Doctoral thesis of philosophy web interactive multimedia technology in university learning environments

Web Interactive Multimedia Technology in University Learning Environments Asma Md Ali (Doctor of Philosophy) 2013 RMIT UNIVERSITY Web Interactive Multimedia Technology in University Learning Environments A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Asma Md Ali B.IT (Multimedia Systems) (Hons), M.IT (E-Business) School of Business Information Technology and Logistics RMIT University Melbourne, Victoria, Australia June 2013 Declaration I certify that except where due acknowledgement have been made, the work is that of the author; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; and any editorial work carried out by a third party is acknowledge Signed : Name : Asma Md Ali Date : ii Acknowledgements Alhamdulillah Studying a PhD is definitely a complex process Initially the concept of research does not seem so very difficult but to get a PhD is not easy Although a PhD journey seems solitary, it is a team project with many hands and souls along the way I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the team I am grateful to Associate Professor Dr Joan Richardson, my primary supervisor, for being available to review my work, for helping me to restructure my thoughts, for providing keen insights which have enhanced my understanding of research, and for support throughout the academic journey I also thank Associate Professor Dr Peter Macauley, my second supervisor, for advice on career and life, and for the review of my thesis submissions Thank you to the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, and the International Islamic University Malaysia, for the financial scholarship I also thank my colleagues at KICT and the officers at MSD; and the research office staff at RMIT SBITL, SGR, SBGR and the libraries I appreciate the people who gave their time to participate in the interviews I also gratefully acknowledge friends and mentors in SBITL who have shared much of my journey with me I would also like to thank the editors and the paper reviewers My heartfelt thanks to my dearest husband and my children I thank my husband, Fakhrullah, for his faith and forgiveness, for attending to the baby, the kids and things, and for being a good motivator I thank my children, Noor Ain, Omar Muaz and baby Ilham Hafiz, who were understanding when Ummi was too busy Thank you for welcoming me when I get home Thank you for cheering me up Thank you to my dearest mama, Masniyati Salikin, and papa, Md Ali Othman Thank you for the love, sacrifices and prayers Thanks to family, relatives and friends for support, well wishes and inspiration during these years It has been a real pleasure to work collaboratively with a great team I thank you all for the encouragement and support in helping me to complete this thesis Although a great deal of assistance has been received from many people, I must claim responsibility for any and all mistakes and shortcomings in this thesis iii Preface The following papers were written as part of this research:  Asma Md Ali, Joan Richardson Web Interactive Multimedia Technology: State of the Art in Jasni Mohamad Zain, Wan Maseri Binti Wan Mohd, Eyas El-Qawasmeh (Eds.), Part III Communications in Computer and Information Science 181 Springer 2011, ISBN 978364 22220 23, p.41-53  Asma Md Ali, Joan Richardson Web Interactive Multimedia Technology Evolution in Jianhong Zhou(Ed.), ASME Press 2011, ISBN 9780791859735  Asma Md Ali, Joan Richardson “Using Web Interactive Multimedia Technology: Several Approaches” paper submitted for the International Journal of Learning on April 2012  Asma Md Ali, Joan Richardson, “Web Interactive Multimedia Technology: Implementation from Two Perspectives”, International Journal on New Computer Architectures and Their Applications (IJNCAA) 2(1): 154-166, The Society of Digital Information and Wireless Communications (ISSN: 2220-9085)2012  Asma Md Ali, Joan Richardson, “Web Interactive Multimedia Technology: State of the Art" International Conference on Software Engineering and Computer Science (ICSECS) 2011, Kuantan, Malaysia, Proceedings, Paper 342  Asma Md Ali, Joan Richardson, “Web Interactive Multimedia Technology Evolution” International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology (ICCET) 2011, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Proceedings Paper T10049  Asma Md Ali, Joan Richardson, “Web Interactive Multimedia Technology Implementation: