Group’s first draft Exporting Vietnamese sweet potatoes to China using official quota: Development and potential Contents 1. Abstract 1 2. Development of export of Vietnamese sweet potato to China using official quota 2 a. Overview of Vietnamese official quota export 2 b. Overview of the Vietnamese sweet potato industry before the Protocol 2 c. Overview of the Protocol on phytosanitary requirements for sweet potato export from Vietnam to China 3 d. Overview of the first official export of Vietnamese sweet potato 5 3. Opportunities for the export of Vietnamese sweet potatoes to China via official quota 6 a. Opportunities for the Vietnamese sweet potato industry 6 b. Opportunities within the Chinese market for Vietnamese sweet potatoes 6 4. Challenges from the export of Vietnamese sweet potatoes to China via official quota 8 5. Recommendations for Vietnam’s future sweet potato export to China via official quota 11 6. Conclusion 12 ________________________________________ 1. Abstract By definition, export via official quota (chính ngạch) is a trading method in which local businesses and foreign partners are formally connected by contracts or agreements, facilitating largescale exchanges of products. By contrast, export via unofficial quota (tiểu ngạch) exempts traders from complicated documentation and procedures, as well as charging fewer fees and taxes, but supports trades of smaller scales, particularly between residents and farmers. Sweet potato is one of Vietnams essential agricultural products. The Protocol on phytosanitary requirements for sweet potato export from Vietnam to China, published on November 22, 2022, was considered an opportunity for Vietnamese farmers and businesses to develop their products, increase economic value, and gradually shift from export via unofficial quota to official quota. This research aims to: (i) give an overview of Vietnamese official quota export, particularly sweet potatoes in the context of the recently published Protocol, (ii) analyze opportunities and challenges for the export of Vietnamese sweet potatoes to China via official quota from now on and (iii) propose recommendations to promote sustainable sweet potato export via official quota from Vietnam to China in the future.
Chính sách thương mại quốc tế - TMAE301 Group’s first draft Exporting Vietnamese sweet potatoes to China using official quota: Development and potential Contents Abstract .1 Development of export of Vietnamese sweet potato to China using official quota a Overview of Vietnamese official quota export b Overview of the Vietnamese sweet potato industry before the Protocol .2 c Overview of the Protocol on phytosanitary requirements for sweet potato export from Vietnam to China .3 d Overview of the first official export of Vietnamese sweet potato Opportunities for the export of Vietnamese sweet potatoes to China via official quota a Opportunities for the Vietnamese sweet potato industry .6 b Opportunities within the Chinese market for Vietnamese sweet potatoes .6 Challenges from the export of Vietnamese sweet potatoes to China via official quota Recommendations for Vietnam’s future sweet potato export to China via official quota 11 Conclusion .12 Abstract By definition, export via official quota (chính ngạch) is a trading method in which local businesses and foreign partners are formally connected by contracts or agreements, facilitating large-scale exchanges of products By contrast, export via unofficial quota (tiểu ngạch) exempts traders from complicated documentation and procedures, as well as charging fewer fees and taxes, but supports trades of smaller scales, particularly between residents and farmers Sweet potato is one of Vietnam's essential agricultural products The Protocol on phytosanitary requirements for sweet potato export from Vietnam to China, published on November 22, 2022, was considered an opportunity for Vietnamese farmers and businesses to develop their products, increase economic value, and gradually shift from export via unofficial quota to official quota This research aims to: (i) give an overview of Vietnamese official quota export, particularly sweet potatoes in the context of the recently published Protocol, (ii) analyze opportunities and challenges for the export of Vietnamese sweet potatoes to China via official quota from now on and (iii) propose recommendations to promote sustainable sweet potato export via official quota from Vietnam to China in the future Development of export of Vietnamese sweet potato to China using official quota a Overview of Vietnamese official quota export As of March 2023, the Vietnamese government and authorities have been making efforts to stimulate export via official quota, to promote mass production on a greater scale, with more efficiency and quality The Ministry of Industry and Trade has announced its plans to reduce export via unofficial quota from Vietnam and expects to receive all Vietnamese exports via official quota from 2028 onwards However, by May 2023, it was still reported that only a handful of agricultural products have been approved for export via official quota to China, namely bird's nest, sweet potato, dragon fruit, longan, rambutan, mango, jackfruit, watermelon, banana, mangosteen, litchi, passion fruit, and durian In addition, it was reported that Guangxi province (Quảng Tây), accounted for over 95 border trade turnover between Vietnam and China, making it one of the major export destinations in China b Overview of the Vietnamese sweet