KHOA HOC SL/C MANH CUA NANG LUdNG TAI TAO Nguyen Xuan Chanh C ac tap chi khoa hpc tren the gidi gan day cd rat nhieu bai hudng du luan chu y den nhiing each san xuat dien ben viing, khdng phat thai kh[.]
KHOA HOC SL/C MANH CUA NANG L U d N G TAI TAO Nguyen Xuan Chanh ac tap chi khoa hpc tren the gidi gan day cd rat nhieu bai hudng du luan chu y den nhiing each san xuat dien ben viing, khdng phat thai CO2, than thien vdi mdi trudng, phu hpp vdi xu hudng giu cho dat nudc va ca hanh tinh dupc xanh Thi du td Nature (sd 14 thang nam 2008) cd bai "Dien khdng cd cacbon", td "Scientific American" (sd thang nam 2009) cd bai "Siic manh ciia nang lupng tai tao", td Science et Vie (sd thang nam 2009) cd bai "Mat trdi - Tai cudi ciing la chung ta tin tudng" O cac bai nhung dang nang lupng tai tao dupc phan tich rat ky ludng: nguyen ly hoat ddng, kha nang, uu nhupc diem, tinh hinh img dung hien nay, hudng can chii y day manh Chung tdi can cir vao nhirng tu lieu d cac bai tren lan lupt trinh bay cac van de chung quanh viee san xuat dien tir nang lupng tai tao: dien mat trdi dien gid, thuy dien dien dia nhiet, dien tir sdng bien dien sinh hpc Cd the nhiing thdng tin giup chiing ta suy nghi cd nen cii theo ldi cu phat trien dien nang nhu cac nudc phat trien da lam nam bay ehuc nam ve trade hay la theo hudng hien dai day manh viec phat trien dien tir nang lupng tai tao C xuat va gia da lam cho eong nghe pin mat trdi phat trie'n rat manh nam nam qua Nam 2002 tren toan the gidi san xuat va ban dupe 550MW (megawatt - trieu oat), nam 2007 sd tang gap lan Td'ng pin mat trdi da dupc lap dat tren the gidi phdng tinh la 9GW (gigawaU - ty oat) Sd lupng DIEN M A T T R d i dien san xuat tir 9GW pin mat trdi it ban nhieu so vdi 9GW vi ban dem va luc nhieu may suang mil, Tinh hinh Cac tam pin mat trdi ban d thi tradng hien chuyen pin mat trdi khdng san xuat dien Ddi vdi cac tu' 12 den 18% nang lupng mat trdi chieu den dang nang lupng tai tao, dien tu pin mat trdi chiem nang lupng dien sii dung dupc Nhiing loai pin mat ty le thap, cd 14% trdi loai tdt gan day da chuyen dupc tren 20% nang Pin mat trdi khdng phai la ky thuat nhat bien lupng mat trdi den dien Tang kha nang san nang lupng mat trdi dien Da bat dau phd bien 12 Khoa hpc & Td quoc thang 2009 i KHOA HOC] each tap trung anh sang mat trdi de lam ndng chat Idng, tao hai de quay tua bin phat dien Cd the tap trang bing each lam he thong cac mang hinh parabdn bing kim loai phan xa de tap trang anh sang ve lam ndng dng cd chat long dat d tieu diem Ciing cd the lam nhieu guong phan chieu xep tren mat dat cho anh sang mat trdi phan chieu tir guong tap trung lam ndng chat long dat d tieu diem tren thap cao Chat long ndng len bang nang lupng mat trdi tao hoi de lam quay ma bin phat dien Ngudi ta gpi day la each tao dien bing nhiet mat trdi Da cd nhung dti an lam nha may dien nhiet mat trdi cdng suat tu hang tram kilowatt den hang gigawatt Gia Gia san xuat cac tam pin mat trdi dao dpng tu' 1,5 den 2,5 dd la mdt watt cdn gia ban khoang 2,5 den 3,5 dd la mpt watt Tinh ca tien lip dat thi cd gap ddi: tien lip dat loan bp mpt he gian pin mat trdi vao khoang hai lin gia cac tam pin mat trdi Tien dien tu pin mat trdi