUVWUXFWXUH��'LIIHUHQW�W�SHV�RI�SLHUV�PD�� EH�XVHG��7KHVH�LQFOXGH�� � •� 6ROLG�:DOO�3LH�V�6ROLG�ZDOO�SLHUV�DUH�GHVLJQHG�DV�FROXPQV�IRU�IRUFHV�DQG�PRPHQWV�DFWLQJ�DERXW�WKH�ZHDN�D[LV� DQG�DV�SLHUV� IRU� WKRVH�DFWLQJ� DERXW� WKH� VWURQJ�D[LV��7KH��PD��EH� SLQQHG�� IL[HG�� RU� IUHH�DW� WKH� WRS�� DQG�DUH� FRQYHQWLRQDOO��IL[HG�DW�WKH�EDVH��6KRUW��VWXEE��W�SHV�DUH�RIWHQ�SLQQHG�DW�WKH�EDVH�WR�HOLPLQDWH�WKH�KLJK�PRPHQWV� ZKLFK�ZRXOG�GHYHORS�GXH�WR�IL[LW���(DUOLHU��PRUH�PDVVLYH�GHVLJQV�ZHUH�FRQVLGHUHG�JUDYLW��W�SHV�� © 2020 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials All rights reserved Duplication is a violation of applicable law ����� ��6�72�/5)'��5,'*(�'(6,*1�63(�,),��7,216��1,17��(',7,21������� � � •� 'RXEOH�:DOO� 3LH�V�'RXEOH�ZDOO� SLHUV�FRQVLVW� RI� WZR� VHSDUDWH�ZDOOV�� VSDFHG� LQ� WKH� GLUHFWLRQ� RI� WUDIILF�� WR� SURYLGH�VXSSRUW�DW�WKH�FRQWLQXRXV�VRIILW�RI�FRQFUHWH�ER[�VXSHUVWUXFWXUH�VHFWLRQV��7KHVH�ZDOOV�DUH�LQWHJUDO�ZLWK� WKH�VXSHUVWUXFWXUH�DQG�PXVW�DOVR�EH�GHVLJQHG�IRU�WKH�VXSHUVWUXFWXUH�PRPHQWV�ZKLFK�GHYHORS�IURP�OLYH�ORDGV� DQG�HUHFWLRQ�FRQGLWLRQV�� •� �HQW� 3LH�V�%HQW�W�SH� SLHUV� FRQVLVW� RI� WZR� RU� PRUH� WUDQVYHUVHO�� VSDFHG� FROXPQV� RI� YDULRXV� VROLG� FURVV� VHFWLRQV��DQG�WKHVH�W�SHV�DUH�GHVLJQHG�IRU�IUDPH�DFWLRQ�UHODWLYH�WR�IRUFHV�DFWLQJ�DERXW�WKH�VWURQJ�D[LV�RI�WKH�SLHU�� 7KH��DUH�XVXDOO��IL[HG�DW�WKH�EDVH�RI�WKH�SLHU�DQG�DUH�HLWKHU�LQWHJUDO�ZLWK�WKH�VXSHUVWUXFWXUH�RU�ZLWK�D�SLHU�FDS� DW�WKH�WRS��7KH�FROXPQV�PD��EH�VXSSRUWHG�RQ�D�VSUHDG��RU�SLOH�VXSSRUWHG�IRRWLQJ��RU�D�VROLG�ZDOO�VKDIW��RU�WKH�� PD��EH�H[WHQVLRQV�RI�WKH�SLOHV�RU�VKDIW�DERYH�WKH�JURXQG�OLQH�� •� 6LQJOH�FROXPQ� 3LH�V�6LQJOH�FROXPQ� SLHUV�� RIWHQ� UHIHUUHG� WR� DV� �7�� RU� �+DPPHUKHDG�� SLHUV�� DUH� XVXDOO�� VXSSRUWHG�DW�WKH�EDVH�E��D�VSUHDG���GULOOHG�VKDIW��RU�SLOH�VXSSRUWHG�IRRWLQJ��DQG�PD��EH�HLWKHU�LQWHJUDO�ZLWK��RU� SURYLGH� LQGHSHQGHQW� VXSSRUW� IRU�� WKH� VXSHUVWUXFWXUH�� 7KHLU� FURVV�VHFWLRQ� FDQ� EH� RI� YDULRXV� VKDSHV� DQG� WKH� FROXPQ�FDQ�EH�SULVPDWLF�RU� IODUHG� WR� IRUP� WKH� SLHU� FDS�RU� WR�EOHQG�ZLWK� WKH� VHFWLRQDO� FRQILJXUDWLRQ�RI� WKH� VXSHUVWUXFWXUH� FURVV�VHFWLRQ�� 