potato industry before the Protocol List of importing markets for a product exported by Viet Nam Unit: US Dollar thousand Sources: ITC calculations based on Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) statistics since January 2021 ITC calculations based on UN COMTRADE statistics until January 2021 The HS code: 071420 (Sweet potatoes, fresh, chilled, frozen or dried, whether or not sliced or in the form of pellets) Statistics show that as of early 2021, China had been the number one export destination of Vietnam's sweet potatoes, receiving significantly higher consignments than Japan, Thailand, and others in the top 10 However, over the years there was a decline in the export figures, which could be explained by restrictions by the Chinese authorities on export routes Until recently, Vietnam relied on export via the unofficial quota, so the export process was greatly disrupted Even before the outbreak of Covid19, Vinh Long, one of the leading producers of sweet potatoes in West Vietnam, reported that their sweet potatoes had to be sold to Vietnamese people for local use at rock-bottom prices since trades via unofficial quota with China were restricted Every year Vinh Long dedicates over 10,000 hectares of land for the product out of 100,000 across Vietnam, resulting in an average yearly yield of 300,000 tonnes out of around 1.2 million from the entire country Vinh Long belongs to the Cuu Long Delta, where there is the highest sweet potato yield in Vietnam, with up to 25 tonnes per hectare, twice as much as that in North Vietnam However, before the recent plans, Binh Tan experienced fluctuations: around the summer of 2022, the district suffered a loss of sweet potato area, down by up to 95 percent This was following the downward trend in Binh Tan's sweet potato area ever since 2019, which can be explained by significant price drops Across Vietnam, several localities have been specializing in sweet potato production, but similarly suffered losses of area and price drops due to Covid restrictions and pressure from Chinese traders These localities include Dong Thap in the Cuu Long river delta and Dak Lak in the Central Highlands c Overview of the Protocol on phytosanitary requirements for sweet potato export from Vietnam to China The protocol was announced on 22/11/2022, making sweet potatoes the 13th Vietnamese type of fruit to be officially exported to China, and the 5th to have a protocol regarding official exporting The protocol discusses the phytosanitary requirements regarding exporting sweet potatoes from Vietnam to China via official quota, which can be divided into the following sections: Registry, Phytosanitary testing procedure, Packaging requirements, Border gate inspection, and Protocol implementation inspection process Details of the protocol could be summarized into parts: ● Registry: The planting regions and packaging facilities for sweet potatoes to be exported to China must be registered with MARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) of Vietnam to ensure that sweet potatoes produced by organizations and individuals meet the requirements of this Protocol This list will be sent to the General Administration of Customs of China (GACC) for approval, and the qualified producer list will be updated on the GACC website ● Phytosanitary testing procedure: Under the supervision of MARD, the sweet potato planting regions exporting to China must apply the GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) Each batch must undergo sampling and analysis by MARD, with a minimum of 60 peeled and cut tubers, in the laboratory for any diseased plant remnants, phytosanitary species that GACC listed, or soil If any of the elements above are found the batch will not be exported to China, and the exporting company and related sweet potato cultivation area will face a temporary export suspension Sweet potatoes meeting requirements are given a Phytosanitary Certificate by MARD in compliance with the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures 12 (ISPM 12), including details such as the cultivation area, packaging facility, container number, and seal number ● Packaging requirements: The packaging facilities must establish a quality management and product tracking system to ensure accurate sweet potato origin traceability The packaging facilities must classify sweet potatoes that are exported to China and remove products with diseases, deformities, potatoes with signs of decay, and carry out the process of washing with water twice to remove impurities and take other measures, to ensure sweet potatoes are free of insects, dirt, plants remnants and other impurities The packaging area must be clean and have a hard surface area Must implement pest control measures to ensure no rodents or insects are present Packaging materials must be clean, hygienic, unused, and comply with the relevant phytosanitary requirements of China Packaging materials that use wood must comply with the International Standard for Measures Phytosanitary Method No 15 (ISPM) Containers that store sweet potatoes must be clean, hygienic, and sanitized if necessary ● Border gate inspection: Chinese Customs will conduct inspections and quarantine checks on sweet potatoes exported from Vietnam to China at the import border If any violations are detected, the following actions will be taken: ○ Sweet potatoes without valid Plant Quarantine Certificates will be returned or destroyed ○ Sweet potatoes from unregistered packaging facilities