cd gia tu 0,25 den 0,40 dd la mpt kilowatt - gid Tien san xuat cung nhu tien lip dat se giam dang ke neu pin mat trdi che tao ket hop ludn vat lieu xay dung lam mai nha thi du ngdi pin mat trdi Vdi cdng nghe hien dai theo du bao thi vai nam tdi gia pin mat trdi chi cdn dd la watt Gia dien san xuat theo kieu dien nhiet mat trdi tinh chi 0.17 dd la mdt kilowatt - gid re hon nhieu so vdi gia dien san xuat theo kieu pin mat trdi Kha nang Be mat Trai Dat nhan tir Mat trdi nang lupng tuong duong lOO.OOOTW (terawatt) Nang lupng ma Trai Dat nhan dupc mdt gid bang nhu cau nang lupng mdt nam cho tat ca mpi ngudi tren Trai Dat Neu dimg pin mat trdi de true tiep chuyen vdi hieu suat cdn thap nhu hien thi mot tam pin mat trdi hinh vudng mdi chieu cd 300km la dti tao dien cho mpi ngudi tren Trai Dat sii dung Dien tich cua tam pin chi la mdt phan nhd ciia dien tich sa mac Sahara Phdng thi nghiem quoc gia ve nang lupng tai tao NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) cua My da thii tinh la neu tat ca mai nha ciia gia dinh va nha may d My deu lop bing pin mat trdi thi hang nam cd the du dien de cung cap cho ca nudc My bang miic su dung dien cua My nam 2004 nhiing vung nhieu may mu, it nang nhu d Anh, mpt met vudng pin mat trdi hudng ve phia nam mdi nam tao dupc 1000 kilowatt - gid Nhu vay vdi hieu suat cd 10% nhu hien d mot nudc vdi mirc tieu thu dien nhieu nhu Anh, dong thdi it nang, can den 60 met vudng mdi du dung cho mot ngudi Loi ich Mat trdi cung cap nang lupng rat hieu qua khdng han che, khdng mat tien Phan bd nang lupng mat trdi tren Trai Dat, nai nhieu nod it, nhung d dau cung cd Dung dien mat trdi khdng de lai chat thai dpc hai gi Dan chung chap nhan su' dung nang lupng mat trdi, d dau ciing ung hp Day la dang nang lupng su dung khdng gay tranh cai nhat ve mat dia ly chinh trj, mdi trudng ciing nhu tham my, khac nhieu so vdi tradng hpp dung nang lupng gid, nang lupng hat nhan, thuy dien Cac tam pin mat trdi cd the dat rieng le timg tam, lap dat cho tiing nha, timg co quan xi nghiep de dang md rdng dien tich, cdng suat bao nhieu cung dupc Gia dien mat trdi san xuat cd xu hudng canh tranh dupe vdi gia ban le dien, du doan la sap tdi dien mat trdi se bung nd dang ke Dien mat trdi rat thich hcrp cho vung sau vung xa, nhung nai cdn thieu dien ludi Lip pin mat trdi d dau cd the su dung d day, khdng doi hdi nhieu thang 2009 Khoa hpc & T6 qu6c 13 nang cd the dung de sinh hai de VAI CON SO DE SO SANH chay tua bin phat dien, cd the luu lai den dem van edn ndng nen dem van * Watt (ky hieu W, dpc la oat) don vj cdng suat, bing jun/giay cho may phat dien chay dupc nghTa la dien mat trdi van cd 24/24 gid Nhung *kW kilowatt nghin watt lO'W dieu chi thuc hien dupc d cac tram MW megawatt trieu watt 10''W phat dien nhiet mat trdi ldn, ed chd chiia GW gigawatt tywatt lO'W chat long ma khdng mat nhiet dang TW terawatt nghin tywatt lO'-W * May phat dien cdng suat kilowatt (kW) lam viec lien tuc ke Ddi vdi pin mat trdi thudng dung I gid, tao nang lupng kilowatt-gid (kWh), lam viee lien tuc nam tao IkW x (360 x 24) gid bang 8640 kilo- each luu trii dien nhd le, phan tan dd la cac binh acquy Khd khan, han che watt - gid dien - Nha may thuy