A University Context” UK Academy for Information Systems (UKAIS) International Conference 2012,Proceedings,Paper 37  Asma Md Ali, Joan Richardson, Peter Macauley, Evaluation on Web Interactive Multimedia Technology, Poster - Presented at RMIT Business Research Week 2011, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia  Asma Md Ali, A Study on Web Interactive Multimedia Technology – Presented at ACIS 2009 Doctoral consortium, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia iv Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES VIII LIST OF TABLES IX GLOSSARY OF TERMS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS X ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Context 1.2 Aim and Significance 13 1.3 Structure of the Thesis 16 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Web Interactive Multimedia Technology Affordances 18 20 2.1.1 The History of Affordance Capability 22 2.1.2 Emerging Technologies Use in Higher Education 23 2.1.3 Web Interactive Multimedia to Improve Lectures 26 2.1.4 Organisational and Academic Implementation of Web 2.0 Technology 30 2.2 Technology Adoption Issues in Higher Education 32 2.2.1 Reliability of the Technology 34 2.2.2 Change to Suit New Generation of Students 34 2.2.3 Direction (Guide) for Implementation 36 2.2.4 Time for Learning to Use Emerging Technology 37 2.2.5 Incentive (Organisational Support) 37 2.2.6 Attitude towards Emerging Technology 38 2.2.7 Information Technology Skills or Proficiency 39 2.3 Web Interactive Multimedia Technology Adoption in Learning 39 2.3.1 Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) - Fishbein and Ajzen (1981) 43 2.3.2 Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) - (Ajzen, 1985) 44 2.3.3 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) 45 v 2.3.4 Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) 47 2.3.5 Diffusion of Innovation Model (DIM) 48 2.3.6 Web 2.0 Augments Delivery of Well Designed Curricula 49 2.4 Design Science Research in Information Systems 53 2.4.1 Guidelines for the Use of a Design Science Research Approach 58 2.4.2 A Paucity of Design Science Research Applications 62 2.5 Design Science Research Framework 64 2.5.1 Design Science Research Model Components 65 2.5.2 Solution Technology Invention 67 2.5.3 Elluminate – Web Interactive Multimedia Technology Affordances 69 2.5.4 Naturalistic Evaluation 70 2.5.5 Theory Building 71 2.5.6 Web Interactive Multimedia Technology In Learning 72 2.5.7 Development of the Research Conceptual Framework 75 2.6 Summary METHODOLOGY 3.1 Design Science Research Approach 76 78 79 3.1.1 Elluminate Affordances Use from an Information Systems Perspective 80 3.1.2 Design Science Research Model – Solution Technology Invention, Theory Building and Naturalistic Evaluation 82 3.1.3 83 The Research Process 3.2 Case study 86 3.3 Interpretive Research 87 3.4 Qualitative Research 88 3.5 Research Design 90 3.5.1 Participants 91 3.5.2 Interviews 92 3.5.3 Observation 95 3.5.4 Document Analysis 95 3.5.5 Thematic Analysis 96 3.5.6 Themes Development for Each Investigative Domain 98 vi 3.5.7 The Artefact: Guidelines as an Outcome 102 3.6 Limitations of the Research 102 3.7 Ethical Considerations 103 3.8 Summary 104 DATA AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Overview 105 105 4.1.1 Solution Technology Invention – Delivery Strategies and Constraints 105 4.1.2 Naturalistic Evaluation – Stakeholders’ Evaluation 106 4.1.3 Theory Building – Learning Constructive Alignment 106 4.1.4 Elluminate as an Exemplar of Web Interactive Multimedia Technology 107 4.2 Web Interactive Multimedia Technology in Subjects Case Studies 107 4.3 A Neuroscience Postgraduate Subject (Case 1) 110 4.3.1 Case Neuroscience – Learning Environment 110 4.3.2 Case Neuroscience – Student Class Size 111 4.3.3 Case Neuroscience – Why Elluminate? 111 4.3.4 Case Neuroscience – Solution Technology Invention: Delivery Strategies and Constraints 112 4.3.5 Case Neuroscience – Elluminate Affordances 114 4.3.6 Case Neuroscience – Naturalistic Evaluation: Stakeholders’ Evaluation 117 4.3.7 Case Neuroscience – Theory Building: Learning Constructive Alignment 118 4.3.8 Case Neuroscience – Web Interactive Multimedia Technology in Learning 120 4.3.9 Case Neuroscience– Conceptual Model 123 4.4 A Postgraduate Business Subject (Case 2) 126 4.4.1 Case Business – Learning Environment 127 4.4.2 Case Business – Student Class Size 127 4.4.3 Case Business - Why Elluminate? 