will be returned or destroyed ○ If soil is found, the sweet potatoes will be returned or destroyed ○ If quarantine objects of concern to China, other live quarantine objects, or plant remnants are found, the sweet potatoes will be processed, returned, or destroyed ○ If violations of other import inspection and quarantine requirements of China are detected, the batch of sweet potatoes will be handled according to relevant laws and regulations ● Protocol implementation inspection process: Before formal trade is conducted, the General Administration of Customs of China (GACC) will send officials to carry out on-site inspections or online inspections to verify the implementation of the protocol, packaging facility conditions, and the laboratory's capacity, with the cooperation and support of MARD d Overview of the first official export of Vietnamese sweet potato In April 2023, Binh Tan district, located in Vinh Long province, was announced to be having 28 tonnes of its sweet potatoes exported to China Specifically, Song Toan Phat Service Trading Co., Ltd would be responsible for the export alongside Vietnamese packaging facilities, while Guangxi Jixiang (Cát Tường Quảng Tây) Shipping Company and Guangxi Shenghe (Quảng Tây Thịnh Hòa) Import-Export Trading Co., Ltd would be on the receiving end of the consignment It was also reported that Vinh Long has 27 planting area codes and sweet potato packing facilities that were issued export codes to China The Vietnamese Plant Protection Department has been cooperating with the General Administration of Customs of China (GACC) to determine which packaging facilities and growing areas across Vietnam are qualified for export to China The GACC approved 13 out of 23 proposed sweet potato packing facilities; the 10 remaining facilities did not meet requirements on either management system, equipment, specifications, or infrastructure, based on the Protocol In addition, over 70 sweet potato planting areas in Vietnam have been deemed appropriate for production by the Chinese authorities In the foreseeable future, Chinese authorities and specialists would be willing to cooperate with Vietnam towards better sweet potato trades The Plant Protection Department has been making efforts to ensure that the first consignment would be delivered according to plan, by working closely with localities and businesses to develop techniques and meet China's requirements It is hoped that with the announcement of export via official quota, Binh Tan’s sweet potato production and management as well as that of Vietnam in general would be stimulated and more stable, regardless of the effects of the Covid-19 restrictions Since the announcement of China's approval of export via official quota, Vietnamese farmers and businesses have been making great efforts to restore and expand sweet potato production, receive more planting area codes, incorporate modern and standardized production models such as VietGAP to receive more yield to deliver consignments to China consistently In addition, organizations and businesses have been cooperating with local farmers to reduce the burden of sweet potato production costs Another example of a local area that is aware of the opportunities from export via official quota is Phu Thien district, Gia Lai province, where the local authorities are encouraging organic production and close cooperation between farmers and businesses while raising awareness about the potential risks of excessively expanding areas for production Dong Dang Industrial Investment Co., Ltd reported its demand for 120,000 tonnes of purple sweet potato, among other agricultural products and seafood Opportunities for the export of Vietnamese sweet potatoes to China via official quota a Opportunities for the Vietnamese sweet potato industry It was reported that China traders at the borders have been able to take advantage of the limitations of the unofficial quota to put pressure on Vietnamese exports prices, especially agricultural products which could include sweet potatoes However, with the introduction of the official quota, China allows for a more fair and transparent demand for Vietnam's sweet potatoes, as well as a more proactive stance for Vietnamese farmers and businesses, which would possibly raise and stabilize sweet potato prices This is a positive development compared to the past years when sweet potato prices in Vinh Long were as low as 1.500 to 2.000 VND per kilogram, which could not cover production costs of up to 5.000 to 6.000 VND per kilogram Such a welcoming approach from China would potentially motivate Vietnamese farmers to maintain and better manage their sweet potato areas for higher yields, to meet the growing demands from China We also believe that Vietnamese farmers could worry less about risks during the transportation of their sweet potatoes to China, as regulations from export via official quota would make farmers ensure that their products meet requirements right from the production stage, which could make China less reserved and less anxious to conduct complicated and time-consuming inspections of the consignments Therefore, Vietnamese sweet potatoes could enter China more quickly and safely via official quota, consistently generating revenues for Vietnamese farmers and businesses b Opportunities within the Chinese market for Vietnamese sweet potatoes In value terms, Vietnam constituted the largest supplier of sweet potatoes to China The country's 2019/20 (September-August) potato crop was