dien Hoa Binh cdng suat 1920 MW, hang nam cua acquy de luu trii dien mat trdi tuong tir nhu d dtd chay dien, hien dang cd cung cap cd ty kWh dien - Nha may nhiet dien Pha Lai I va Pha Lai cdng suat (440 + nhieu each khac phuc Mdt van de bat Ipi eiia dien mat trdi 600) MW la nhirng nha may phat dien mat trdi * Nha may dien gid Binh Thuan mdi tuabin eong suat 1,5 MW da lip tuabin dupc 7,5MW Toan bd du an se cd 80 tuabin, ldn deu phai nham vao ehd it ngudi, cdng suat tdng cdng 120MW dti dinh hoan vao 2011, chi noi dat bd khdng nhu d sa mac Nai phat dien d xa thi van de dan dien den phi 2000 ty dong * Dang cd phuong an xay dung nha may dien hat nhan tai Viet noi tieu thu la phirc tap Mdt nghien Nam dat d Binh Thuan, du kien boat dpng vao 2020, mdi td may cim quy md ciia Diic dua du an la den nam 2050 chau Au se nhap khau lOOOMW, tdng cdng to may 4000MW * Nam 2013 d California (My) se cd mdt cdng vien mat trdi 1OOG W (gigawatt - ty watt) dien mat cung cap dien nang 1300MW Ba cdng vien mat trdi nhu the trdi tir pin mat trdi va nhiet mat trdi bang ca nha may dien hat nhan td may cua ta du djnh boat tir eac nha may dat d Bac Phi va dudng dan dien qua Trung Ddng Du an ddng vao nam 2020 cung tinh loan phai lam mpt he dudng day dan dien mot chieu cao the de ve CO sd tang phan phdi dien den noi tieu dung Cach tao dien tir pin mat trdi ciing nhu tir nhiet Mdt van de bat Ipi ddi vdi viec che tao pin mat mat trdi dang cdn dat de cai tien, nang cao hieu suat trdi la de dat hieu suat cao, gia re, san xuat nhanh Khdng phai la khdng cd ly nghi rang 10 hay20 thi khdng diing cdng nghe tren ca sd ban dan silic nam niia gia tien watt dien tir pin mat trdi se giam nhu trade ma phai san xuat pin mat trdi theo cdng nghe xudng 10 lan Khd tudng tupng cd mdt ngudn dien mdi nhu diing CdTe (cadimi-telua) CIGS (dong khdng thai C02 nao lai cd nhieu tiem nang de cai indi - gab - selen) Nhung cdng nghe ddi hdi tien nhu vay phai cd vat lieu dat hiem, ma dat hiem la nguyen Khong thuan loi lieu dang bj bdp chet tren thi trudng qude te Han che ldn nhat cua pin mat trdi la trdi tdi thi khdng sinh dien Ban dem da danh, nhung ban trdi nhieu may mu am u, pin mat trdi cung cho ddng DIEN GIO dien yeu, that thudng Ndi chung la dien tir pin mat Tinh hinh trdi thang giang Dien gid phat trie'n nhanh han nhieu so vdi du Mpt sd tram phat dien kieu nhiet mat trdi tap trung doan each day vai nam My da tang them 5.3 gigawatt anh sang de dun ndng chat Idng cd the phat dien ca dem bang each dung chat long cd nhiet dung ldn, dien gid nam 2007, ehiem 35% kha nang tang dd la mdt loai mudi ndng chay, rat lau ngudi Nhiet nang lupng mdi eiia nude My eung dang lap ke ma chat Idng thu dupc tir mat trdi lue ban trdi hoach thdi gian tdi tang them 225 gigawatt 14 Khca hpc & Td quoc thang 2009 dien gid Nhu vay d My dien gid cd ke hoach tang manh hon la tang nha may dien chay than va chay ddt cdng lai Xet tren loan cau thi nam nam qua, moi nam dien gid tang them 25% Td Nguyet san Dien gid (Wind Power Monthly) udc lupng la den thang nam 2008 dien gid tdng cdng cua toan the gidi la 94 gigawatt Neu tiep tuc tang vdi toe dp % thi cii nam dien gid tang len gap ba Mac dau vay, xet tren pham vi toan cau