7KLV� W�SH� RI� SLHU� FDQ� DYRLG� WKH� FRPSOH[LWLHV� RI� VNHZHG� VXSSRUWV� LI� LQWHJUDOO�� IUDPHG� LQWR� WKH� VXSHUVWUXFWXUH� DQG� WKHLU� DSSHDUDQFH� UHGXFHV� WKH� PDVVLYHQHVV� RIWHQ� DVVRFLDWHG� ZLWK� VXSHUVWUXFWXUHV�� •� 7XEXOD��3LH�V���KROORZ�FRUH�VHFWLRQ�ZKLFK�PD��EH�RI�VWHHO��UHLQIRUFHG�FRQFUHWH��RU�SUHVWUHVVHG�FRQFUHWH��RI� VXFK�FURVV�VHFWLRQ�WR�VXSSRUW�WKH�IRUFHV�DQG�PRPHQWV�DFWLQJ�RQ�WKH�HOHPHQWV��%HFDXVH�RI�WKHLU�YXOQHUDELOLW��WR� ODWHUDO� ORDGLQJV�� WXEXODU�SLHUV�VKDOO�EH�RI�VXIILFLHQW�ZDOO� WKLFNQHVV�WR�VXVWDLQ�WKH� IRUFHV�DQG�PRPHQWV�IRU�DOO� ORDGLQJ� VLWXDWLRQV� DV�DUH� DSSURSULDWH��3ULVPDWLF� FRQILJXUDWLRQV�PD�� EH� VHFWLRQDOO�� SUHFDVW� RU�SUHVWUHVVHG�DV� HUHFWHG�� 3�HIDE�LFDWHG�0RGXOD��:DOO���VRLO�UHWDLQLQJ�V�VWHP�HPSOR�LQJ�LQWHUORFNLQJ�VRLO�ILOOHG�WLPEHU��UHLQIRUFHG�FRQFUHWH�� RU�VWHHO�PRGXOHV�RU�ELQV�WR�UHVLVW�HDUWK�SUHVVXUHV�E��DFWLQJ�DV�JUDYLW��UHWDLQLQJ�ZDOOV�� � 5LJLG�*�D�LW��DQG�6HPL�*�D�LW����RQ�HQWLRQDO��5HWDLQLQJ�:DOO���VWUXFWXUH�WKDW�SURYLGHV�ODWHUDO�VXSSRUW�IRU�D�PDVV�RI� VRLO�DQG�WKDW�RZHV�LWV�VWDELOLW��SULPDULO��WR�LWV�RZQ�ZHLJKW�DQG�WR�WKH�ZHLJKW�RI�DQ��VRLO�ORFDWHG�GLUHFWO��DERYH�LWV�EDVH�� � ,Q�SUDFWLFH��GLIIHUHQW�W�SHV�RI�ULJLG�JUDYLW��DQG�VHPL�JUDYLW��UHWDLQLQJ�ZDOOV�PD��EH�XVHG��7KHVH�LQFOXGH�� � •� ��J�D�LW��ZDOO�GHSHQGV�HQWLUHO��RQ�WKH�ZHLJKW�RI�WKH�VWRQH�RU�FRQFUHWH�PDVRQU��DQG�RI�DQ��VRLO�UHVWLQJ�RQ�WKH� PDVRQU��IRU�LWV�VWDELOLW���2QO��D�QRPLQDO�DPRXQW�RI�VWHHO�LV�SODFHG�QHDU�WKH�H[SRVHG�IDFHV�WR�SUHYHQW�VXUIDFH� FUDFNLQJ�GXH�WR�WHPSHUDWXUH�FKDQJHV�� •� ��VHPL�J�D�LW��ZDOO� LV�VRPHZKDW�PRUH�VOHQGHU�WKDQ�D�JUDYLW��ZDOO� DQG�UHTXLUHV�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�FRQVLVWLQJ�RI� YHUWLFDO�EDUV�DORQJ�WKH�LQQHU�IDFH�DQG�GRZHOV�FRQWLQXLQJ�LQWR�WKH�IRRWLQJ��,W�LV�SURYLGHG�ZLWK�WHPSHUDWXUH�VWHHO� QHDU�WKH�H[SRVHG�IDFH�� •� ��FDQWLOH�H��ZDOO�FRQVLVWV�RI�D�FRQFUHWH�VWHP�DQG�D�FRQFUHWH�EDVH�VODE��ERWK�RI�ZKLFK�DUH�UHODWLYHO��WKLQ�DQG� IXOO��UHLQIRUFHG�WR�UHVLVW�WKH�PRPHQWV�DQG�VKHDUV�WR�ZKLFK�WKH��DUH�VXEMHFWHG�� •� ��FRXQWH�IR�W�ZDOO�FRQVLVWV�RI�D�WKLQ�FRQFUHWH�IDFH�VODE��XVXDOO��YHUWLFDO��VXSSRUWHG�DW�LQWHUYDOV�RQ�WKH�LQQHU�VLGH� E��YHUWLFDO�VODEV�RU�FRXQWHUIRUWV�WKDW�PHHW�WKH�IDFH�VODE�DW�ULJKW�DQJOHV��%RWK�WKH�IDFH�VODE�DQG�WKH�FRXQWHUIRUWV� DUH�FRQQHFWHG�WR�D�EDVH�VODE��DQG�WKH�VSDFH�DERYH�WKH�EDVH�VODE�DQG�EHWZHHQ�WKH�FRXQWHUIRUWV�LV�EDFNILOOHG�ZLWK� VRLO���OO�WKH�VODEV�DUH�IXOO��UHLQIRUFHG�� •� ��VRLO�QDLO�ZDOO�LV�DQ�HDUWK�UHWDLQLQJ�V�VWHP�FRQWDLQLQJ�SDVVLYH�UHLQIRUFLQJ�HOHPHQWV�WKDW�DUH�GULOOHG�DQG�JURXWHG� VXE�KRUL]RQWDOO��LQ�WKH�JURXQG�� � �����127�7,21� � �������*HQHUDO� � �F� � FURVV�VHFWLRQDO�DUHD�RI�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�XQLW��LQ����������������D�� �+� � FURVV�VHFWLRQDO�DUHD�RI�WKH�KHDG�RI�D�VWXG��LQ������������������ ��+1� � HTXLYDOHQW�FURVV�VHFWLRQDO�DUHD�DW�WKH�KHDG�LQ�WKH�YHUWLFDO�GLUHFWLRQ��LQ����������������� �6� � SHDN�VHLVPLF�JURXQG�DFFHOHUDWLRQ�FRHIILFLHQW�PRGLILHG�E��VKRUW�SHULRG�VLWH�IDFWRU��FURVV�VHFWLRQDO�DUHD�RI� WKH�VKDIW�RI�D�KHDGHG�VWXG��LQ����������������������������������������������������������������������� �W� �� FURVV�VHFWLRQDO�DUHD�RI�VRLO�QDLO�WHQGRQ��LQ��������������� ��91� �� HTXLYDOHQW�FURVV�VHFWLRQDO�DUHD�DW�WKH�KHDG�LQ�WKH�KRUL]RQWDO�GLUHFWLRQ��LQ����������������� DKP� �� FURVV�VHFWLRQDO�DUHD�RI�KRUL]RQWDO�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�SHU�XQLW�ZLGWK�DW�PLGVSDQ�RI�IDFLQJ��LQ��IW���������������� DKQ� � FURVV�VHFWLRQDO�DUHD�RI�KRUL]RQWDO�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�SHU�XQLW�ZLGWK�DW�QDLO�KHDG��LQ��IW���������������� © 2020 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials All rights reserved Duplication is a violation of applicable law 6(�7,21�����:�//6����870(176���1'�3,(56� ����� � � D�P� �� FURVV�VHFWLRQDO�DUHD�RI�YHUWLFDO�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�SHU�XQLW�ZLGWK�DW�PLGVSDQ�RI�IDFLQJ��LQ��IW���������������� D�Q� �� FURVV�VHFWLRQDO�DUHD�RI�YHUWLFDO�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�SHU�XQLW�ZLGWK�DW�QDLO�KHDG��LQ��IW���������������� �� � ZDOO�EDVH�ZLGWK��IW������������ E