estimated at 98 million metric tons (MMT), of which 60 percent was expected to be consumed as table stock potatoes at homes and restaurants The processing and animal feed sectors were each projected to consume another 15 percent China's production of fresh potatoes has been declining in recent years for different reasons, such as rising labor costs, limited mechanization, storage challenges, fluctuating potato prices, and the lack of new potato varieties The demand for processed potato products is expected to increase as the country's middle class grows Many potato processing facilities are in Northern China where most of the country's production is concentrated Most potatoes grown in this region are harvested in the fall, with limited supplies available from March to August The shortage during these six months reportedly forces some processing factories in this region to shut down for months at a time Such instability in the domestic sweet potato production industry in China could improve the chances for Vietnamese producers to enter the Chinese market Throughout Chinese history, the sweet potato was known as a primary food crop for Chinese people In the past, a large portion of China's sweet potato output was utilized as feed for livestock or to make starch But now, people have realized sweet potatoes are a healthy food that can be consumed regularly at a cheap price Jenny Ma, the director of Shandong Jining Green Living stated that sweet potato consumption in China is returning as a trend "There are many sweet potato roasting stalls everywhere in cities These are attracting more and more sweet potato lovers," said Jenny Ma As demand grows, the official export of sweet potatoes from Vietnam to China is anticipated to provide Vietnamese farmers with new options as they work to improve the crop and increase its economic worth Just after our first batch of sweet potatoes was officially exported to China, the demand for sweet potatoes increased exponentially For the past few months, the price of sweet potatoes increased to 1.5 to times its original price In the current market, it is selling for around 1.1 million VND/100kg, with a wholesale price of 800 thousand VND/100kg (Xuân Phong, 2023) Vietnam and China have been involved in free trade agreements, namely the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA): More than 8,000 imports from Vietnam, mainly agricultural products, have had their tariffs reduced by China as a result of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) Trade connections between Vietnam and China are expected to improve as a result of an improvement to the ASEAN-China free trade agreement and beneficial effects from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership are set shortly The ASEAN Secretariat states that the goal of the upgrading discussions is to make sure that the ACFTA aids in the post-pandemic economic recovery as well as the continued development and expansion of ASEAN-China commercial ties Along with the benefits from the RCEP, the future for sweet potato exports to China is looking very promising Dinh Gia Nghia, deputy general director of Dong Giao Foodstuff Export JSC in the northern province of Ninh Binh stated: "Since the RCEP took effect, especially after China recently allowed import of some Vietnamese agricultural products such as durian, edible bird's nest, sweet potato, and passion fruit, Vietnamese businesses throughout the country, including ours, have had big opportunities to export new products to the Chinese market." Exporting from Vietnam to China offers several logistics advantages due to their geographical proximity and existing trade infrastructure For example, the proximity and land connectivity through land borders from Vietnam to China enables efficient transportation of goods, including sweet potatoes, by truck or train, reducing reliance on more costly and timeconsuming modes of transportation Along with well-established trade routes between Vietnam and China, the process of transportation, documentation, and customs clearance for exporting sweet potatoes will be much more streamlined On 24th of April 2023, our first batch of sweet potatoes was exported to China through the Ta Lung border gate, Cao Bang province to the Thuy Khau border gate, Guangxi province This event not only gives businesses inside and outside the province the chance to increase their export opportunities for agricultural products, but it also aids farmers and communities with good soil and climate in growing sweet potatoes in particular, ensuring compliance with regulations, exporting to China, generating income, and improving locals' quality of life (Nguyễn Hằng, 2023) Challenges from the export of Vietnamese sweet potatoes to China via official quota ● Strict regulations: China has strict regulations regarding food imports to ensure food safety and protect public health Moreover, the regulations are constantly changing and we would have to keep up with the latest laws There are limitations on food additives, mycotoxins, contaminants, pesticide residue, food enhancers, and pathogens bacteria detected in food There are hundreds of rules and standards that our producers have to comply with to get approved by the Chinese authorities All of these regulations have to be followed precisely or the products will be returned to the producers As early as 2021 and 2022, China announced Decrees 248 and 249 (collectively, New Regulations) The new decrees contain more articles than