IMPROVING EDUCATIONAL PLANNING FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY EDUCATION IN THE INDONESIAN DECENTRALIZATION ERA A project submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Didik[.]
IMPROVING EDUCATIONAL PLANNING FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY EDUCATION IN THE INDONESIAN DECENTRALIZATION ERA A project submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Didik Suhardi B Law, M Public Administration School of Management College of Business RMIT University October 2010 Research By Project There are three components that are being presented for examination for this Doctor of Philosophy - By Project Degree An exegesis A Portfolio that contains the durable record of the project An oral presentation This volume contains the Exegesis Accompanying this volume is the Portfolio The Portfolio is divided into two parts: Exhibits Products ii ii DECLARATION I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the exegesis is the result of work that has been conducted since the official commencement date of the research program; any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and, ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed Didik Suhardi October 2010 iii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my great appreciation to my advisors, Dr David Hodges and Dr Bill Vistarini, for their enormous assistance and guidance during the completion of this research Their advice has motivated me to improve my reading, thinking, and writing this research I also would like to convey my sincere appreciation to my co-supervisor, Prof Slamet, PH, Ph.D, for his patient and great guidance and assistance in giving direction to my research I would also like to send my unlimited respect and gratitude to Prof Suyanto, Ph D, the Director General for the Management of Primary and Secondary Education, and Mr Hamid Muhammad, Ph D, (Director General for Non Formal and Informal Education) for their strong support during my research and during my work at the office My thanks also go to all my colleagues, friends, and all respondents at provincial, district, and school levels - so many that I cannot mention all their names here I would like to convey my special indebtedness to my parents, my wife, my children, and relatives, who consistently provided support, comfort, and inspiration so that I could finish my study, research, and dissertation It was only through the sacrifices of my beloved wife, Budiarti, and lovely children, Eko, Putri, Fitri and Putra for their time that I have been able to complete this research project I would then praise to Allah the Almighty for all His help with all of this study, research and dissertation I pray for all of the people who supported this dissertation for all their best from God iv iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Research by Project Declaration Acknowledgements Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Glossary and Abbreviations Abstract CHAPTER I: 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 ii iii iv vi vii viii ix INTRODUCTION Research Background Decentralization in Indonesia Objective of The Research Research Questions Expected Outcomes My Work and the Connection with My Project The Structure of the Exegesis 10 11 11 12 CHAPTER II: 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 RESEARCH DESIGN Research Methodology Challenges of Action Research Methods Fieldwork Observations Interviews Administering Questionnaires Document Analysis Data Analysis Research Participants Research Stages Ethics Summary 14 16 19 19 20 21 21 21 22 22 24 25 26 CHAPTER III: DECENTRALIZATION AND EDUCATION PLANNING CHALLENGES The Structure and The Roles of MONE Indonesian Education Structure My Roles as Deputy Director for Program/Planning Routine Work : The Official Programs for which I am Responsible Ad Hoc/Additional Programs and Activities The Challenges that I Faced Educational Planning 27 27 35 36 49 50 57 3.1 3.1.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.3 v 3.3.1 3.3.2 The Purpose of Educational Planning Approaches to Education Planning 57 58 3.3.3 3.3.4 Education Planning Processes in Indonesia Conditions Required for Success in Educational Planning 65 68 CHAPTER IV: THE CHALLENGES OF IMPROVING EDUCATION PLANNING 4.1 Stage I: Exploring the Key Issues and Problems on Educational 75 Planning (October 2004 to October 2005) 4.1.1 Intentions 75 4.1.2 Actions and Observations 75 4.1.3 Lesson Learned and Reflections 90 4.2 Stage 2: The Challenge of Developing an Improved Education Planning System in DDJSE (November 2005 to October 2006) 93 4.2.1 Intentions 93 4.2.2 Actions and Observations 94 4.2.3 Lesson Learned and Reflections 109 4.2.4 Conslusions 113 4.3 Stage 3: Collaborating for Implementation (November 2006 to December 2008) 115 4.3.1 Intentions 115 4.3.2 Actions and Observations 116 CHAPTER V: 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 IMPROVING EDUCATIONAL PLANNING : LESSONS FOR THE MONE The Complexity of Decentralization in Indonesia 131 Improving Education Planning at JSE 133 A More Skilled Practitioner 1371 Conclusions 140 Bibliography 142 vi vi LIST OF TABLES Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 10 : : : : : : : : : : Stage of the Research Total Number of Student at Junior Secondary School The Percentage of DDJSE from DGMPSE Expenditure (2005-2008) Budget Allocation for BOS (2005-2008) The Target for the Construction of New School Unit (2004-2008) The Result and Target of New Classroom Construction (RKB) from 2004-2008 The Result and Target of One Roof School (SATAP) (2005-2008) Outline Summary of Stage GER for Selected Provinces in Indonesia 2005-2008 Construction under the Access and Equity Program 2006-2008 24 34 34 44 46 47 48 112 117 121 vii vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure : The Successive Cycle of Research Activities (Plan, Do, Observe and Figure Figure Figure Reflect) : Structure of Indonesian Education : Organization Structure of MONE : Organization Structure of Directorate General of Management for 15 29 30 Primary and Secondary Education : Organization Structure of Directorate for Development for Junior 32 Figure Secondary School Flow Chart of the Data Collection on the Number of Students Flow Chart of Allocations and Selections The Distribution Mechanism of BOS Funds The ABCS of Strategic Planning Process Education Planning Approach for Junior Secondary Education in Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 10 : : : : : Figure 11 Indonesia : GER and NER for period 2000 – 2009 viii viii 33 40 41 42 63 101 122 GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATION Acronym/ Abbreviation Bahasa Indonesia English AO Ouput yang sebenarnya Actual Output ADB Bank Pembangunan Asia Asian Development Bank AusAID Badan Australia untuk Pembangunan Internasional Australian Agency for International Development APEID Program Asia Pasifik untuk Inovasi Pendidikan Asian Pacific Program of Educational Innovation for Development BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Nasional National Planning Agency BSNP Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan National Education Standard Agency BPS Biro Pusat Statistik Statistical Centre Bureau Bupati Kepala Kabupaten Head of Local Government DAU Dana Alokasi Khusus General Allocation Fund DDP Kasubdit Program Deputy Director for Program DEO Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten/ Kota District Education Offices DPR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Parliament DJSE Direktorat Sekolah Menengah Pertama Directorate of Junior Secondary Education DDJSE Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Pertama Directorate of Development for Junior Secondary Education DGMPSE Direktorat Jenderal Directorate General of Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar Management for Primary and dan Menengah Secondary Education ix ix Acronym/ Abbreviation Bahasa Indonesia English EO Output yang diharapkan Expected Output EFA Pendidikan Untuk Semua Education for All ESR Pembahasan Bidang Pendidikan Education Sector Review EMIS Sistem Informasi Manajemen Education Management Pendidikan Information System FGD Diskusi Kelompok Fokus Focus Group Discussion GER Angka Partisipasi Kasar Gross Enrollment rate GoI Pemerintah Indonesia Government of Indonesia Golkar Golongan Karya Functional Group (Political Party in Indonesia) HIS Hollandsche Inlandsche School Hollandsche Inlandsche School HDI Index Pembangunan Manusia Human Development Index IESR Pembahasan Sektor Pendidikan Indonesia Indonesia Education Sector Review JSE Sekolah Menengah Pertama Junior Secondary Education MPR Majelis Permusyaratan Rakyat People's Consultative Assembly MoF Departemen Keuangan Ministry of Finance MoNE Departemen Pendidikan Nasional MONE MDG Tujuan Pembangunan Millenium Millenium Development Goal x x ... ABSTRACT Improving Educational Planning for Junior Secondary Education in the Indonesian Decentralization Era Since the enactment of Law 22/1999 about Local Government, Education was one of the sectors... priority for the MONE and the Government of Indonesia (GOI) Detailed information about each program will be described in chapter IV in the context of education planning for decentralization 1.2 Decentralization. .. improve the education planning mechanism at the Directorate for Development of Junior Secondary Education (DDJSE) Second, through improved planning, to expand the scope of service to the citizens of