� � XQLW�ZLGWK�RI�UHLQIRUFHPHQW��ZLGWK�RI�ELQ�PRGXOH��IW���������������������������� EI� � ZLGWK�RI�DSSOLHG�IRRWLQJ�ORDG��IW��������������� �� � RYHUDOO�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�VXUIDFH�DUHD�JHRPHWU��IDFWRU��GLP����������������� �)� �� IDFWRU�WR�FRQVLGHU�QRQXQLIRUP�VRLO�SUHVVXUHV�EHKLQG�VRLO�QDLO�ZDOO�IDFLQJ��GLP����������������� �K� � FRHIILFLHQW�XVHG�WR�GHWHUPLQH��E�DQG�'WPD���GLP���������������H�� �3� � FRUUHFWLRQ�IDFWRU�WR�DFFRXQW�IRU�FRQWULEXWLRQ�RI�VRLO�VXSSRUW�LQ�SXQFKLQJ�VKHDU��GLP����������������� �5F�� � ORQJ�WHUP�FRQQHFWLRQ�VWUHQJWK�UHGXFWLRQ�IDFWRU�WR�DFFRXQW�IRU�UHGXFHG�XOWLPDWH�VWUHQJWK�UHVXOWLQJ�IURP�� � � FRQQHFWLRQ��GLP���������������E�� � �5X� � VKRUW�WHUP�FRQQHFWLRQ�VWUHQJWK�UHGXFWLRQ�IDFWRU�WR�DFFRXQW�IRU�UHGXFHG�XOWLPDWH�VWUHQJWK�UHVXOWLQJ�IURP�WKH� FRQQHFWLRQ��GLP���������������E�� �X� � FRHIILFLHQW�RI�XQLIRUPLW��GHILQHG�DV�UDWLR�RI�WKH�SDUWLFOH�VL]H�RI�VRLO�WKDW�LV����SHUFHQW�ILQHU�LQ�VL]H��'����WR� WKH�SDUWLFOH�VL]H�RI�VRLO�WKDW�LV�WHQ�SHUFHQW�ILQHU�LQ�VL]H��'�����GLP����������������� '� � GHVLJQ�HPEHGPHQW�GHSWK�RI�YHUWLFDO�HOHPHQW��IW���GLDPHWHU�RI�EDU�RU�ZLUH��LQ������������������&���������� '��� �� HIIHFWLYH�HTXLYDOHQW�GLDPHWHU�RI�FRQLFDO�VOLS�VXUIDFH�DW�VRLO�QDLO�KHDG��IW���������������� ''+� �� GULOO�KROH�GLDPHWHU��LQ����������������������������� '�� � GLDPHWHU�RI�EDU�RU�ZLUH�FRUUHFWHG�IRU�FRUURVLRQ�ORVV��IW���������������� 'R� � HPEHGPHQW�IRU�ZKLFK�QHW�SDVVLYH�SUHVVXUH�LV�VXIILFLHQW�WR�SURYLGH�PRPHQW�HTXLOLEULXP��IW���&���������� '6�� �� GLDPHWHU�RI�WKH�VKDIW�RI�D�KHDGHG�VWXG��LQ����������������� '6+� � GLDPHWHU�RI�WKH�KHDG�RI�VWXG��LQ����������������� 'WPD�� � 7PD��GLVWULEXWLRQ�IDFWRU��GLP���������������H�� 'WPD��� � 7PD��GLVWULEXWLRQ�IDFWRU�PDJQLWXGH�DW�WRS�RI�ZDOO�DW�ZDOO�IDFH��GLP���������������H�� '��� � SDUWLFOH�VL]H�DW�ZKLFK����SHUFHQW�RI�WKH�VRLO�SDUWLFOHV�E��ZHLJKW�SDVV�WKURXJK��LQ����������������� '��� � SDUWLFOH�VL]H�DW�ZKLFK����SHUFHQW�RI�WKH�VRLO�SDUWLFOHV�E��ZHLJKW�SDVV�WKURXJK��LQ����������������� G� � �WKH�ODWHUDO�ZDOO�GLVSODFHPHQW�RU�PD[LPXP�ZDOO�GLVSODFHPHQW�DOORZHG��LQ����ILOO�WKLFNQHVV�DERYH�ZDOO��IW� �������������������������&���������������������������������������� GI� � GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�RXWHU�HGJH�RI�D�ILQDO�IDFLQJ�VHFWLRQ�LQ�FRPSUHVVLRQ�WR�WKH�FHQWURLG�RI�WKH�UHLQIRUFHPHQW� �LQ����������������� GL� � GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�RXWHU�HGJH