in the past, such as the Import and Export Food Safety Measures published in 2018 In summary, the New Regulations necessitate registering with the General Administration of Customs of China (GACC) from foreign or in this case, Vietnam's sweet potato producers before export to China Vietnamese producers are then required to register with the GACC through either Vietnamese authorities' recommendations or online applications by themselves As a result, Vietnamese producers could struggle to both complete registrations and make subsequent adaptations in a limited timeframe, to not disrupt production and transportation The food safety risk is another key point in China's decrees: Chinese authorities could require Vietnamese producers to report on their sweet potato batches through testing agencies In the future, China seeks to consistently monitor Vietnamese producers' compliance with the new regulations and would consider detailed and stricter adjustments if the safety risk of sweet potatoes and food in general changes Under the New Regulations, it is required that the Chinese registration number or registration number approved by Vietnamese authorities must both be inside and outside of the packages, which would be under examination by Chinese officials at the borders Vietnamese sweet potato or food producers in general must establish a control system for food safety and sanitation, which helps to guarantee compliance with Chinese regulations It must be recognized that the New Regulations now give the Chinese government and authorities even more power and flexibility over the inspection and assessment of foreign countries' food production and exports to China, so Vietnamese sweet potato producers need to develop sensible plans and enhance production process in all aspects from manufacturing to storage and packaging, to adapt and reduce risks of losing credibility to China ● Documentation: Importers of food products must provide relevant documents, such as a phytosanitary certificate, to demonstrate that the products comply with China's requirements The application process now requires examination reports by Vietnamese authorities and certificates that help confirm that Vietnamese producers are qualified ● Packaging and labeling: Food products must be packaged and labeled in a way that meets China's requirements to prevent contamination and ensure product traceability The labels have to be translated and reviewed by government officials ● Complex administrative procedures: Exporting food into China can involve a complex process that includes obtaining permits, licenses, and other necessary documentation The administrative procedures can be timeconsuming and costly However many of our producers and even experts might not have the experience and knowledge to execute all the necessary documents ● Transportation and logistics: Transporting food products to China can be challenging due to the country's size, geography, and infrastructure Delays in shipping and handling can cause quality problems for sweet potatoes Sweet potatoes need to be stored properly and transported during a short time window The logistic chain will have to coordinate with farmers from all over the country Establishing and managing a reliable supply chain that meets Chinese requirements and maintains product quality can be challenging Exporters need to ensure consistent and efficient sourcing, processing, and distribution of their food products Lack of proper resource allocation could lead to congestion when exporting, as reported in many cases in the past ● Competition with domestic producers: China has a significant domestic food production industry, which can compete with imported products China is the number producer of sweet potatoes in the world with 54.74% of all market shares Chinese domestic production reached 48.95 million metric tonnes in 2020 Our sweet potatoes will have to compete with many alternatives Additionally, imported products can be subject to tariffs and taxes, making them less competitive in the Chinese market Looking at the geographical aspect, the main regions of sweet potato cultivation in China are Sichuan and Shandong Genetically, China has some cultivars/varieties of sweet potatoes, varieties of China's sweet potatoes are Shadi 601, Shadi Watermelon Red, and the Shadi Purple Guijing No The domestic producers have many advantages such as faster response to market demands, and better quality control Furthermore, they are well-versed in local laws, regulations, and standards, making it easier to comply with them ● Falling import value In 2021, China's import value is 170,000 USD, this was a significant decline from a peak of 58M USD in 2017 The decline in China's import value of sweet potatoes has been a consistent trend since 2017, indicating that the demand for sweet potatoes in China has gone down Conversely, the trend can also be a mirror of the falling price of sweet potatoes as the data suggest that the import volume of sweet potatoes reached its peak in 2019 with a volume of 115.62M but the import value reached its low value of 12.34M USD, disregarding the years affected by the pandemic ● Competitive international competition: The Chinese market is a huge potential one that many countries have their sight of Any product we export to China will have to compete with exports from many other countries This will make differentiation difficult in an already saturated market In South East Asia, Indonesia is the 6th biggest producer of