128 4.4.4 Case Business – Solution Technology Invention: Delivery Strategies and Constraints 128 4.4.5 Case Business – Naturalistic Evaluation:- Stakeholders Valuation 131 4.4.6 Case Business – Theory Building: Learning Constructive Alignment 132 4.4.7 Case Business – Web Interactive Multimedia Technology in Learning 133 4.4.8 Case Business – Conceptual Model 136 A Foundation Computing Subject (Case 3) 138 4.5 vii 4.5.1 Case Computing - Learning Environment 138 4.5.2 Case Computing - Student Class Size 139 4.5.3 Case Computing - Why Elluminate? 139 4.5.4 Case Computing - Solution Technology Invention: Delivery Strategies and Constraints 140 4.5.5 Case Computing - Naturalistic Evaluation: Stakeholders Evaluation 144 4.5.6 Case Computing - Theory Building: Learning Constructive Alignment 144 4.5.7 Case Computing - Web Interactive Multimedia Technology in learning 145 4.5.8 Case Computing – Conceptual Model 146 4.6 A Postgraduate Consultancy Subject (Case 4) 148 4.6.1 Case Lactation Consultancy - Learning Environment 148 4.6.2 Case Lactation Consultancy - Student Class Size 149 4.6.3 Case Lactation Consultancy - Why Elluminate? 149 4.6.4 Case Lactation Consultancy - Solution Technology Invention: Delivery Strategies and Constraints 149 4.6.5 Case Lactation Consultancy - Naturalistic Evaluation - Stakeholders Evaluation 152 4.6.6 Case Lactation Consultancy - Theory Building: Learning Constructive Alignment 153 4.6.7 Case Lactation Consultancy - Web Interactive Multimedia Technology in Learning 154 4.6.8 Case Lactation Consultancy – Conceptual Model 156 4.7 Web Interactive Multimedia Technology in Subjects Stakeholders’ Analysis 157 4.7.1 Solution Technology Invention – Delivery Strategies and Constraints 158 4.7.2 Naturalistic Evaluation – Stakeholders’ Evaluation 162 4.7.3 Theory Building – Learning Constructive Alignment 162 4.8 Summary 163 DISCUSSION 5.1 Solution Technology Invention – Delivery Strategies and Constraints 165 166 5.1.1 Affordance Use and Class Management 171 5.1.2 Affordance Related Communication Constraints 175 5.1.3 Technical Infrastructure 177 5.1.4 People Initiative 179 5.2 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Questionnaires, Focus Groups or Disclosure of Personal Information COLLEGE OF SCHOOL/CENTRE OF Name of Participant: Business Business Information Technology and Logistics Evaluation on the Web Interactive Multimedia Technology in University: An Exploratory Study Project Title: Name(s) of Investigators: (1) (2) (3) AsmaMd Ali Dr Joan Richardson Dr Peter Macauley 9442 4467 9925 5804 9925 5583 Phone: Phone: Phone: I have received a statement explaining the interview/questionnaire involved in this project I consent to participate in the above project, the particulars of which - including details of the interviews or questionnaires have been explained to me I authorise the investigator or his or her assistant to interview me or administer a questionnaire I give my permission to be audio taped: Yes No I give my permission for my name or identity to be used: Yes No I acknowledge that: Having read the Plain Language Statement, I agree to the general purpose, methods and demands of the study I have been informed that I am free to withdraw from the project at any time and to withdraw any unprocessed data previously supplied The project is for the purpose of research and/or teaching It may not be of direct benefit to me The privacy of the information I provide will be safeguarded However should the information of a private nature need to be disclosed for moral, clinical or legal reasons, I will be given an opportunity to negotiate the terms of this disclosure The security of the research data is assured during and after completion of the study The data collected during the study may be published, and a report of the project outcomes will be provided as part of my PhD thesis Any information which may be used to identify me will not be used unless I have given my permission (see point 5) Participant’s Consent Name: Date: (Participant) Name: Date: (Witness to signature) Participants should be given a photocopy of this consent form after it has been signed Any complaints about your participation in this project may be directed to the Chair, Business College Human Ethics Advisory Network, College of Business, RMIT, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, 3001 The telephone number is (03) 9925 5598 ore-mailaddressrdu@rmit.edu.au Details of the complaints procedure are available from http://www.rmit.edu.au/browse;ID=2jqrnb7hnpyo 241