�RI�DQ�LQLWLDO�IDFLQJ�VHFWLRQ�LQ�FRPSUHVVLRQ�WR�WKH�FHQWURLG�RI�WKH�UHLQIRUFHPHQW� �LQ����������������� (F� � WKLFNQHVV�RI�PHWDO�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�DW�HQG�RI�VHUYLFH�OLIH��PLO����������������� (Q� � QRPLQDO�WKLFNQHVV�RI�VWHHO�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�DW�FRQVWUXFWLRQ��PLO���������������D�� (V� � VDFULILFLDO� WKLFNQHVV� RI� PHWDO� H[SHFWHG� WR� EH� ORVW� E�� XQLIRUP� FRUURVLRQ� GXULQJ� VHUYLFH� OLIH� �PLO��� ������������D�� H� � HFFHQWULFLW��RI�ORDG�IURP�FHQWHUOLQH�RI�IRXQGDWLRQ��IW��������������G�� )S� � VWDWLF�ODWHUDO�IRUFH�GXH�WR�D�FRQFHQWUDWHG�VXUFKDUJH�ORDG��NLSV�IW������������� )7� � UHVXOWDQW�IRUFH�RI�DFWLYH�ODWHUDO�HDUWK�SUHVVXUH��NLSV�IW������������� )�� � VLWH�FODVV�DGMXVWPHQW�IDFWRU�IRU�WKH���VHF�VSHFWUDO�DFFHOHUDWLRQ��GLP������������� )�� � PLQLPXP��LHOG�VWUHQJWK�RI�VWHHO��NVL��������������D�� )�� � UHLQIRUFHPHQW�SXOORXW�IULFWLRQ�IDFWRU��GLP����������������� I�′F� �� FRPSUHVVLYH�VWUHQJWK�RI�FRQFUHWH��NVL���������������� I�� �� �LHOG�VWUHQJWK�RI�VWHHO��NVL�������������� I��KV� � �LHOG�VWUHQJWK�RI�KHDGHG�VWXG��NVL���������������� *X� � GLVWDQFH� IURP� FHQWHU� RI� JUDYLW�� RI� D� KRUL]RQWDO� VHJPHQWDO� IDFLQJ� EORFN� XQLW�� LQFOXGLQJ� DJJUHJDWH� ILOO�� PHDVXUHG�IURP�WKH�IURQW�RI�WKH�XQLW��IW��������������E�� +� � KHLJKW�RI�ZDOO��IW������������������������� +′� � ���SHUFHQW�RI�WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�ZDOO��DV�PHDVXUHG�IURP�WKH�ERWWRP�RI�WKH�KHHO�RI�WKH�ZDOO�WR�WKH�JURXQG� VXUIDFH�GLUHFWO��DERYH�WKH�ZDOO�KHHO��RU�WKH�WRWDO�ZDOO�KHLJKW�DW�WKH�EDFN�RI�WKH�UHLQIRUFHG�VRLO�]RQH�IRU�06(� ZDOOV���IW������������ +K� � KLQJH�KHLJKW�IRU�VHJPHQWDO�IDFLQJ��IW��������������E�� +�HI� � UHIHUHQFH�ZDOO�KHLJKW��IW��������������H�� +X� � VHJPHQWDO�IDFLQJ�EORFN�XQLW�KHLJKW��IW��������������E�� +�� � HTXLYDOHQW�ZDOO�KHLJKW��IW���������������� K� � YHUWLFDO�GLVWDQFH�EHWZHHQ�JURXQG�VXUIDFH�DQG�ZDOO�EDVH�DW�WKH�EDFN�RI�ZDOO�KHHO��IW���WKLFNQHVV�RI�IDFLQJ� �LQ��������������������������G������������������������������������������������ © 2020 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials All rights reserved Duplication is a violation