thi dien gid hay cdn it, dac biet xet theo lich sii thi cac tram dien gid chi mdi phat dien 20% kha nang Gia Gia dien gid cd 1,8 trieu dd la mdt megawatt ddi vdi lap dat d dat lien, cd tir 2,4 den trieu dd cho lip dat ngoai khoi Tir dd gia dien cd tir 0,05 0,09 la mpt kilowatt - gid Nhu vay gia dien gid Pin mat trdi canh tranh dupc vdi gia dien tir nha may nhiet dien chay than gia re Vdi su trp gia nhu nhieu nudc da lam, gia dien gid kha re nen dang cd su bung nd dien gid Gidi han hien la san xuat tuabin gid khdng kip Gia dien gid hien dupc cai thien nhieu nhd tien bp cdng nghe Nam 1981 nha may dien gid gdm day cac tuabin 50 kW cap dien vdi gia cd 0,40 dd la mdt kilowatt gid Nha may dien gid hien cd cac tuabin cdng suat 30 lan ldn hon, gia dien giam xudng chi cdn bang 1/5 gia cu, va se cdn niia Kha nang Nang luong tdng cdng cd the sinh chuyen ddng cua quyen Trai Dat tinh vao cd hang tram terawatt Nhdm nghien curu d dai hpc Standford (My) tinh rang cd the tao dupc 72 terawatt dien neu lip diit duiTc hai trieu nrdi may phat dien gid cd to nhu hicn d 13% cac nai tren the gidi cd tdc dp gid cd 6,9 met'giay tiic la ncri thich hop cho dung nang lupng gid Loi ich Cai lpi cua dien gid tuong tu nhu thuy dien la khdng can den xang dau nhien lieu Chi phi san xuat chu yeu cho lap dat bao dudng \a dudng day Tuabin cang to thi lam viec cang dn dinh tin cay Su phat trien cdng nghe hiing gid d tren cao cd the tao nhieu dien gid mpt each ben \ung Bat Ipi Bat lpi ldn nhat ddi vdi dien gid la gid thdi luc manh luc yeu, cdng suat dien phat thay ddi that thudng Ddi vdi da sd cac nudc, viec tang dien gid de cung cap cd 20% dien hda mang la dieu khdng phai khd thuc hien Nhung cai khd la dien san xuat that thudng tdc dp gid hay thay ddi, nen viec dieu khien de hoa mang kha tdn kem Mat khac, nhung nod gid nhieu thuan lpi cho khai thac dien gid thudng d xa thua dan nen he thdng dan dien dai, tdn kem Dac biet la dien gid d ngoai khod, d mat bien, dudng day phan phdi dien vao dat lien rat phu'c tap Ben canh dien nang cung cap that thudng, dien gid thude dien mat nang luong thap: mpt nha may dien gid tinh chiem met vudng dat cung cap trung binh chi watt dien, nod dat dupc 1OW la cao nhat Nhu \ay dien gid phai dat d nai cd dat gia re, hoac dat cho nha may dien gid cdn cd the sii dung cho muc dich khac thi cang tdt Nod thuan lpi cho viec lap dat dien gid hien phan bd khdng deu Thuan lpi hon ca la nhirng nudc cd bien nhieu gid, nhirng nudc cd ddng bang rdng cdn trdng trai O nudc Diic nod nao thuan lpi cho dien gid thi da lap cac tram dien gid Tuy la nudc di tien phong, nhung den cdng suat cua tat ca cac tram phat dien gid cung mdi la 22 GW, cung cap dupc chua day 7% nhu cau dien cua nudc Due Nudc Anh la nudc phat trien dien gid cham chap nhat cd tiem nang dien gid d ngoai khod ldn nhat, du kha nang san xuat dien gid gap ba lan nhu cau dien cua nudc Anh Cac nha cdng nghiep da de xuat y tudng Lien hiep chau Au nen dap ung 25% nhu cau dien hien bang each phat trien sii dung chua day 5% nang lupng gid d bien Bac Mdt bat lpi nira la cae tuabin gid phat dien thucVng gay tieng dn, de doa cac loai chim dad v.v B (xem tiep ky sau) thang 2009 Khoa h p c & T d q u c 15