sweet potatoes reaching 1.8 million tons by 2019 This and their proximity to China could make them a strong competitor They had an 8% share of all sweet potato imports into China with 100k dollars worth of imports They have grown by 1530% in the last years Taiwan is the leading exporter of sweet potatoes into China, reaching 385k dollars worth in 2021 accounting for 88.89% They have grown by 1861% in the last years Their growth was fuelled by being geographically close to mainland China In 2021, Vietnam's sweet potato export to China only reached 14k dollars, accounting for 4% of sweet potato export This was a 99.96% drop from our export number in 2016 which was 37m dollars This means that we used to be the largest exporter in China but have since fallen to third place due to the pandemic ● Food safety concerns: Food safety is a significant concern for Chinese consumers Several high-profile incidents of food safety violations have made consumers wary of imported products One such high-profile case of mass food poisoning from exported food in China is the 2008 melamine-tainted milk scandal Many Chinese consumers are more cautious and vigilant about the food they consume They often pay close attention to food labels, expiration dates, and the reputation of food brands As a result, our exporters need to ensure the quality and safety of their products to gain consumer trust and acceptance ● Language and cultural barriers: Chinese language and cultural differences can pose challenges for foreign exporters Understanding Chinese consumer preferences, packaging requirements, and labeling regulations is critical for successful food importation The use of language is critical to export business success in two distinct ways The first is the use of written language in materials such as labels, documents, and websites The other is the use of foreign languages to communicate with international clients Communication is the fundamental starting point for any business relationship or transaction If a common language does not exist the chances of any successful business occurring are slim ● Adaptation: Given the stricter requirements for production and export from China, the government and local authorities ought to plan a detailed and sensible roadmap for the transition from export via unofficial quota to official quota Lack of planning could leave Vietnamese farmers and businesses unprepared and even fail to meet requirements from China for sweet potatoes 5 Recommendations for Vietnam’s future sweet potato export to China via official quota ● The Vietnamese government can assess the current situation and adjust production operations to meet the needs and requirements of Vietnam's export market, and then negotiate with its Chinese counterparts to open the Chinese market to some select products It should also continue to create favorable conditions for Vietnamese exports, negotiate for an extended "transition period" for the new Chinese import regulations, and open more border gates that cater to the export of agricultural products ● The government can help synthesize and systematize Chinese import regulations and standards, as well as consolidate the various beneficial Vietnam-China trade agreement provisions for publication, effectively creating a one-stop information point for Vietnamese exporters ● Vietnam should continue to promote robust international relations to seek out new markets and opportunities brought about by international economic integration Vietnam's participation in international organizations, such as ASEAN, APEC, WTO, and AEC, exemplifies its increasingly active efforts at seeking new development opportunities ● E-commerce technology should be applied in exporting agricultural products to China In the current digital age, and also the golden age of ecommerce, Vietnamese businesses need to actively update and strengthen their knowledge and skills, taking advantage of online commerce methods ● Businesses need to be better managed and be able to meet the needs and tastes of the Chinese market Products need to have suitable prices, and good quality, be produced in enough quantities for a regular and long-term supply, and have proper origin criteria to receive FTA benefits Businesses need to continue to invest in technology and agricultural input to improve the yield and quality of products for export and increase the application of traceability labels ● When transacting or trading in China, Vietnam enterprises need to verify the power and prestige of Chinese business partners, especially connecting to an online partner via a website All transactions must be made in the form of a contract under the rules of international trade, the terms of the transaction and dispute resolution are closely united and highly binding ● In addition, enterprises should learn about the import regulations of the Chinese government with goods that the business plans to export, dealing with Chinese partners Conclusion The Protocol on the official export of sweet potatoes will create prospects for a stagnated Vietnamese sweet potato industry by increasing market scale, clear phytosanitary requirements, and faster border gate customs However, Vietnamese exporters will face stiff competition from the local producers themselves, as well as strict regulations regarding phytosanitary and packaging from Chinese officials Acknowledging the upcoming opportunities and challenges, the Vietnamese sweet potato 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