of applicable law ����� ��6�72�/5)'��5,'*(�'(6,*1�63(�,),��7,216��1,17��(',7,21������� � � KD� � GLVWDQFH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�EDVH�RI�WKH�ZDOO��RU�WKH�PXGOLQH�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�ZDOO��DQG�WKH�UHVXOWDQW�DFWLYH�VHLVPLF� HDUWK�SUHVVXUH�IRUFH��IW������������ KF� �� HIIHFWLYH�GHSWK�RI�FRQLFDO�VXUIDFH��IW���������������� KHII� � HTXLYDOHQW�KHLJKW�RI�DQ�XQMRLQWHG�IDFLQJ�FROXPQ�WKDW�LV�DSSUR[LPDWHO������SHUFHQW�HIILFLHQW�LQ�WUDQVPLWWLQJ� PRPHQW�WKURXJK�WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�IDFLQJ�FROXPQ��IW���&�����������H�� KI� �� WKLFNQHVV�RI�ILQDO�IDFLQJ��LQ����������������� KL� � KHLJKW�RI�UHLQIRUFHG� VRLO� ]RQH�FRQWULEXWLQJ�KRUL]RQWDO� ORDG� WR�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�DW� OHYHO� L� �IW��� WKLFNQHVV�RI� LQLWLDO�IDFLQJ��LQ����������������� KS� � YHUWLFDO�GLVWDQFH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�ZDOO�EDVH�DQG�WKH�VWDWLF�VXUFKDUJH�ODWHUDO�IRUFH��)S��IW��������������� L� � EDFNILOO�VORSH�DQJOH��GHJUHHV������������ LE� � VORSH�RI�IDFLQJ�EDVH�GRZQZDUG�LQWR�EDFNILOO��GHJUHHV��������������E�� -D�H� � DYHUDJH�VHFDQW�WHQVLOH�VWLIIQHVV�RI�DOO��Q��UHLQIRUFHPHQW�OD�HUV�LQ�ZDOO��NLSV�IW��������������H�� -L� � UHLQIRUFHPHQW�OD�HU�VHFDQW�VWLIIQHVV��NLSV�IW�������������� � � VHLVPLF�SDVVLYH�SUHVVXUH�FRHIILFLHQW��GLP������������� �(� � VHLVPLF�DFWLYH�SUHVVXUH�FRHIILFLHQW��GLP������������� ND� � DFWLYH�HDUWK�SUHVVXUH�FRHIILFLHQW��GLP�������������� NDI� � DFWLYH�HDUWK�SUHVVXUH�FRHIILFLHQW�RI�EDFNILOO��GLP��������������� ND�K� � DFWLYH�HDUWK�SUHVVXUH�FRHIILFLHQW�IRU�D�ZDOO�ZLWK�D�YHUWLFDO�IDFH��GLP���������������H�� NK� � KRUL]RQWDO�VHLVPLF�DFFHOHUDWLRQ�FRHIILFLHQW��GLP����������������������������������� NK�� � KRUL]RQWDO�VHLVPLF�DFFHOHUDWLRQ�FRHIILFLHQW�DW�]HUR�GLVSODFHPHQW��GLP�������������� NR� � KRUL]RQWDO�DW�UHVW�HDUWK�SUHVVXUH�FRHIILFLHQW�RI�UHLQIRUFHG�ILOO��GLP���������������G�� N�� � YHUWLFDO�VHLVPLF�DFFHOHUDWLRQ�FRHIILFLHQW��GLP������������������������ N�� � KRUL]RQWDO�HDUWK�SUHVVXUH�FRHIILFLHQW�RI�UHLQIRUFHG�ILOO��GLP��������������� N�� � �LHOG�DFFHOHUDWLRQ�LQ�VOLGLQJ�EORFN�DQDO�VLV�WKDW�UHVXOWV�LQ�VOLGLQJ�RI�WKH�ZDOO��GLP������������� /� � VSDFLQJ�EHWZHHQ�YHUWLFDO�HOHPHQWV�RU�IDFLQJ�VXSSRUWV��IW���OHQJWK�RI�UHLQIRUFLQJ�HOHPHQWV�LQ�DQ�06(�ZDOO� DQG�FRUUHVSRQGLQJO��LWV�IRXQGDWLRQ��IW���&�������������������� /D� � OHQJWK�RI�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�LQ�DFWLYH�]RQH��IW������������ /E� � DQFKRU�ERQG�OHQJWK��IW������������� /�3� � OHQJWK�RI�D�EHDULQJ�SODWH��IW���������������� /H� � OHQJWK�RI�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�LQ�UHVLVWDQFH�]RQH��IW������������ /HL� � HIIHFWLYH�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�OHQJWK�IRU�OD�HU�L��IW�������������� /3� �� SXOORXW�OHQJWK�EHKLQG�VOLS�VXUIDFH��IW���������������&����������� /6� �� OHQJWK�RI�KHDGHG�VWXG��IW���������������� 0� � PRPHQW�PDJQLWXGH�RI�GHVLJQ�HDUWKTXDNH��GLP������������� 0�59� � PLQLPXP�DYHUDJH�UROO�YDOXH�������������E�� 0PD�� � PD[LPXP�EHQGLQJ�PRPHQW�LQ�YHUWLFDO�ZDOO�HOHPHQW�RU�IDFLQJ��NLS�IW�RU�NLS�IW�IW���&���������� 1� � VWDQGDUG�SHQHWUDWLRQ�UHVLVWDQFH�IURP�637��EORZV�IW������������ 1+� � QXPEHU�RI�KHDGHG�VWXGV��GLP����������������� Q� � WRWDO�QXPEHU�RI�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�OD�HUV�LQ�WKH�ZDOO��GLP��������������H�������������� 3�(� � G�QDPLF�DFWLYH�KRUL]RQWDO�WKUXVW��LQFOXGLQJ�VWDWLF�HDUWK�SUHVVXUH��NLSV�IW��������������������������������� 3D� � UHVXOWDQW�DFWLYH�HDUWK�SUHVVXUH�IRUFH�SHU�XQLW�ZLGWK�RI�ZDOO��NLSV�IW���DWPRVSKHULF�SUHVVXUH�DW�VHD�OHYHO��NVI�� �����������������������H�� 3E� � SUHVVXUH�LQVLGH�ELQ�PRGXOH��NVI�������������� 3*�� � SHDN�JURXQG�DFFHOHUDWLRQ��GLP���������������� 3*9� � SHDN�JURXQG�YHORFLW���LQ��VHF������������ 3+� � ODWHUDO�IRUFH�GXH�WR�VXSHUVWUXFWXUH�RU�RWKHU�FRQFHQWUDWHG�ORDGV��NLSV�IW��������������� 3L� � LQWHUQDO�LQHUWLDO�IRUFH��GXH�WR�WKH�ZHLJKW�RI�WKH�EDFNILOO�ZLWKLQ�WKH�DFWLYH�]RQH��NLSV�IW�������������� 3,5� � KRUL]RQWDO�LQHUWLDO�IRUFH��NLSV�IW�������������� 3L�� � KRUL]RQWDO�LQHUWLDO�IRUFH�FDXVHG�E��DFFHOHUDWLRQ�RI�UHLQIRUFHG�EDFNILOO��NLSV�IW�������������� 3LV� � LQWHUQDO�LQHUWLDO�IRUFH�FDXVHG�E��DFFHOHUDWLRQ�RI�VORSLQJ�VXUFKDUJH��NLSV�IW�������������� 33(� � G�QDPLF�SDVVLYH�KRUL]RQWDO�WKUXVW��LQFOXGLQJ�VWDWLF�HDUWK�SUHVVXU